肢端黏液炎性纤维母细胞性肉瘤

目的 探讨肢端黏液炎性纤维母细胞性肉瘤的临床病理学特征、免疫学表型及其鉴别诊断。方法 对1例发生于足背和右小腿远端的肢端黏液炎性纤维母细胞性肉瘤进行光镜观察和免疫组化标记。结果 患者因足背皮下“结节性筋膜炎”局部切除术后复发就诊。体检发现足背至右小腿远端前外侧皮下多发性结节,直径1～4cm,影像学检查提示肿瘤累及深部骨膜。镜下肿瘤由比例不等的黏液样区、透明变性区及炎症性区域混合组成。黏液样区域主要由交织条柬状排列的梭形瘤细胞组成,核显示轻至中度异型性,核分裂象罕见,间质疏松、黏液样,局部区域可见黏液湖形成。其内可见单空泡印戒样或多空泡状假脂肪母细胞,形态类似黏液纤维肉瘤。透明样区域由散在的胖梭形至卵圆形的瘤细胞和透明样间质混和组成。炎症性区域由成簇的淋巴细胞组成,与黏液样区域和透明变性区相混杂。病变内可见体积较大类似节细胞或R-S细胞的畸形细胞。免疫组化标记显示瘤细胞弥漫表达Vim,个别细胞表达p53,而CD68、actin、Des、CD34、CD30和S-100蛋白等标记均为阴性,多数淋巴细胞表达CD45RO。结论 肢端黏液炎性纤维母细胞性肉瘤是一种罕见的低度恶性软组织肉瘤,瘤细胞由变异的纤维母细胞衍化而来,熟悉其形态学特征对避免误诊为其它良性或恶性病变具有重要意义。该瘤常在局部呈侵袭性生长,具有较高的复发率,临床上应予以完整切除。     

肢端黏液样炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤2例及文献复习

目的探讨肢端黏液样炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤的临床病理学特征及鉴别诊断。方法对2例发生在下肢末端的黏液样炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤进行光镜观察和免疫组化标记，并复习文献。结果2例发生在下肢末端的病程较长的渐进性肿块，术后局部复发。镜检：病变呈多结节状，边界不清；黏液样基质中见数量不等的各类炎细胞浸润，散在或灶性分布梭形、奇异形和多空泡状脂肪母细胞样3种形态的瘤细胞。免疫表型：肿瘤细胞Vim弥漫阳性，CD68和CD34灶性阳性，CK、SMA、HHF-35、S-100蛋白、CD45、CD45R0、CD15、CD30均阴性。结论此病病程较长，术后易局部复发，是一种低度恶性的肿瘤。鉴于病变黏液样基质及各类炎细胞浸润的背景较为突出，而特征性的瘤细胞稀疏，应注意与炎症性病变或具有相似组织形态的良性或恶性肿瘤鉴别。     

非典型褥疮性纤维组织增生

目的：探讨非典型褥疮性纤维组织增生的病理形态学特点。方法：对2例非典型褥疮性纤维组织增生进行临床病理学分析和免疫组化研究,并复习文献。结果：2例均为行动不便的老年患者,临床上分别表现为臀部和肩部深部软组织内的无痛性肿块。镜下,病变界限不清,呈多结节状,并大致呈现区带性,即由位于中央的成片纤维素性坏死区和位于周边的肉芽肿样组织组成,间质呈明显的黏液样变性。肉芽肿样区内的增生性纤维母细胞形态各异,有一定的异型性,并常见节细胞样细胞。似增生性筋膜炎。免疫组化显示强阳性表达vimentin,部分弱阳性表达α-SMA或MSA。除增生的纤维母细胞外,周边还可见增生的薄壁小血管,其内皮多肿胀,部分区域内似与周围的增生性纤维母细胞有移行。部分血管壁伴有透明样变性或可见纤维素性沉着。结论：非典型褥疮性纤维组织增生属于一种少见类型的假肉瘤性纤维母细胞性增生,由局部软组织长期间歇性受压引起局部缺血所致,有别于褥疮性溃疡。因增生的纤维母细胞常显示一定异型性,容易被误诊为肉瘤性病变,诊断时应特别加以注意。另一方面也需注意与增生性筋膜炎等其他类型的假肉瘤性纤维母细胞增生鉴别。     

