Thromboembolic complications after renal transplantation: A retrospective analysis

In a retrospective study of 125 transplanted patients, 8.8% developed thromboembolism (diagnosed with objective methods) during the first year after transplantation. In one patient pulmonary embolism was the cause of death and in one it was contributory. The thromboembolism developed rather late after transplantation. The side of the transplant did not determine the site of the thrombosis. Juvenile diabetes mellitus was found to be a significant risk factor.

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Resumen En un estudio retrospectivo de 125 pacientes con transplante renal se encontró que el 8.8% desarrolló tromboembolismo, diagnosticado por métodos objetivos, en el curso del primer año después del transplante. En un paciente la embolia pulmonar fue la causa de muerte y en uno fue causa contribuyente. El tromboembolismo apareció más bien tardíamente después del transplante; el período de riesgo de tromboembolismo es bastante prolongado, en comparaciôn con otros tipos de cirugía donde el riesgo es insignificante después del primer mes postoperatorio. El lado del transplante no fue factor determinante de la localización de la trombosis. La diabetes juvenil fue identificada como un factor significativo de riesgo.

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Résumé L'étude rétrospective de 125 transplantés rénaux a permis de constater que la fréquence de la thrombose veineuse s'élevait à 8,8% au cours de la première année suivant la transplantation. Chez un malade la mort fut la conséquence indiscutable d'une embolie, tandis qu'elle y contribua très probablement chez un autre opéré.La thrombose se développe généralement tard après la transplantation. Le côté de la transplantation ne détermine pas la localisation de la thrombose. Le diabète juvénile constitue un facteur de risque indiscutable.

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Supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (project No. 00759).     

Endoscopic management of airway complications after lung transplantation.

Airway complications remain a source of significant morbidity after lung transplantation. The current incidence of such complications is 12% to 15%. The associated mortality is 2% to 3%. Extensive necrosis and anastomotic dehiscence have become rare, but granulation tissue accumulation, stenosis, and bronchomalacia persist. The major factors that increase the risk for such complications are those that aggravate anastomotic ischemia. Because blood flow to the donor main-stem bronchus is derived from collateral circulation from the pulmonary arteries, minimizing pulmonary inflammation, optimizing pulmonary blood flow, and limiting exposure to positive pressure ventilation are important considerations. Attention to organ preservation techniques and perioperative management is critically important. Controversy remains regarding the optimal anastomotic technique, but properly done, end-to-end anastomosis is readily reproducible and is associated with a low incidence of complications. Attempts to restore the bronchial circulation surgically are not associated with significant reductions in airway complications. Similarly, the routine use of vascularized soft tissue reinforcement no longer seems justified. Most complications can be managed readily with a combination of endoscopic techniques, including débridement (with or without laser or cryotherapy), dilation, and stent placement. Resective procedures rarely are indicated, and retransplantation should be reserved for exceptional cases.     

Risk factors for early bleeding complications after lung transplantation – a retrospective cohort study

Risk factors for early bleeding complications after lung transplantation are not well described. Our aim was to evaluate coagulation test results and the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as risk factors for bleeding after lung transplantation. We analyzed a single‐center cohort of bilateral lung transplants between January 2009 and August 2015. Predictors of severe postoperative bleeding (bleeding requiring reoperation within 48 h of transplantation) were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. The effect of bleeding on survival was assessed using a Cox proportional‐hazards model. Twenty‐nine (4.5%) of 641 patients experienced severe postoperative bleeding. Postoperative fibrinogen levels (OR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.98–0.995, P = 0.001; per mg/dl increase) and pre‐ and postoperative use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (OR = 14.41% 95% CI 5.4–40.19, P < 0.001 and OR = 4.25, 95% CI 1.0–11.09, P = 0.002, respectively) were associated with an increased risk of severe postoperative bleeding. Severe postoperative bleeding was associated with decreased survival within 60 days after transplantation (adjusted HR = 5.73, 95% CI 2.52–13.02, P < 0.001). Low postoperative fibrinogen levels, and pre‐ and postoperative use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were risk factors for bleeding after lung transplantation.     

