收缩性心衰患者心律失常及心电图变化分析

背景：心衰常伴随各种房性和室性心律失常的发生。目的：本研究的目的是观察收缩性心衰患者心律失常发生情况并分析各项心电图指标。方法：回顾性分析我院住院的收缩性心衰患者病历资料,选取我院住院期间94名左室射血分数(LVEF)＜50%的心衰患者。我们根据患者射血分数将患者分为两组：LVEF≤35%,LVEF＞35%,并分析患者住院资料,提取12导联心电图心律失常和心电图异常情况,实验室检查等指标。结果：纳入收缩性心衰患者94名,其中LVEF≤35%患者31名。常见的伴随疾病包括高血压52.1%,糖尿病29.8%,冠脉疾病25.5%,扩张性心肌病23.4%,慢性肾脏病12.8%,卒中9.5%。心电图分析发现：24.7%的患者有心动过速,23.7%的患者QRS＞120ms,51.1%的患者矫正QT(QTc)间期延长(男性QTC>440ms,女性>460ms)。 最常见的心律失常房颤,室早各占26.8%和25.8%,房颤患者中,快室率占32%。另外好发的心律失常中房早占18.3%、窦性心动过速占16.1%、右束支传导阻滞(RBBB)占7.5%、左束支传导阻滞(LBBB)占5.3%。与另一组相比,严重收缩性心衰患者(LVEF≤35%)QRS波时限(P<0.001)和QTc(P=0.008)间期明显延长。结论：收缩性心衰患者最常见的心律失常为房颤和室早,并且QRS波时限和QTc间期明显延长。     

心力衰竭与心律失常

心力衰竭与心律失常可互为因果,相互共存,心律失常加重心力衰竭病情并影响预后。药物治疗心力衰竭伴心律失常应针对病因,减轻症状,减少死亡率。非药物治疗对部分心力衰竭伴心房颤动有效,植入式心律转复除颤器可降低心力衰竭猝死发生率,可用于心力衰竭猝死的一级预防和二级预防。     

Mechanisms of Arrhythmias in Heart Failure

Mechanisms of Arrhythmias in Heart Failure. The diagnosis of heart failure infers a bad prognosis. Mortality is high and many patients die suddenly. Ventricular arrhythmias, commonly observed in patients with heart failure, are thought to underlie at least some of these sudden deaths. The mechanism of arrhythmias occurring in the setting of heart failure is still unclear. Experimental evidence points to a higher tendency for failing myocardium to develop delayed and early afterdepolarization-induced triggered activity and automaticity. Conditions favoring reentry also have been described in failing hearts. Modulating factors such as sympathetic activation, electrolyte disturbances, and chronic stretch are present in the setting of heart failure and may favor all of the mentioned mechanisms of arrhythmias. Clinical evaluation of arrhythmias in patients and animals with heart failure and the effects of pharmacologic treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with depressed left ventricular function further accentuate that more than one mechanism of arrhythmia may he operating in heart failure and underscore the importance of modulating factors such as sympathetic activation and stretch.     

Congestive Heart Failure and Arrhythmias:

Congestive Heart Failure. Congestive heart failure affects millions of Americans, and thousands of new cases are reported each year. The prognosis continues to be grim. Most deaths in heart failure patients can be attributed to low-output states (pump failure) and arrhythmias (sudden). Attempts have been made to decrease the incidence of pump failure deaths by using contractility agents that, in most cases, have been shown to be detrimental. The results of trials using beta blockers are encouraging. Vasodilators have made a positive impact on outcome. However, the use of pharmacologic antiarrhythmic agents to decrease sudden death has failed to improve survival. Studies with implantable devices are ongoing and will provide an answer to the question of whether a reduction in sudden death will translate into a reduction of all-cause mortality. Antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents appear to be favorable, and revascularization is recommended when feasible.     

Adaptive Servo-ventilation Therapy Results in the Prevention of Arrhythmias in Patients with Heart Failure Due to Ischemic Heart Disease

Objective Whether or not adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) is effective in preventing arrhythmias in patients with heart failure (HF) due to ischemic heart disease (IHD) is unclear. This study estimated the effects of ASV therapy on arrhythmias in patients with HF due to IHD. Methods One hundred and forty-one consecutive hospitalized patients with HF due to IHD (mean age: 74.9±11.9 years old) were retrospectively assessed in this study. Of the 141 patients, 75 were treated with ASV (ASV group), and 66 were treated without ASV (Non-ASV group). We estimated the incidence of arrhythmias, including paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT), during one-year follow-up in both groups using multivariable logistic regression models. Results Men accounted for 55.3% of the study population. There were no significant differences in the baseline clinical characteristic data between the ASV and Non-ASV groups with respect to age, sex, heart rate, risk factors, oral medication, or laboratory data, including the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), brain natriuretic peptide, and left ventricular ejection fraction. ASV therapy was associated with a reduced incidence of arrhythmia after adjusting for demographic and cardiovascular disease risk factors (odds ratio, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.63; p<0.01; compared to the Non-ASV group). In addition, at the 1-year follow-up, an improvement (increase) in the eGFR was found in the ASV group but not in the Non-ASV group. Conclusion ASV therapy was able to prevent arrhythmias, including PAF and VT, with short-term improvements in the renal function in patients with HF due to IHD.     