浅表肢端纤维黏液瘤的临床病理特征

目的 探讨浅表肢端纤维黏液瘤(SAF)的临床病理学特点、免疫表型和鉴别诊断.方法 对1例发生于左手中指末端SAF的临床表现、组织形态和免疫学表型进行回顾性分析,并复习文献.结果 患者男,62岁.因左手中指背侧末端肿块伴疼痛就诊,曾有外伤史.术中见肿块近甲床,并深达骨膜.大体观察,肿块周界不清,直径约2 cm,切面呈灰白色,实性,质韧.镜下观察,肿瘤位于真皮层内,略呈分叶状.瘤细胞由梭形至星形纤维母细胞样细胞组成,呈杂乱状分布于黏液样基质内,局部区域可呈条束状或疏松的席纹状排列.黏液样基质内含有丰富的纤细血管,并可见较多散在的肥大细胞.瘤细胞异型性不明显或仅显示轻度的异型性,核分裂象罕见.肿瘤内也未见坏死.免疫组织化学标记显示,梭形和星形细胞表达波形蛋白、CD34和CD99,灶性表达CD10,不表达上皮细胞膜抗原、肌动蛋白、结蛋白和S-100蛋白.结论 SAF好发于成年人指趾末端.熟悉其临床病理特点则有助于与其他发生于指趾的软组织黏液性肿瘤相鉴别.临床上宜将SAF作完整性切除,以预防局部复发.     

浅表肢端纤维黏液瘤1例临床病理学观察

目的 探讨浅表肢端纤维黏液瘤的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法 对1例发生于右手食指末端的浅表肢端纤维黏液瘤的临床表现、组织学形态及免疫表型进行回顾性分析,并文献复习。结果 患者男性,78岁,因右手食指末端肿块伴疼痛就诊。术中见肿块累及甲床,深至骨膜。大体可见肿块界限不清,直径约2 cm,切面灰白色,实性,质韧。镜下肿瘤位于真皮层内,无包膜。肿瘤实质由星形及梭形纤维母细胞样细胞组成,肿瘤细胞杂乱排列于间质中,部分区域呈席纹状及束状排列,间质呈黏液样及黏液胶原样。黏液样基质内见较丰富的纤细血管,并见散在的肥大细胞。肿瘤细胞温和,轻度异型。肿瘤无坏死,未见核分裂象。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞vimentin、CD34、CD99均呈弥漫阳性,EMA灶阳性,S-100、HMB-45、SMA、MSA、desmin、GFAP和CK均呈阴性。术后随访10个月,未见复发。结论 浅表肢端黏液瘤是一好发于指趾末端的软组织肿瘤,熟悉其临床病理特征,有助于与其他发生于指趾的软组织黏液性肿瘤鉴别。     

黏液纤维肉瘤7例临床病理分析

目的 探讨黏液纤维肉瘤临床病理特点。方法收集7例黏液纤维肉瘤患者的临床及病理资料，并对手术切除的标本进行多种抗体免疫组织化学染色，抗体包括CD117、CD34、CD99、actin、S-100蛋白、vimentin等。结果黏液纤维肉瘤多见于男性，年龄37～72岁，中位年龄52岁，主要以不完全纤维性间隔的多结节行为为特征性表现，黏液区与细胞密集区交错排列，细胞密集区可见特征性曲线型血管，肿瘤细胞围绕在其周围排列。免疫表型：vimentin、CD99阳性，其他抗体多呈阴性。结论黏液纤维肉瘤为一侵袭性较强的软组织肉瘤，与多种黏液性肿瘤需要鉴别，易局部复发，宜采取以手术切除为主的综合性治疗。     

