Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy

Laparoscopic splenectomy is performed routinely in patients with small and moderately enlarged spleens at specialized centers. Large spleens are difficult to handle laparoscopically and hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy might facilitate the procedure through enhanced vascular control, easier retraction and manipulation, manual guidance of endostaplers, and clip appliers. A technique of hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy is described. Received: 4 August 2000/Accepted: 4 August 2000/Online publication: 18 October 2000     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy vs conventional laparoscopic splenectomy in cases of splenomegaly

HYPOTHESIS: Laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) is the procedure of choice for elective splenectomy. Splenomegaly may preclude safe mobilization and hilar control using conventional laparoscopic techniques. Hand-assisted LS (HALS) may offer the same benefits of minimally invasive surgery for splenomegaly while allowing safe manipulation and splenic dissection. DESIGN: A retrospective review of patients with splenomegaly undergoing conventional LS or HALS was performed. SETTING: Tertiary care referral center. PATIENTS: Hand-assisted LS was performed at the start of the operation for patients with splenomegaly; splenomegaly was determined by palpation of the splenic tip extending to the midline or the iliac crest, or by a craniocaudal splenic length of greater than 22 cm. Splenomegaly was defined as a splenic weight of greater than 700 g after morcellation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient demographic characteristics, operative indications, splenic weight after morcellation, morbidity, mortality, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-five patients with splenomegaly were identified: 31 underwent standard LS and 14 underwent HALS. The HALS group had significantly larger spleens than the conventional LS group (mean weight, 1516 vs 1031 g; P =.02). Mean operative time (177 vs 186 minutes; P =.89), estimated blood loss (602 vs 376 mL; P =.17), and length of hospital stay (5.4 vs 4.2 days; P =.24) and complication rates (5 [36%] of 14 vs 5 [16%] of 31; P =.70) were similar between the HALS and the standard LS groups. No perioperative mortality occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Hand-assisted LS is a safe and efficacious procedure for these extremely difficult cases. Hand-assisted LS provides the benefits of a minimally invasive approach in cases of splenomegaly.     

Pediatric laparoscopic splenectomy

Background: Lateral laparoscopic splenectomy in adults, first reported in 1991, was begun with children in 1993. Methods: The authors reviewed records of 59 patients 2 to 17 years old who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy by the lateral approach between 1994 and 1998 at four medical centers. Patients received prophylactic penicillin or vaccinations preoperatively. Results: Of the 59 patients, 51 required splenectomy for one of the following conditions: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, hereditary spherocytosis, or sickle-cell disease. Splenomegaly was found in 86% of the patients, and ten accessory spleens were resected. No deaths or infection occurred, and only three patients had perioperative complications: acute chest crisis, small diaphragmatic injury, and intraoperative hemorrhage. One operation was converted to a minilaparatomy because of difficulty with specimen extraction. Conclusions: Pediatric laparoscopic splenectomy is safe and effective, resulting in little blood loss, rapid recovery, and a good cosmetic outcome. Received: 12 February 1999/Accepted: 24 September 1999/Online publication: 8 May 2000     

手助的腹腔镜脾切除术

本文报道用手助技术完成腹腔镜脾切除术治疗1例原发性血小板减少性紫癜症。2．5h完成手术，术中出血少。3天之内恢复。手助腹腔镜脾切除术操作安全、手术时间缩短，并使腹腔镜技术切除较大脾脏成为可能。     

Optimizing laparoscopic splenectomy

Background: Laparoscopic splenectomy (LS), like other advanced laparoscopic procedures, is still an evolving procedure. The indications for surgery, criteria for patient selection, and operative technique are not yet well defined. We have therefore modified the standard technique for performing LS in an attempt to optimize the procedure. Methods: Over the past 2 years, we have performed LS in 59 patients. The last 43 patients were operated using a standardized technique that we believe to be optimal. It includes the routine use of the right lateral position, operating through three trocars, the mass transection of the splenic vasculature with a vascular endoscopic stapler, and the use of a self-retaining retrieval bag. Results: The average operating time was 79 min. Average blood loss was 95 cc, and average postoperative hospitalization was 2.3 days. There was one intraoperative complication and one postoperative complication. These results are superior to those we achieved earlier in our own experience, as well as to similar series that have been published recently. Conclusions: In our experience, the use of this new technique resulted in relatively short procedures with low morbidity. We believe that these results justify the use of LS as the procedure of choice for elective splenectomy in patients with normal or moderately enlarged spleens.     