Intraabdominal complications after lung transplantation

BACKGROUND: Because more lung transplant recipients survive the perioperative period, nonpulmonary complications become a major source of morbidity and mortality. Of these, intraabdominal complications are of particular concern because of the potential need for surgical intervention. So appropriate management of these complications becomes paramount. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed 229 lung transplant recipients in a university medical center, between January 1997 and December 2004 developed in forty-seven patients. Abdominal complications. Detailed reviews of these patients' hospital charts were performed. Complications were categorized as early or late depending on if they occurred within 30 days of transplantation or later. The primary outcomes variable studied was mortality. RESULTS: Fifty-three surgical consultations for abdominal symptoms were requested in these 47 patients. Twenty-two of the 47 patients (47%) with intraabdominal complications required 24 operative interventions. Overall 5-year survival was substantially worse in patients with intraabdominal complications (34%) than in those without (62%, p=0.01). There was no marked difference in the 30-day mortality for patients experiencing early (27%, 4 of 15) versus late (24%, 9 of 38) complications. Mortality in patients with intraabdominal complications was lower among those treated operatively (n=2, 9%) compared with those treated nonoperatively (n=11, 44%, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Mortality for patients with intraabdominal complications is high after lung transplantation. Operative intervention is well tolerated and associated with lower mortality. A high index of suspicion and timely operative intervention are necessary for the treatment of intraabdominal complications in lung transplant recipients.     

通气模式对胸腔镜肺切除术患者术后肺部并发症影响的回顾性队列研究

目的探讨压力控制-容量保证通气(pressure-controlled ventilation-volume guaranteed,PCV-VG模式与容量控制通气(volume-controlled ventilation,VCV)模式对胸腔镜肺切除术患者术后肺部并发症的影响。方法回顾性分析2020年9月—2021年3月在四川大学华西医院行择期胸腔镜肺手术329例患者的临床资料,其中女213例、男116例,平均年龄(53.6±11.3)岁。美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级。纳入患者麻醉期间均采用肺保护性通气策略,根据通气模式将其分为PCV-VG组(PCVVG模式,165例)和VCV组(VCV模式,164例)。主要结局指标为住院期间肺部并发症发生率。结果术后住院期间共有73例(22.2%)患者发生了肺部并发症,PCV-VG组发生率为21.8%,VCV组发生率为22.6%[RR=0.985,95%CI(0.569,1.611),P=0.871]。多因素logistic回归分析显示PCV-VG与VCV模式相比,住院期间术后肺部并发症发生率差异无统计学意义[OR=0.846,95%CI(0.487,1.470),P=0.553]。结论对于胸腔镜肺手术患者,通气模式的选择与住院期间术后肺部并发症的发生风险不相关。     

Postoperative perforation in the bronchus intermedius membrane after a primary lung cancer resection.

We experienced 4 cases of postoperative perforation in the bronchus intermedius membrane (PBIM) after primary lung cancer resection. Three patients had undergone a right lower lobectomy and 1 patient had undergone a right upper lobectomy; as part of a systemic lymph node dissection, the subcarinal lymph node (Station 7) was dissected in all cases. Leakages were detected on postoperative days 3, 10, 11, and 26, respectively. The clinical signs of PBIM included the appearance of sputum like pleural effusion, decreased oxygenation, elevated inflammatory markers, pneumothorax, and infected pleural effusion. PBIM was confirmed by bronchofiberscopy. Direct suturing of the perforated membrane, followed by rapping with an omental flap was performed in 1 case; completion bilobectomies, followed by rapping of the bronchial stump with an omental flap or an intercostal muscle flap were performed in 2 cases; and a completion pneumonectomy, followed by rapping of the bronchial stump with an omental flap was performed in 1 case. All 4 of the cases were successfully treated.     

