城市居民预包装食品来源的能量和宏量营养素摄入状况分析

目的分析我国城市成年居民预包装食品消费对能量和宏量营养素摄入的影响。方法选取北京市、上海市、重庆市、沈阳市、哈尔滨市、济南市、郑州市、长沙市、南宁市等9个城市的成年居民作为研究对象,采用连续7天记录法收集预包装食品消费资料。结果调查人群中,预包装食品提供的能量摄入量中位数为628.8 k J/d,蛋白质5.0 g/d,脂肪6.7 g/d和碳水化合物17.0 g/d。消费人群中,成年居民能量摄入量中位数为745.3 k J/d,蛋白质6.0 g/d,脂肪7.7g/d,碳水化合物20.7 g/d。结论我国城市成年居民预包装食品来源的能量和宏量营养素摄入量处在低水平。     

Contribution of 'noncore' foods and beverages to the energy intake and weight status of Australian children

OBJECTIVES: The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating is based on five core food groups and water. Foods or beverages that do not fit into these groups are considered extra or 'noncore'. We tested the hypotheses that noncore foods and beverages make a greater proportional contribution to mean daily energy intakes of: (1) children, compared with other age groups; and (2) overweight and obese children, compared with healthy weight children. DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS: We used data from 13 858 participants aged 2 to 80+ y who had 24-h dietary recall data collected in the 1995 cross-sectional Australian National Nutrition Survey. ANOVA was used to compare the percentage of energy provided by noncore foods and beverages by age and weight status. RESULTS: Children (5 to 12 y) and adolescents (13 to 18 y) obtained significantly more (P < 0.001) of their daily food energy from noncore foods (41.5 and 43.4%, respectively) than all other age groups. These age groups also obtained significantly more (P < 0.001) of their daily beverage energy from noncore beverages (30.7 and 36.9%, respectively). Results were not consistent with weight status, although very young (2-4 y) obese children obtained significantly more energy (P < 0.05) from noncore beverages than children in a healthy weight range. Younger children may also have consumed a greater quantity of foods and beverages. Under-reporting may have obscured similar results for older children. CONCLUSIONS: By definition, noncore foods and beverages are surplus to the requirements of a healthy diet. We found that Australian children consume these foods and beverages in excess.     

Do time trends in food supply levels of macronutrients reflect survey estimates of macronutrient intake?

BACKGROUND. Two types of data may be used to estimate trends in food and nutrient intake by the US population: per capita food supply estimates and survey estimates of individual intake. Because these data vary markedly in measurement goals and methods, we examined whether trends in food supply and survey intake estimates for fat, carbohydrate, and protein are reflective of one another. METHODS. The data selected for comparison included all available survey estimates of mean intake by the US population (i.e., periodic estimates from 1965 to 1988) and all available per capita food supply estimates from a comparable time period (i.e., annual estimates from 1965 to 1985). RESULTS. The two types of data generally did not reflect the same trends. Furthermore, expressing macronutrient levels as percentage of calories rather than in grams affected the trend relationships. CONCLUSIONS. Our findings indicate that caution is needed in the selection and application of available data to estimate trends in macronutrient intake by the US population and in the interpretation of these data with regard to public health research, policies, and programs.     

Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars: measurement requires quantification

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which form the basis of federal nutrition policy, have changed in subtle, but important ways with regard to sugars since they were first introduced in 1980; one might say they have become "sweeter" over time. Nonetheless, they have continued to maintain that there is a concern with overconsumption of sugars in the diets of Americans. Although the Dietary Guidelines themselves have never quantified how much constitutes overconsumption vs. moderation, the Food Guide Pyramid provides some guidance on that subject. The Pyramid's recommendations for added sugars, which vary by total energy level, are posed as a benchmark for gauging the appropriateness of the population's intakes. Data from the Food Supply series and from the Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes by Individuals are used to assess recent intakes. The population is consuming added sugars at levels far in excess of recommendations; this is generally true for all population subgroups examined, but especially for adolescents. Soft drinks are the major source of added sugars in the diet. Suggestions are given to facilitate correction of these dietary imbalances.     