Single-incision laparoscopic splenectomy

Single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is a rapidly evolving field as a bridge between traditional laparoscopic surgery and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. We present a case of SILS splenectomy performed with conventional laparoscopic instruments in a 7-month-old boy with the diagnosis of multiple splenic abscesses. A 3-cm umbilical incision was used for the placement of two (5 mm) trocars and one 10-mm videoscope (30°). Conventional laparoscopic dissector and grasper were the main tools during surgical procedure. Spleen was removed through the umbilical incision. Although procedures like aingle-incision cholecystectomy have been reported, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of SILS splenectomy using conventional laparoscopic instruments reported from India and is perhaps the first in an infant in the world literature.     

手助的腹腔镜脾切除术

目的 探讨手助的腹腔镜脾切除术手术技术。方法用手助技术完成5例腹腔镜脾切除术，其中原发性血小板减少性紫癜3例，血吸虫性肝硬化、脾肿大及脾功能亢进伴胆囊结石2例。3例行手助的腹腔镜脾切除术，2例同时行腹腔镜胆囊切除术 手助腹腔镜巨脾切除。结果 2～5h完成手术，术中出血少。病人术后恢复顺利。结论 手助腹腔镜脾切除术操作安全、手术时间缩短，并使腹腔镜切除较大脾脏成为可能。     

手助腹腔镜脾切除术

目的　探讨手助腹腔镜脾切除术手术技术。　方法　用手助腹腔镜技术完成 5例腹腔镜脾切除术 ,其中原发性血小板减少性紫癜 (ITP) 3例 ,血吸虫性肝硬变、脾肿大及脾功能亢进伴胆囊结石2例。 3例行手助腹腔镜脾切除术 ;2例同时行腹腔镜胆囊切除与手助腹腔镜巨脾切除。　结果　 2h～ 5h完成手术 ,术中出血少。患者术后恢复顺利。　结论　手助腹腔镜脾切除术操作安全、手术时间短 ,并使腹腔镜切除较大脾脏成为可能。     

腹腔镜脾切除术的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜脾切除术（ＬＳ）的安全性和有效性。方法 从１９９６年４月至１９９９年７月,进行了１３例ＬＳ,其中１２例为原发性或继发性脾功能亢进,１例为脾囊肿,结果 １３例ＬＳ全部完成,无一例需中转行开腹手术,平均手术时间３．２小时,平均失血３８０ｍｌ。１例术后次日需再次腹腔镜探查,清除脾窝积血,平均术后住院６．２天,结论 ＬＳ安全,有效,切实可行,适用于脾体积正常至中度肿大有脾切除指征的血液疾病     

Complications of laparoscopic splenectomy

HYPOTHESIS: Analysis of the type and characteristics of complications after laparoscopic splenectomy may permit the identification of clinical factors with predictive value for the development of complications. DESIGN: Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors related to complications in a prospective series of laparoscopic splenectomies. SETTING: A large tertiary referral university-teaching general hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred twenty-two nonselected consecutive patients, in whom laparoscopic splenectomy was attempted between February 1993 and July 1999. INTERVENTION: Laparoscopic splenectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Immediate complications classified according to the Clavien score. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed of complications related to age, sex, body mass index, and malignant nature of the hematologic disease; preoperative hematocrit and platelet count; operative time; operative position; need of accessory incision; transfusion status; learning curve; and existence of comorbid diseases. RESULTS: One hundred thirteen laparoscopic splenectomies were completed (conversion rate, 7.4%). Twenty patients (18%) developed 23 complications. All were Clavien type I or II, without mortality. One complication was intraoperative (diaphragmatic perforation), and 22 were postoperative: 6 pulmonary (26%), 3 fever (13%), 8 hemorrhagic (35%) (5 episodes of postoperative bleeding and 3 abdominal wall hematomas), and 6 others (26%). Ten (43%) of the 23 were technically related. Univariate analysis showed that complications were only related to age (mean +/- SD, 55 +/- 15 vs 39 +/- 17 years; P<.008) or transfusion (50% vs 11%; P<.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the learning curve (P<.005; 95% confidence interval, 2.46), age (P<.001; 95% confidence interval, 1. 04), spleen weight (P<.009; 95% confidence interval, 1.00), and malignant neoplasm diagnosis (P<.007; 95% confidence interval, 3.82) were independent predictors of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic splenectomy is feasible, and the incidence of severe complications is reduced. However, a high proportion of these complications are technique related. Laparoscopic splenectomy requires great technical care but offers major clinical advantages, even in less favorable situations, such as in patients with splenomegaly or with malignant neoplasms.     