双肺移植术后支气管吻合口狭窄的治疗体会

目的 总结肺移植术后支气管吻合口狭窄的治疗经验。方法 1例接受双肺移植术的患者术后发生双侧支气管吻合口粘膜坏死和狭窄。经过13个月的球囊导管扩张（22次）和激光烧灼治疗（5次），效果不显著，术后11个月。在使用异丙酚的情况下结合局部麻醉行硬气管镜治疗，用不同口径的中金属空圆柱管做扩张器，左侧治疗2次，右侧治疗3次。结果 左侧支气管吻合口直径维持在8-10mm，以后未再扩张，右侧扩张效果差，右上支气管开口闭死，右中间干虽能勉强扩开，但造影证实其远端以下支气管管腔闭死，后因右肺的反复炎症，不得已行右全肺切除，切下的右肺及支气管壁均有结核病变。现患者一般情况尚可，生活自理。结论 肺移植术后的支气管吻合口狭窄与术后支气管缺血，大剂量使用激素和结核感染有关，应早期在神志镇静，局部麻醉下通过气管镜对狭窄进行治疗，中空金属圆柱状扩张器的效果优于单纯的球囊扩张。     

Early severe digestive complications after lung transplantation

Objective: This study aimed to describe and to analyze early severe digestive complications (ESDC) after lung transplantation (LT) in our center. Methods: A retrospective study included 351 patients, who underwent LT without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at our center between March 1988 and December 2009. There were 86 double LTs and 265 single LTs. ESDCs were defined as complications (1) occurring during the first 30 days after transplantation or during initial hospitalization if longer; (2) involving the gastrointestinal tract; and (3) jeopardizing survival or requiring invasive therapeutic procedure. Patients’ characteristics, associated risk factors, and influence of ESDC on early outcome have been analyzed. Results: During the first 30 days after LT or initial hospitalization if longer, 26 ESDCs occurred in 26 patients (rate 7.4%, sex ratio M/F 66%, mean age 56 ± 6 years). This included 10 acute cholecystitis (38%), four angiocholitis (15%), three perforated gastroduodenal ulcers (11%), three digestive perforations (11%), two intestinal occlusions (8%), two mesenteric ischemia (8%), and two acute pancreatitis (8%). ESDC occurred after a mean postoperative follow-up of 14 days (5–46), required emergency surgical treatment in 20 cases (77%), significantly prolonged the mean duration of hospitalization (96 days with ESDC vs 55 days without ESDC, p < 0.0001), and was responsible for death in five cases (19%). Surgical treatment included cholecystectomy (n = 11), bowel resection (n = 3), ulcer surgery (n = 2), subtotal colectomy (n = 2), Hartmann procedure (n = 1), and open coelioscopy (n = 1). Age and bilateral LT were found to be significant risk factors for ESDC in both uni- and multivariate analyses. Conclusion: ESDC occurred in 7.4% of patients after LT without CPB, and was responsible for longer in-hospital stay. Relevant risk factors included older age and bilateral LT, interfering with current debate regarding recipients’ selection and procedure's choice.     

Native lung complications after single lung transplantation for emphysema

We reviewed the impact of the presence of the native diseased contralateral lung on the outcome after single lung transplantation for emphysema. Twenty consecutive recipients of single lung transplants for emphysema were reviewed for complications related to the native lung. Five patients (25 %) suffered major complications arising in the native lung and resulting in serious morbidity and mortality. The timing of onset varied from 1 day to 43 months after transplantation. We conclude that the susceptibility of the native lung to complications such as those described in this report is an additional fact to be considered in choosing the ideal transplant procedure for patients with obstructive lung disease. Received: 2 July 1996 Received after revision: 15 October 1996 Accepted: 28 October 1996     

The prevalence and management of bronchial anastomotic complications in lung transplantation

The prevalence and management of bronchial anastomosis complications have been assessed in a series of 53 patients undergoing lung transplantation. Of the 50 patients subsequently at risk of airway complications, these problems occurred in seven (14%). Only one patient died as a direct result of the airway complication (2%). Four patients required airway stenting, and their management is discussed. Although airway healing is normal in the majority of patients undergoing lung transplantation (86%), when deficits occur they can usually be successfully managed with conservative treatment. Bronchial stenting may be required on either a temporary or a permanent basis.     

