高效液相色谱法测定蓝芩口服液中绿原酸和栀子苷的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定蓝芩口服液中绿原酸和茵栀苷的含量。方法色谱柱:Zor-baxXDB-C18柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-0.1%磷酸—四氢呋喃(10:90:0.6),流速为1.0ml/min,灵敏度(AUFS)0.01,柱温30℃,检测波长254nm。结果绿原酸线性范围为0.0544～1.088μg(r=0.9998),平均回收率为99.8%(n=5);栀子苷线性范围0.258～2.580μg(r=0.9992),平均回收率为100.3%。结论该法测定结果准确、稳定性好,可用于蓝芩口服液中绿原酸和栀子苷质量控制的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定蓝芩口服液中绿原酸和栀子苷的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定蓝芩口服液中绿原酸和茵栀苷的含量.方法 色谱柱:Zorbax XDB-C18柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-0.1%磷酸-四氢呋喃(10:90:0.6),流速为1.0ml/min,灵敏度(AUFS)0.01,柱温30℃,检测波长254nm.结果 绿原酸线性范围为0.0544～1.088μg(r=0.9998),平均回收率为99.8%(n=5);栀子苷线性范围0.258～2.580μg(r=0.9992),平均回收率为100.3%.结论 该法测定结果准确、稳定性好,可用于蓝芩口服液中绿原酸和栀子苷质量控制的测定.     

HPLC法测定抗病毒清热口服液中绿原酸含量

目的 建立抗病毒清热口服液中绿原酸的HPLC测定方法。方法 采用HPLC法。色谱柱:C18(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm,Kromasil),流动相:乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液(11.5∶88.5),流速:1.0 m L/min,检测波长:327 nm,柱温:20℃。结果 绿原酸在0.252 4~1.262 0μg范围内进样量与平均峰面积线性关系良好r=0.999 9(n=5);平均回收率为99.15%,RSD为0.50%(n=6)。结论 该方法准确性高、重现性良好,可用于抗病毒清热口服液的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定儿感口服液中绿原酸的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定儿感口服液中绿原酸含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Scienhome C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液(12∶88),流速为1.0mL.min-1,检测波长为327nm。结果:绿原酸进样量在0.169 6～0.848μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 9);平均回收率为98.88%,RSD=0.48%(n=6)。结论:本方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于儿感口服液的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定消癌平片中绿原酸的含量

目的:测定消癌平片中绿原酸的含量.方法:高效液相色谱法(HPLC法),色谱柱为C1s柱,流动相为乙腈-水-冰醋酸(8:92:1),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为327 nm.结果:线性范围是0.081 6～0.408 0μg,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.09%,RSD=1.25%(n=6).结论:HPLC法简便、准确、重现性好,可作为消癌平片中绿原酸的含量测定方法.     

HPLC法测定小儿退热口服液中绿原酸和丹皮酚含量

目的 建立HPLC方法测定小儿退热口服液中绿原酸和丹皮酚含量.方法 采用Welch Ultimate XB-C18(250mm ×4.6mm,5μm);以甲醇-0.2％磷酸为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速:1.0mL·min-1;检测波长:绿原酸:330nm,丹皮酚:278nm.结果 绿原酸在0.50 ～25.06μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r =0.9999),平均加样回收率为100.60％,RSD为1.05％(n=6);丹皮酚在1.23 ～61.52μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=1),平均加样回收率为100.75％,RSD为0.55％(n=6).结论 该方法简单、准确、灵敏,重现性好,适用于小儿退热口服液的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定清热解毒口服液中绿原酸的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定清热解毒口服液中绿原酸的含量方法。方法:色谱柱:KromasilC18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-0.4%的磷酸(20:80)检测波长:324nm,流速为1.0 ml·min-1。结果:绿原酸的回归方程为:Y=3854734.2x-73605618,г=0.9999(n=6)线性范围为:10.01μg/ml~60.07μg/ml,平均回收率为97.04%,RSD为1.01%(n=5)。结论:方法简便,结果准确,专属性强,重现性好,可将其作为清热解毒口服液的质控指标之一。     

高效液相色谱法测定强肝口服液中绿原酸含量

目的 建立测定强肝口服液中绿原酸含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法.方法 采用XBridgeTM C18色谱柱(150mm x4.6mm,5μm).流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(15:85),检测波长323 nm,柱温为室温,流速1.0 mL/min.结果绿原酸进样量在0.0258～0.4644μ范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均加样回收率为97.66%,RSD=0.93%(n=6).结论该法简便、快速、灵敏、准确、专属、重现性好,为强肝口服液的绿原酸含量测定提供了可靠方法.     

高效液相色谱法测定清热解毒口服液中绿原酸的含量

目的:建立测定清热解毒口服液中绿原酸含量的HPLC方法。方法:选用Kromasil-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4．6mm 5μm);以乙腈-0．2％磷酸溶液(12∶88)为流动相;检测波长327 nm,流速1．0 ml·min-1。结果:绿原酸在O．35～1．04μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0．999 9)。平均回收率为99．1％(RSD=1．3％,n=5)。结论:本法简便、准确、重复性好,可用作清热解毒口服液的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定清胰利胆口服液中绿原酸的含量

目的:测定清胰利胆口服液中绿原酸的含量.方法:用高效液相色谱法制定了制剂中绿原酸含量的测定方法.色谱柱:ODS-2HYPERSIL C18 250mm×4.6mm×5μm;检测波长:327nm.结果:清胰利胆口服液中绿原酸与其它组分分离良好.线性范围为4.728～23.640μg/ml,r=0.9992,平均回收率103.33%,RSD为2.82%.结论:本方法操作简便、灵敏度高、结果准确,可用于清胰利胆口服液中绿原酸的含量测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.