腹腔镜脾切除术与开腹脾切除术的疗效观察

目的：比较腹腔镜脾切除术（LS）与开腹脾切除术（OS）的临床疗效。方法2011年7月至2013年7月,选择同期分别行腹腔镜脾切除术（腹腔镜组）和开腹脾切除术（开腹组）的患者,各12例。对比分析两组患者的临床资料,包括手术时间、术中出血量、禁食时间、术后切口疼痛评分、术后住院时间等。结果与开腹组相比,腹腔镜组患者的手术时间[（170±9.7）minvs（89±4.4）min,t=24.087]、术后禁食时间[（40±8.4）hvs（68±5.8）h,t=8.558]以及术后住院时间[（7.3±0.8）d vs（13.2±0.9）d,t=-15.122]更短,术中出血量更少[（94±4.7）ml vs（170±20.7）ml,t=-11.355],术后第1天切口疼痛评分[（3.1±0.8）分vs（5.5±0.5）分,t=8.813]和第3天评分[（1.2±0.4）分vs（2.7±0.5）分,t=8.115]明显优于开腹组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论腹腔镜脾切除术具有创伤小、术后恢复快、并发症发生率低等特点,值得临床推广应用。     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy.

Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) permits recovery of the tactile sensation and facilitates manipulation of solid organs. Our preliminary experience in laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) shows its advantages, with a substantial reduction of operative time, while maintaining the advantages of a less aggressive surgical approach. The role of HALS in cases of splenomegaly or trauma seems to be clear. It can also be considered as an alternative to conventional conversion in cases of intraoperative complications or unclear anatomy. The role of HALS for normal-sized spleens is more controversial because there is a well-systematized, conventional LS technique available, which is followed by optimal clinical outcome LS in hands of a skilled surgeon.     

Experience with laparoscopic splenectomy

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) often is adopted to treat children affected by hematologic diseases. Many of the pitfalls of LS are related to the 2 steps-dissection and extraction. Although various methods have been adopted, the conversion rate still is too high during the learning curve period. The authors analyse their experience in 54 laparoscopic splenectomies performed by their teams in 3 European countries. METHODS: From 1995 to 1999, 54 children underwent laparoscopic splenectomy, 4 of whom also underwent a concomitant cholecystectomy. There were 29 girls and 25 boys with ages ranging between 4 and 19 years (median, 8.1 years). All patients underwent an elective laparoscopic splenectomy: Thirty children had hereditary spherocytosis, 13 had an idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 10 were affected by a beta thalassemia, and 1 child had sickle cell disease. RESULTS: Mean operating time was 140 minutes (range, 100 to 250 minutes). Hospital stay ranged from 2 to 6 days (median, 3 days). In 7 patients the spleen was removed through a 7-cm minilaparotomy; in another 46 cases the spleen was captured into an extraction bag, fragmented, and then removed through the umbilical or left orifice. There was one conversion to open surgery because of a camera failure during the operation. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of our experience we believe that the operating time of LS is still too long compared with open surgery, and the extraction phase still not simple enough. A perfect control of hemostasis is fundamental because severe complications can arise from even a slight bleeding episode. It also is very important to search for and remove any accessory spleens. In our series this occurred in 7 patients, one of whom had 3 accessory spleens. The laparoscopic approach is today a good alternative to open splenectomy.     

儿童腹腔镜脾切除的初步体会

目的:总结儿童腹腔镜脾切除的经验和特点。方法:回顾性分析21例小儿腹腔镜脾切除患者的临床资料。结果:顺利完成腹腔镜脾切除术18例,中转开腹3例。1例因巨大脾装入取物袋困难,采用下腹横切口取出,余均经腹壁戳孔在取物袋中夹碎后取出。术中除1例出血达300ml外,余均少于10ml。发现副脾2例。术中损伤胃壁1例,术后出血1例。所有患儿术后恢复好,平均2d进食,住院5～11d。随访1个月～3年,患者生长发育良好,无严重感染,贫血和血小板计数明显改善。结论:小儿腹腔镜脾切除术具有创伤小、康复快、住院时间短且腹壁美容的优点,是一种安全、有效的术式。     