妊娠妇女能量及宏量营养素摄入状况与孕中期血脂水平的关系

目的 初步分析妊娠妇女孕早、中期的膳食能量及宏量营养素摄入状况与其孕中期血脂的关系。 方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,选取235名于2014年春夏在四川大学华西第二医院定期产前检查的孕妇。使用24小时膳食回顾法收集孕妇孕早期(孕14周前)和孕中期(孕14~23+6周)的膳食信息。采集孕中期(孕24~27+6周)血样检测血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)4项血脂水平。采用Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验从多个角度比较不同能量及宏量营养素摄入水平的孕妇间血脂水平的差异。 结果 孕早期和孕早中期能量及总蛋白质摄入量较高者,其孕中期LDL-C水平均较高(P<0.05);孕早期和孕早中期动物蛋白摄入量与LDL-C水平呈正相关关系(P<0.05);不同孕期碳水化合物和脂肪的摄入量与孕中期TC、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C水平均未发现统计学相关(P>0.05)。 结论 孕早期和孕早中期膳食能量、总蛋白质及动物蛋白摄入量较高者,其孕中期血脂(LDL-C)水平较高,但能量及宏量营养素与孕期血脂的关系还有待进一步研究。     

Assessing the intake of obesity-related foods and beverages in young children: comparison of a simple population survey with 24 hr-recall

Background  

With an increasing focus on obesity prevention there is a need for simple, valid tools to assess dietary indicators that may be the targets of intervention programs. The objective of this study was to determine the relative validity of previous day dietary intake using a newly developed parent-proxy questionnaire (EPAQ) for two to five year old children.     

Assessing the intake of obesity-related foods and beverages in young children: comparison of a simple population survey with 24 hr-recall

The purpose of this review is to update expected values for pedometer-determined physical activity in free-living healthy older populations. A search of the literature published since 2001 began with a keyword (pedometer, "step counter," "step activity monitor" or "accelerometer AND steps/day") search of PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), SportDiscus, and PsychInfo. An iterative process was then undertaken to abstract and verify studies of pedometer-determined physical activity (captured in terms of steps taken; distance only was not accepted) in free-living adult populations described as ≥ 50 years of age (studies that included samples which spanned this threshold were not included unless they provided at least some appropriately age-stratified data) and not specifically recruited based on any chronic disease or disability. We identified 28 studies representing at least 1,343 males and 3,098 females ranging in age from 50–94 years. Eighteen (or 64%) of the studies clearly identified using a Yamax pedometer model. Monitoring frames ranged from 3 days to 1 year; the modal length of time was 7 days (17 studies, or 61%). Mean pedometer-determined physical activity ranged from 2,015 steps/day to 8,938 steps/day. In those studies reporting such data, consistent patterns emerged: males generally took more steps/day than similarly aged females, steps/day decreased across study-specific age groupings, and BMI-defined normal weight individuals took more steps/day than overweight/obese older adults. The range of 2,000–9,000 steps/day likely reflects the true variability of physical activity behaviors in older populations. More explicit patterns, for example sex- and age-specific relationships, remain to be informed by future research endeavors.     

A method to improve the nutritional quality of foods and beverages based on dietary recommendations

OBJECTIVE: The increasing consumer interest in health prompted Unilever to develop a globally applicable method (Nutrition Score) to evaluate and improve the nutritional composition of its foods and beverages portfolio. METHODS: Based on (inter)national dietary recommendations, generic benchmarks were developed to evaluate foods and beverages on their content of trans fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, sodium and sugars. High intakes of these key nutrients are associated with undesirable health effects. In principle, the developed generic benchmarks can be applied globally for any food and beverage product. Product category-specific benchmarks were developed when it was not feasible to meet generic benchmarks because of technological and/or taste factors. RESULTS: The whole Unilever global foods and beverages portfolio has been evaluated and actions have been taken to improve the nutritional quality. The advantages of this method over other initiatives to assess the nutritional quality of foods are that it is based on the latest nutritional scientific insights and its global applicability. CONCLUSIONS: The Nutrition Score is the first simple, transparent and straightforward method that can be applied globally and across all food and beverage categories to evaluate the nutritional composition. It can help food manufacturers to improve the nutritional value of their products. In addition, the Nutrition Score can be a starting point for a powerful health indicator front-of-pack. This can have a significant positive impact on public health, especially when implemented by all food manufacturers.     