指趾纤维黏液瘤3例临床病理分析

目的探讨指趾纤维黏液瘤(digital fibromyxoma, DF)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析3例DF的临床资料、病理学形态及免疫表型特征,并复习相关文献。结果 3例DF中男性2例,女性1例,年龄30～57岁,平均44岁,且病变均发生于手指。肿瘤最大径1.5～2 cm。镜下见肿瘤细胞呈梭形和星形纤维母细胞样,束状分布于黏液样基质内;黏液样基质富含纤细的血管,瘤细胞异型性不明显或仅轻度异型,核分裂象罕见。免疫表型:梭形和星形细胞表达CD34、CD10和CD99,灶性表达EMA,不表达MUC4、desmin和S-100蛋白,Ki-67增殖指数1%～2%。3例患者手术切除后均痊愈。结论 DF属少见的良性肿瘤,为防止局部复发,临床上应行肿瘤完整切除术。     

上皮样黏液纤维肉瘤1例并文献复习

目的 探讨上皮样黏液纤维肉瘤的临床病理特征.方法 对1例上皮样黏液纤维肉瘤进行光镜观察及免疫组化标记,并复习相关文献.结果 上皮样黏液纤维肉瘤好发于中老年人,多发于四肢.肿瘤呈多结节浸润性生长,疏松区和致密区交替出现,疏松区具有普通黏液纤维肉瘤的特征,致密区肿瘤细胞呈片状排列,并显示上皮样形态特点.免疫表型:肿瘤细胞vimentin阳性,Ki-67增殖指数10%～15%.结论 上皮样黏液纤维肉瘤是黏液纤维肉瘤罕见的亚型,多数为高级别肿瘤,且较普通的高级别黏液纤维肉瘤更具侵袭性.     

软组织黏液性病变的细针吸取细胞学分析

目的总结各软组织黏液性病变的细针吸取细胞学（FNAC）特点，确定鉴别良恶性病变和个别病变诊断的细胞学标准及其临床意义。方法总结1993—2006年澳门特别行政区镜湖医院24例软组织黏液性病变（良性病变14例，恶性病变10例）的针吸细胞学改变，结合临床资料经过及手术后结果进行综合分析。结果腱鞘囊肿（5例）、黏液瘤（5例）及黏液型结节性筋膜炎（3例）是最常见的良性软组织黏液性病变；共同的特点是涂片细胞较少，细胞无明显的不典型性。腱鞘囊肿的特点是吸出黏液后结节消失或明显缩小，涂片不见血管；黏液型结节性筋膜炎的特点是细胞多形性或有节细胞样细胞。黏液型脂肪肉瘤、骨外黏液型软骨肉瘤及黏液型纤维肉瘤是最常见的黏液型肉瘤，其共同的特点是涂片细胞丰富及细胞具有一定的不典型性。黏液型脂肪肉瘤的特点多有鸡爪样纤细的毛细血管或脂肪母细胞；黏液型纤维肉瘤的特点是细胞的多形性与异型性均非常明显。结论结合临床及辅助检查，FNAC是诊断软组织黏液性病变的有效方法。在软组织病变中，FNAC可为软组织黏液性病变制订治疗计划提供了客观的根据，亦有助于避免某些不必要的切除手术。     