比索洛尔对慢性心力衰竭室性心律失常和心率变异性的影响

目的 :观察比索洛尔对慢性心力衰竭患者的室性心律失常和心率变异性的影响。方法 :86例慢性心力衰竭 (CHF)患者在常规抗心衰药物治疗的基础上 ,随机分成两组 ,比索洛尔组每日口服比索洛尔 1.2 5～ 10mg ,对照组口服安慰剂 ,疗程 12个月 ,观察治疗前后心率、室性心律失常和心率变异性的变化。结果 :比索洛尔组室性心律失常明显减少 ,心率变异性参数显著改善。结论 :长期使用比索洛尔可降低CHF恶性室性心律失常的发生 ,改善心率变异性     

Soluble ST2 and Risk of Arrhythmias,Heart Failure,or Death in Patients with Mildly Symptomatic Heart Failure: Results from MADIT-CRT

Soluble ST2 is an established biomarker of heart failure (HF) progression. Data about its prognostic implications in patients with mildly symptomatic HF eligible to receive cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators (CRT-D) are limited. In a cohort of 684 patients enrolled in Multicenter Automated Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT)-CRT, levels of soluble ST2 (sST2) were serially assessed at baseline and 1 year (n?=?410). In multivariable-adjusted models, elevated baseline sST2 was associated with an increased risk of death, death or HF, and death or ventricular arrhythmia (VA) even when adjusting for baseline brain natriuretic protein (BNP) levels. In addition, patients with lower baseline sST2 levels had greater risk reduction with CRT-D (p?=?0.006). Serial assessment revealed increased risk of VA and death or VA (HR per 10 % increase in sST2 1.11 (1.04–1.20), p?=?0.004). Among patients with mildly symptomatic HF and eligibility for CRT-D, baseline and serial assessments sST2 may provide important information for risk stratification.     

VDD起搏对缓慢性心律失常心力衰竭的血液动力学影响

为了评估ＶＤＤ起搏对缓慢性心律失常心力衰竭的血液动力学影响，对２１例心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级的缓慢性心律失常病人安置ＶＤＤ起搏器，并用Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ导管监测起搏前和起搏后３０ｍｉｎ、２４ｈ、４８ｈ、７２ｈ的心输出量（ＣＯ）、心脏指数（ＣＩ）、右房压（ＲＡＰ）、平均肺动脉压（ＭＰＡＰ）和肺毛细血管楔嵌压（ＰＣＷＰ），并记录各时期的心房率（ＡＲ）和心室率（ＶＲ）。结果：ＶＲ在术后即时及各时期显著升高（Ｐ均＜０．０５），ＣＯ、ＣＩ在起搏后３０ｍｉｎ即显著升高〔分别为４．１８±０．８１Ｌ／ｍｉｎｖｓ２．８１±０．９３Ｌ／ｍｉｎ、２．３６±０．６６Ｌ／（ｍｉｎｍ２）ｖｓ１．１８±０．６３Ｌ／（ｍｉｎｍ２），Ｐ均＜０．０５〕，起搏４８ｈ达高峰；ＲＡＰ、ＭＰＡＰ、ＰＣＷＰ在起搏后３０ｍｉｎ无显著改变（Ｐ＞０．０５），但２４ｈ开始显著性下降（分别为１．２８±０．４１ｋＰａｖｓ１．４１±０．３４ｋＰａ、２．６０±０．５１ｋＰａｖｓ３．４０±０．５６ｋＰａ、３．１０±０．５６ｋＰａｖｓ３．５４±０．６８ｋＰａ，Ｐ均＜０．０５），７２ｈ后进一步降低。结果提示ＶＤＤ起搏治疗能显著改善缓慢性心律失常心力衰竭的血液动力学，可作为治疗缓慢性心?     

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration in Patients with Heart Failure

Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) is a form of central sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in which there are cyclical fluctuations in breathing that lead to periods of central apneas/hypopnea, which alternate with periods of hyperpnea. The crescendo–decrescendo pattern of respiration in CSR is a compensation for the changing levels of blood oxygen and carbon dioxide. Severe congestive heart failure seems to be the most important risk factor for the development of CSR. A number of pathophysiologic changes, such as sleep disruption, arousals, hypoxemia-reoxygenation, hypercapnia/hypocapnia, and changes in intrathoracic pressure have harmful effects on the cardiovascular system, and the presence of CSR is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in subjects with variable degrees of heart failure. The management of CSR involves optimal control of underlying heart failure, oxygen therapy, and positive airway pressure support. In this review, we initially define and describe the epidemiology of central sleep apnea (CSA) and CSR, its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and then discuss the recent developments in the management in patients with heart failure.