2010—2012年中国老年人能量及宏量营养素摄入状况

目的分析2010—2012年中国老年人能量及宏量营养素摄入状况。方法利用"中国居民营养与健康状况监测(2010—2012年)"16 612名60岁及以上老年人的连续3天24小时膳食回顾调查和家庭食用油及调味品称重数据,按照2004年和2009年《中国食物成分表》计算老年人每日能量和三大宏量营养素摄入量及供能比,根据2013年中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)对老年人宏量营养素摄入状况进行评价。结果中国老年人能量、碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量分别为(1840. 9±636. 7) kcal/d、(255. 9±106. 8) g/d、(55. 6±22. 7) g/d和(66. 8±35. 0) g/d,碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪供能比分别为(55. 7%±12. 1%)、(12. 3%±3. 4%)和(32. 5%±11. 7%)。城市老年人能量、碳水化合物摄入量及碳水化合物供能比均低于农村,而蛋白质和脂肪摄入量、蛋白质和脂肪供能比均高于农村。无论城乡、地区和性别,能量及各宏量营养素摄入量均随年龄增长呈下降趋势(P<0. 01)。蛋白质摄入不足率男性和女性分别达57. 0%和53. 8%,脂肪供能比高于30%者分别占56. 7%和56. 8%。60～69岁、70～79岁、80岁及以上老年人的蛋白质摄入不足率分别为51. 0%、61. 2%和68. 6%,脂肪供能比超过30%的比例分别为56. 9%、56. 3%和57. 1%。结论 2010—2012年中国60岁及以上老年人宏量营养素摄入模式不合理,蛋白质摄入水平低,脂肪摄入水平较高。     

Adult dietary characteristics affecting iron intake: a comparison based on iron density

Food frequency information from 762 Utahns, aged 24 to 80 years, selected from the general population using a random digit dialing technique was studied to determine the characteristics of diets that provide 18 mg iron/2,000 kcal, the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) of iron and energy for women aged 23 to 50 years. The diets were divided into three categories according to iron per 1,000 kcal: category 1, 9.0 mg or more iron; category 2, 6.0 to 8.99 mg iron; and category 3, 5.99 mg or less iron. Twenty-seven percent of the women and 16% of the men reported consuming diets containing more than 9 mg iron/1,000 kcal. Six percent of the women consumed 18 mg iron daily. Total energy intake decreased dramatically as iron density increased, as did intake of protein, carbohydrate, and fat. However, the percentage of energy consumed as protein and carbohydrate increased in the high-iron density categories. Individuals in the high-iron density categories consumed greater proportions of their iron and energy from vegetable, fruit, and cereal products; those in the low-iron density category consumed more pastries, beverages, sweets, and added fats, i.e., high-calorie foods. When fortified breakfast cereals were removed from the diets, only 14% of the women and 6% of the men consumed diets that provided at least 9 mg iron per 1,000 kcal. Women can meet the RDA for iron from their diets if they consume the recommended amount of energy distributed across food groups as follows: cereals, 14% to 16%; vegetables, at least 11%; meat, fish, poultry, and eggs, 16% to 18%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Principal sources of dietary intake of macronutrients in the adult rural population in the Chuvash Republic

The paper presents the results of determination of the basic sources of macronutrients and energy in the nutrition of the rural population of the Chuvash Republic. The importance of foodstuffs, the sources of nutrients, was determined by factor mathematical analysis, by estimating the weight factors. All the products used in the daily ration were studied, which permitted elucidation of the importance of individual Russia-specific products. In the rural population of the Chuvash Republic, nutrition is unbalanced and caused by both economic features and lack of knowledge about balanced diet and its value for human health. Bread, bakery goods, domestic baked products, potatoes, pork, whole milk products form the basis of their diet. The consumption of vegetables and fruits is very little and restricted to the crop grown in private farms. Sugar is used in the quantities that are considerably greater than those given in the WHO recommendations.     

The time of day and the proportions of macronutrients eaten are related to total daily food intake

Intake in the morning is particularly satiating and associated with lower total amounts ingested for the day while intake at night is associated with greater overall daily intake. But, the influence of carbohydrates, fats or proteins ingested at various times of the day is unknown. The intakes of 375 male and 492 female free-living individuals that were acquired with 7 d diet-diary reports were reanalysed. The intakes of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, and the density of intake occurring during three 6 h periods (06.00 to 11.59 hours (morning), 12.00 to 17.59 hours (afternoon) and 18.00 to 23.59 hours (evening)) were identified and related to overall daily and meal intakes. Energy density of intake during all periods was found to be positively related to overall intake. When the proportion of daily carbohydrate ingested in the morning was high, less total food energy and carbohydrate were ingested over the entire day. When the proportion of daily fat ingested in the morning was high, less total food energy and carbohydrate and fat were ingested over the entire day. When the proportion of daily protein ingested in the morning was high, less protein was ingested over the entire day. Conversely, when intake was relatively high in the evening of either total food energy, carbohydrate or fat, then overall daily energy intakes tended to be higher. The results suggest that the morning intake association with reduced total intake is macronutrient specific, with morning carbohydrate, fat and protein intake associated with reduced daily carbohydrate, fat and protein intake, respectively.     