鼻咽低度恶性纤维黏液样肉瘤2例报道并文献复习

目的探讨鼻咽低度恶性纤维黏液样肉瘤(Low-gradefibromyxoid sarcoma,LGFMS)的临床病理特征、免疫组化、诊断、鉴别诊断和预后。方法对2例鼻咽LGFMS进行组织学和免疫组化观察并结合文献复习进行分析。结果 2例均为女性,年龄分别为39岁和40岁。CT检查鼻咽部占位性病变。镜下肿瘤由纤维区和黏液样区混合组成,二者呈交错相间排列;纤维性区瘤细胞排列呈旋涡状;黏液样区瘤细胞散在分布;细胞核轻度异型。PAS染色黏液样间质区和肿瘤细胞均为阴性。免疫组化标记vimentin、CD34阳性。随访无复发。结论鼻咽LGFMS少见,是一种来源于纤维母细胞、进展缓慢的低度恶性软组织肉瘤,易误诊为良性。生物学行为属于低度恶性肿瘤。病理诊断依赖于组织化学和免疫组化检查。     

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma showing t(2;6)(q31;p21.3) as a sole cytogenetic abnormality

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) is a rare, low-grade sarcoma characterized by distinctive, large, and bizarre Reed--Sternberg--like cells associated with an intense inflammatory infiltrate. The biology of MIFS is still poorly understood, and only two previous cases had been studied cytogenetically. In the present case, analysis of MIFS in the foot of a 53-year-old man revealed the chromosome translocation t(2;6)(q31;p21.3) as the only cytogenetic abnormality. This finding is distinct from the two cases previously reported. Additional studies are needed to verify whether any of these chromosome rearrangements are involved recurrently in MIFS.     

Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor of soft parts: Case Report with unusual ganglion-like cells and review of the literature

Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor (PHAT) is a recently described, non-metastasizing tumor of uncertain lineage. This tumor distributes equally between the genders and has a predilection for the subcutaneous soft tissue, particularly in lower extremity, other locations are rare. Based on the recent literature, PHAT is suspected to encompass the morphological spectrum with other tumors such as myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) and hemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor (HFLT), although cytogenetic data remain inconsistent. We report a case of PHAT that arose in the upper arm with unusual morphology which showed ganglion-like cells similar to Reed-Sternberg-like cells found in MIFS. The tumor had strong immunohistochemical expression of CD34, CD99, and was negative for S-100. The ganglion-like cells were positive for both CD34 and CD68 but negative for CD30. The translocation between chromosome 1 and 10, a frequent finding of MIFS and HFLT, was not identified by FISH excluding the possibility of hybrid PHAT and MIFS. We conclude FISH can be a potential useful tool to separate PHAT with atypical morphology from hybrid tumor in doubted cases. Due to the rarity of PHAT and lack of consistent pathogenetic signatures, more cases and further studies will be needed to elucidate the pathogenesis and nature of this tumor.     

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma: investigations by comparative genomic hybridization of two cases and review of the literature

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) is a rare low-grade sarcoma of the distal extremities characterized by a myxohyaline stroma, a dense inflammatory infiltrate and virocyte- and lipoblast-like giant cells. Up to now, only two cases have been investigated cytogenetically, showing complex and heterogeneous karyotypes, in part with supernumerary ring chromosomes. We characterized two further cases of MIFS immunohistochemically and performed comparative genomic hybridization as well as DNA image cytometry analyses. Both tumors showed the characteristic histomorphological pattern of MIFS and were positive for Vimentin and CD68. Moreover, both cases presented aberrant karyotypes including distinct DNA copy number changes involving chromosome 7 and disclosed DNA aneuploidy.     

An update on selected cutaneous (myo) fibroblastic mesenchymal tumors

Cutaneous (myo)fibroblastic tumors constitute a group of tumors with overlapping clinicopathological features and variable biologic behavior. In the present review we focus on the histomorphology, immunohistochemical profile and molecular background of the following entities: dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), CD34-positive fibroblastic tumor (SCD34FT), myxoinflammatory sarcoma (MIFS), low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma, solitary fibrous tumor and nodular fasciitis. Although some of these entities typically arise in deep-seated locations, they may occasionally present as cutaneous/superficial tumors and might be challenging to recognize. This review covers in depth the latest advances in molecular diagnostics and immunohistochemical markers that have significantly facilitated the correct classification and diagnosis of these neoplasms.     

