Between laboratory and clinic: Paving the two-way street

Bandura's (1978) article On paradigms and recycled ideologies is criticized from several perspectives. In essence, Bandura argues that the dichotomy between laboratory treatments and clinical behavior therapy is not only false but also reflects grave ideological misconceptions. We analyze what we regard as several flaws in this argument. Bandura's imputation of an implicit medical model to critics of analogue research seems to be ill-founded and of questionable relevance. We underscore how Bandura inadvertently argues for the very thesis that he attempts to refute—namely, that clinic patients and phobic subjects do differ in fundamental ways. In our view, when estimating the clinical significance of his research, Bandura tends to extrapolate beyond his data. Our chief objection to Bandura's (1978) position is that it overlooks certain realities of clinical practice. By hypothesizing some essential differences between clinical fears and snake phobias, we hope to place laboratory research in its proper context and thus to facilitate productive dialogues between practitioners and experimenters.     

Nonadditive two-way ANOVA for event-related fMRI data analysis

A significant recent development in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the introduction of event-related fMRI, also known as time-resolved fMRI. Because the exact shape of the MR response in an event-related fMRI experiment is often not known, traditional methods developed for block design experiments, such as t test and correlation analysis, are not well-suited for extracting activated pixels from the event-related data. In this work, a statistical technique based on nonadditive two-way analysis of variance is developed for use in event-related studies. Theoretical and experimental work were carried out for establishing a statistical threshold to determine pixel activation. Experimental studies were performed to demonstrate the utility of this approach.