腹腔镜脾切除术29例

目的探讨成功施行腹腔镜脾切除术(laparoscopic splenectomy,LS)的技巧。方法对29例行LS病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果28例采用二级脾蒂离断法行LS成功,中转开腹1例。手术时间为130~380min,平均为180min。术中出血量为80~2000ml,平均为600ml。术后住院时间为2~12d,平均为7d。结论采用二级脾蒂离断法行LS安全可靠,无须切割闭合器,手术费用降低。     

Technical aspects of laparoscopic splenectomy

For the period of four years 22 patients were operated on for surgical disease of spleen, using laparoscopic technologies. Laparoscopic splenectomy was performed in 12 patients, manually assisted laparoscopic splenectomy using the Pneumo Sleeve (Dexterity firm) system and with application of the self made construction pneumosleeve--in 10. The operation duration was from 110 to 220 minutes. The hospital stay of the patient after the operation had constituted 2-4 days. The experience of laparoscopic splenectomy performance gained witnesses the possibility of successful application of the method for the treatment of surgical diseases of spleen.     

腹腔镜脾部分切除术的技术要点探讨

目的:探讨为脾良性占位患者行腹腔镜脾部分切除术的技术要点。方法:回顾分析2011年1月至2016年1月为15例脾良性占位患者行腹腔镜脾部分切除术的临床资料,针对脾蒂及脾局部解剖情况采取3种术式:(1)规则性脾部分切除术;(2)不规则性脾脏部分切除术;(3)规则与不规则性结合行脾脏部分切除术。结果:本组15例均成功完成手术,11例采用(1)法、3例采用(2)法、1例用(3)法。手术时间2.0~5.5 h,平均(2.5±1.2)h;术中出血量155~520 ml,平均(220.1±85.8)ml。术后病理结果提示脾脏血管瘤8例,脾脏假性囊肿4例,真性上皮性囊肿3例。术中无一例出现胰腺损伤、胃肠道损伤、大出血等并发症,无中转开腹及死亡病例,术后1例(6.7%)患者发生胰瘘。腹腔硅胶引流管放置时间除胰瘘患者外,均于3~7 d拔除,平均(4.5±2.3)d;引流管引流出的液体呈淡红色,为60~120 ml,平均(78.2±22.7)ml。结论:针对脾蒂、脾良性占位位置、局部解剖等不同情况采取不同措施,腹腔镜脾部分切除术是安全、可行的,临床疗效满意,值得临床推广应用。     

Simple method of laparoscopic splenectomy

Background  Although laparoscopic splenectomy was introduced in 1991, it has not become a standard procedure for splenectomy like laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallstone disease. The reasons for this may include difficulty in grasping the spleen and difficulty with controlling hemorrhage. Here we present a simple method of laparoscopic splenectomy. Methods  We performed laparoscopic splenectomy in 46 patients from 1994 to 2006. Our procedure had four main features: (1) adoption of a lateral position so that gravity assists with the spleen, (2) exposure of the operative field using two cherry dissectors, (3) only dividing the upper part of the gastrosplenic ligament, and (4) stapling the splenic hilus together with the lower part of the gastrosplenic ligament. Results  Among 46 patients undergoing laparoscopic splenectomy, none of them were converted to open splenectomy. Three patients had postoperative intraperitoneal bleeding from the stapled stump of the splenic artery. In 28 patients during the most recent 3 years, the mean operating time was 71 min and only one patient had postoperative bleeding (hemostasis was achieved laparoscopically). Conclusion  Exposure of the operating field using cherry dissector and stapling of the splenic hilus together with the lower part of the gastrosplenic ligament are key points of our method of laparoscopic splenectomy.     

预防腹腔镜脾切除术出血的外科技术要点

目的:探讨预防腹腔镜下脾切除术术中出血的技术。方法:完全腹腔镜手术治疗肝硬化脾肿大6例,特发性血小板减少性紫癜(idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,ITP)5例,脾恶性淋巴瘤3例,脾血管瘤2例,外伤性脾破裂1例。手术步骤包括解剖结扎脾动脉,切断脾周韧带,解剖结扎脾门血管并离断。结果:全部病例均用腹腔镜完成手术。患者均行脾门血管逐条解剖后结扎离断。手术时间50～240min,平均(110±35)min。出血20～1500ml,平均(160±87)ml。结论:完全腹腔镜脾切除术可行,术中早期脾动脉结扎、脾门血管逐条解剖结扎后离断是控制术中出血的关键,紧贴脾实质处理脾蒂可防止胰腺损伤。