Consistent t(1;10) with rearrangements of TGFBR3 and MGEA5 in both myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma and hemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor

Despite their shared predilection for superficial soft tissue of distal extremities and frequent local recurrences, myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) and hemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor (HFLT) have distinct morphologic appearances. Recent studies have identified an identical t(1;10)(p22;q24) in five cases of MIFS and two of HFLT, as well as common amplifications on 3p11-12. To investigate further their potential relationship and to determine the incidence of t(1;10) in a larger cohort, we subjected seven MIFS, 14 HFLT, and three cases with mixed morphology, to molecular and cytogenetic analysis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis for rearrangements of TGFBR3 on 1p22 and of MGEA5 on 10q24 was performed in all cases, whereas the status of VGLL3 gene amplification on 3p12.1 was investigated in 12 cases. Conventional karyotyping was performed in one HFLT and two cases with mixed MIFS/HFLT histology. Overall 83% of cases showed rearrangements in both TGFBR3 and MGEA5. All three cases with mixed features of MIFS and HFLT were positive. Cytogenetic analysis performed in three cases confirmed an unbalanced der(10)t(1;10)(p22;q24). VGLL3 gene amplification was noted in 10/12 cases of both histologies. The high incidence of t(1;10) in MIFS and HFLT reinforces a shared pathogenetic relationship. Furthermore, the co-existence of both components either synchronously or metachronously in a primary or subsequent recurrence, suggest either different morphologic variants or different levels of tumor progression of a single biologic entity. FISH analysis for TGFBR3 and MGEA5 rearrangements can be applied as a reliable diagnostic molecular test when confronted with limited material or a challenging diagnosis.     

Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor revisited: all tumors manifest typical morphologic features of myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma,further suggesting 2 morphologic variants of a single entity

We describe 9 cases of pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor (PHAT). Recently described TGFBR3 and MGEA5 gene rearrangements in these tumors have confirmed the long-hypothesized link between PHAT and another soft tissue entity, the myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS). Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma and PHAT share the same translocation and in addition have a very similar clinical presentation. However, to our best knowledge, no study has ever addressed the striking morphologic similarities between MIFS and PHAT. Our findings based on histological criteria suggest that most, if not all, tumors diagnosed as PHAT might, in fact, represent examples of MIFS that, in addition to a conventional MIFS morphology, manifest aberrant angiectatic hyalinized vessels.     

Different cytokeratin and neuronal cell adhesion molecule staining patterns in focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma and their significance

Differentiating focal nodular hyperplasia from hepatic adenoma can be challenging. Cytokeratin 7, neuronal cell adhesion molecule, and cytokeratin 19 are differentially expressed in hepatocytes, biliary epithelium, and possibly hepatic progenitor/stem cells. CD34 is known to have altered expression patterns in the hepatic endothelium in conditions associated with abnormal perfusion and in hepatocellular carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression pattern of these markers in focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma and assess their diagnostic use. Ten resection specimens each of hepatic adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia (including a case of telangiectatic focal nodular hyperplasia) were selected for the study. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using antibodies against cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 19, neuronal cell adhesion molecule, and CD34 on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from each case. The staining patterns and intensity for each marker were analyzed. In hepatic adenoma, the cytokeratin 7 stain revealed strong positivity in hepatocytes in patches, with a gradual decrease in the staining intensity as the cells differentiated towards mature hepatocytes. Although bile ducts were typically absent in hepatic adenoma, occasional ductules could be identified with cytokeratin 7 stain. In focal nodular hyperplasia, cytokeratin 7 showed strong staining of the biliary epithelium within the fibrous septa and staining of the peripheral hepatocytes of most lobules that was focal and weaker than hepatic adenoma. Cytokeratin 19 and neuronal cell adhesion molecule showed patchy and moderate staining in the biliary epithelium of the ductules in focal nodular hyperplasia. While in the hepatic adenoma, cytokeratin 19 showed only rare positivity in occasional cells within ductules, and neuronal cell adhesion molecule marked occasional isolated cells in the lesion. CD34 showed staining of sinusoids in the inflow areas (periportal areas) in both focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma. One case of telangiectatic focal nodular hyperplasia revealed both hepatic adenoma–like and focal nodular hyperplasia–like staining patterns. Distinct cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 19, and neuronal cell adhesion molecule staining patterns are seen in hepatic adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia possibly suggest activation of different subsets of hepatic progenitor/stem cell and can be diagnostically useful.     