Survival and postoperative complications after extended surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer. A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated survival after extended surgery in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and the effects of induction therapy on results and complications. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between April 1987 and March 1998, 127 patients with pathological T3 (pT3) or T4 (pT4) non-small-cell lung cancer underwent extended surgery combined with resection of neighboring organs. Of these, 35 received induction therapy. In the remaining 92, surgery preceded other therapy. Long-term results and postoperative respiratory complications were analyzed and compared between the patients with and without induction therapy. RESULTS: Overall 5-year survival after extended surgery was 37%. Five-year survival rates in the pT3 was 41% and that in the pT4 group 28% (p = 0.030). Five-year survival rate in the pN0-1 was 46% and that in the pN2-3 group 26% (p = 0.003). No significant difference was observed in survival curves between patients with and without induction therapy. Induction therapy responders showed better survival than nonresponders. To prevent postoperative fatal complications due to bronchopleural fistula, we prophylactically covered the bronchial stump using autologous tissue in 31 induction therapy patients, and no mortality due to complications was seen in this group. CONCLUSION: Long-term survival after extended surgery was observed in pT3 and pT4 patients, especially among those with a pN0-1 status. Induction therapy responders may be considered good candidates for extended surgery because of the favorable prognosis in contrast to that for nonresponders.     

Prophylaxis with enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after lung transplantation: a retrospective study

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a frequent complication after solid organ transplantation (SOT) and, specifically, after lung transplantation (LT). The objectives of this study were to evaluate prophylaxis with enoxaparin and to describe risk factors for VTE after LT. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 333 patients who underwent LT in our institution between 2009 and 2014. We compared two consecutive cohorts: one that received enoxaparin only during post‐transplant hospital admissions and a second cohort that received 90‐day extended prophylaxis with enoxaparin. Cumulative incidence function for competing risk analysis was used to determine incidence of VTE during the first year after transplantation. Risk factors were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. The cumulative incidence of VTE was 15.3% (95% CI: 11.6–19.4). Median time from transplant to the event was 40 (p25–p75, 14–112) days. Ninety‐day extended prophylaxis did not reduce the incidence of VTE. In this study, the risk factors associated with VTE were male gender and interstitial lung disease. VTE is a major complication after LT, and 90‐day extended prophylaxis was not able to prevent it. Large, multicenter, randomized clinical trials should be performed to define the best strategy for preventing VTE.     

Airway complications after lung transplantation: treatment and long-term outcome

BACKGROUND: Airway complications are a significant cause of morbidity after lung transplantation. Effective treatment reduces the impact of these complications. METHODS: Data from 123 lung (99 single, 24 bilateral) transplants were reviewed. Potential risk factors for airway complications were analyzed. Stenoses were treated with expanding metal (Gianturco) stents. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 749 days. Thirty-five complications developed in 28 recipients (complication rate: 23.8%/anastomosis). Mean time to diagnosis was 47 days. Only Aspergillus infection and airway necrosis were significantly associated with development of complications (p < 0.00001 and p < 0.03, respectively). Stenosis was diagnosed an average of 42 days posttransplant. Average decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was 39%. Eighteen patients (13 single and 5 bilateral) required stent insertion. Mean increase in FEV1 poststenting was 87%. Two stent patients died from infectious complications. Six patients required further intervention. Long-term survival and FEV1 did not differ from nonstented patients. CONCLUSIONS: Aspergillus and airway necrosis are associated with the development of airway complications. Expanding metal stents are an effective long-term treatment.