Energy density but not fat content of foods affected energy intake in lean and obese women

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that energy intake increases when both the fat content and energy density of the entire diet increases. When the fat content and energy density vary independently of one another, however, energy density, but not fat content, influences intake. OBJECTIVE: The present study examined whether energy intake in lean and obese women is affected when either the energy density or the fat content of a portion of the diet is manipulated and palatability is held constant. DESIGN: In a within-subjects design, 17 lean and 17 obese women consumed meals in the laboratory for four, 4-d test periods. In 3 of these test periods the energy density (4.4 and 6.7 kJ/g) or the fat content (16% and 36% of energy) of compulsory entrees representing 50% of each subject's usual energy intake was manipulated. Additional self-selected foods were consumed ad libitum at meals and as snacks. RESULTS: There were no systematic differences in palatability of the manipulated foods across conditions. Obese and lean participants responded similarly to the dietary manipulations. Intake of self-selected foods at meals was reduced significantly by 16% for both lean and obese subjects in the low- compared with the high-energy-density condition. The fat content of the compulsory foods had no significant effect on energy intake. Ratings of hunger did not differ between diets. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that when a portion of the diet was manipulated, the energy density, but not the fat content, of the foods affected total energy intake at meals in both lean and obese women.     

The use of novel foods enriched with long-chain n-3 fatty acids to increase dietary intake: a comparison of methodologies assessing nutrient intake

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of consuming a variety of foods enriched in long-chain n-3 fatty acids in low fish eaters. DESIGN: Evaluation of reported dietary intakes in a 6-month, double-blind, randomized, controlled parallel design trial. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Eighty-five men and women with overweight and mildly elevated triglyceride levels who have a low habitual intake of fish. INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomized to consume foods either enriched in long-chain n-3 fats or control foods (not enriched). Subjects were asked to consume eight portions per day (equivalent to approximately 1 g/day long-chain n-3 fatty acid if randomized to the intervention). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Reported energy, macronutrient, and fatty acid intakes were measured by diet history, 3-day food records, and body weight. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Repeated measures analysis of variance, Kruskall-Wallis test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plots were conducted. RESULTS: The two groups did not differ in mean dietary intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake at baseline (258 mg and 313 mg for the intervention and control groups, respectively). At 6 months the intervention group members increased their intake of long-chain n-3 fats 4.5-fold compared with baseline and with the control group (P<.001). The data from the diet histories correlated well with the food records for all reported macronutrient and fatty acid values. Food pattern analysis showed that milk (13.8%), cereal (12.1%), and bread (11.3%) contributed the most to the overall long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: This long-term study in free-living subjects indicates that population intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids could be substantially increased through the availability of a variety of n-3 fatty acid-enriched processed foods.     

Smaller food item sizes of snack foods influence reduced portions and caloric intake in young adults

Studies considering the impact of food-size variations on consumption have predominantly focused on portion size, whereas very little research has investigated variations in food-item size, especially at snacking occasions, and results have been contradictory. This study evaluated the effect of altering the size of food items (ie, small vs large candies) of equal-size food portions on short-term energy intake while snacking. The study used a between-subjects design (n=33) in a randomized experiment conducted in spring 2008. In a psychology laboratory (separate cubicles), participants (undergraduate psychology students, 29 of 33 female, mean age 20.3±2 years, mean body mass index 21.7±3.7) were offered unlimited consumption of candies while participating in an unrelated computerized experiment. For half of the subjects, items were cut in two to make the small food-item size. Food intake (weight in grams, kilocalories, and number of food items) was examined using analysis of variance. Results showed that decreasing the item size of candies led participants to decrease by half their gram weight intake, resulting in an energy intake decrease of 60 kcal compared to the other group. Appetite ratings and subject and food characteristics had no moderating effect. A cognitive bias could explain why people tend to consider that one unit of food (eg, 10 candies) is the appropriate amount to consume, regardless of the size of the food items in the unit. This study suggests a simple dietary strategy, decreasing food-item size without having to alter the portion size offered, may reduce energy intake at snacking occasions.