黏液炎性纤维母细胞性肉瘤的临床病理学观察

目的 探讨黏液炎性纤维母细胞性肉瘤(MIFS)的临床病理学特征、诊断和鉴别诊断.方法 对6例MIFS的临床资料、光镜形态和免疫表型进行回顾性分析,并复习文献.结果 6例均发生于成年人,其中男性2例,女性4例,中位和平均年龄分别为47岁和50岁.肿瘤位于下肢3例,上肢2例,腋窝1例.临床上,患者多表现为肢体局部肿胀或缓慢性生长的肿块,伴有轻微疼痛或胀痛感.大体上,肿瘤呈灰白色结节状,直径2.5～4.6 cm(平均3.4 cm).镜下,肿瘤由黏液样区域、玻璃样变区域和炎性区域混杂组成.除梭形细胞外,在3种区域内均可见到呈单个散在分布或小簇状分布的异型大细胞,核大、核仁明显,形态上类似病毒细胞、R-S细胞或神经节细胞,核分裂象罕见.在黏液样区域内还可见到黏液湖形成及漂浮的单泡状或多泡状脂母样细胞.免疫组织化学标记显示,畸形大细胞主要表达波形蛋白,其他标记包括白细胞共同抗原、CD30、CD68、CD34、S-100蛋白、HMB45、细胞角蛋白和肌动蛋白等均为阴性.随访4例,2例于局部切除后复发.结论 MIFS是一种低度恶性的纤维母细胞性肉瘤,易被误诊为良性病变,熟悉其临床病理学特点有助于诊断和鉴别诊断.

Abstract：

Objective To study the clinicopathologic features, immunophenotypes and differential diagnosis of myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS). Methods The clinical and pathologic features of 6 cases of MIFS were analyzed. lmmunohistochemical study was performed using the standard EnVision method. Results There were altogether 2 adult males and 4 adult females ( median age =47 years and mean age = 50 years). Three cases were located in the lower extremities, 2 in the upper limbs and 1 in the axillary region. Common presentation included slowly growing mass or swelling in the extremities, accompanied by mild pain or tenderness. Grossly, the tumor appeared multinodular and ranged from 2. 5 cm to 4. 6 cm in diameter ( mean = 3.4 cm). Microscopically, there was a dense inflannatory infiltrate merging with hyaline and myxoid zones in various proportions. Spindle-shaped tumor cells were seen admixed with large atypical cells which distributed singly or in small clusters, amongst an inflammatory, hyaline or a myxoid background. These atypical cells had large nuclei and prominent nucleoli, resembling virocytes, Reed-Sternberg cells or ganglion cells. Mitotic figures were rarely identified. Extracellular mucin associated with scattered monovacuolated or multivacuolated lipeblast-like cells was noted. Immunohistochemically, these bizarre cells were consistently positive for vimentin, but negative for a panel of antibodies including LCA,CD15, CD30, CD34, CD68, S-100, HMB45, AE1/AE3, smooth muscle actin and desmin. Follow-upresult was available in 4 cases; and 2 of them showed local recurrence after an incomplete excision. There was no evidence of distant metastasis. Conclusions MISF is a low-grade sarcoma of fibroblastic differentiation. Awareness of the clinical and pathologic characteristics is helpful in arriving at the correct diagnosis and distinction from benign inflammatory fibromyxoid lesions.