孤独症患儿脑单光子发射计算机体层摄影术的研究

目的 研究孤独症患儿的脑血流和细胞功能.方法 采用单光子发射计算机体层摄影术,对31例符合中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第2版修订本中孤独症的诊断标准的患儿(研究组)和20名排除神经精神科疾病、患躯体疾病的非孤独症儿童(对照组)进行脑影像分析.结果 (1)视觉定性分析,研究组中有27例存在36个放射性分布减低区,其中以左侧额叶(13个)和双侧颞叶(左右侧分别为6个和8个)皮质较多见.(2)放射性计数分析,研究组左侧额叶(84±34)和海马(62±23)低于右侧[分别为(88±32)和(67±26)],差异有非常显著性(P<0.01);对照组各部位左右侧比较,差异均无显著性.结论 孤独症儿童左侧额叶、海马及双侧颞叶存在局部血流灌注降低和细胞功能障碍.     

应用单光子发射计算机体层摄影术研究药物滥用对人脑纹状体多巴胺转运体的损害

目的　在分子水平上研究摇头丸和海洛因滥用对人脑纹状体多巴胺转运体(DAT)的损害。方法　对健康对照组21名、摇头丸组12例、海洛因组43例进行单光子发射计算机体层摄影术检测。静脉注射显像剂99Tcm TRODAT 1剂量为740MBq/ml。计算纹状体的体积、质量、纹状体与全脑放射性比值(Ra% )和差值率(% )。结果　对照组双侧纹状体呈典型“熊猫眼”形,双侧尾状核和豆状核大致等大,DAT分布均匀、对称。摇头丸组和海洛因组纹状体的体积分别为(21 4±4 5)cm3 和(21 3±4 4)cm3,小于对照组[ ( 32 0±2 2 )cm3;P<0 01 ];质量分别为( 23 7±3 9 )g和( 22 4±3 2)g,低于对照组[ (33 6±2 6)g;P<0 01];Ra%分别为(5 9±0 8)%和(5 2±0 9)%,亦低于对照组[ (7 6±2 0)%;P<0 05],摇头丸组和海洛因组纹状体与全脑放射性比值与对照组的差值率分别是22 03%和30 74%。结论　滥用摇头丸和海洛因均破坏脑纹状体多巴胺能神经元的功能,DAT的数量、密度、分布和活性减低。     

阿尔茨海默病患者的脑单光子体层摄影术及磁共振显像的研究

），和第四脑室（F＝4．10）体积高于对照组，差异有显著或非常显著性（P＜0．05－0．01）。（5）AD组各级年龄组间的MRI指标差异均无显著性。（6）AD组与对照组的同年龄组MRI比较，AD组存在灰质体积缩小，总脑脊液，脑室外脑脊液和第三脑室体积增加，右侧海马体积萎缩。（7）AD组的聚类分析结果，以左顶叶，右顶叶的SPECT计数值为变量，AD可被聚为I，Ⅱ，Ⅲ三类，简明智力状态检查评分分别为20－26，13－19，5－11，（8）左海马体积，右海马体积与扣带回，双侧顶叶，丘脑，枕叶及右侧基底节放射性计数比值存在高度相关性。结论：AD患者功能性和结构性改变较增龄性改变范围广，幅度大，其双侧海马体积与顶叶及部分边缘系统灌注相关，提示上述结构共同参与AD的病理机制，双侧顶叶灌注能对AD做有效的疾病程度分类。     

老年抑郁症患者的脑正电子发射体层摄影术显像分析

目的 探讨老年抑郁症患者脑^18氟-脱氧葡萄糖（18^F-FDG）正电子发射体层摄影术（PET）显像的特点。方法 分别对6例老年抑郁症患者（GD组）及10名健康体检者（对照组）进行脑^18 F-FDGPET显像，按年龄、简易智力状态检查量表总分和性别构成配对，用统计参数图第2版软件比较两组间脑局部葡萄糖代谢的差别。结果 GD组较对照组在双侧尾状核、额下回、颞上回、额中回，右侧核外、额上回、舌回和左侧扣带回、中央前回等脑区局部葡萄糖代谢减低（均P〈0．005）。GD组无局部脑葡萄糖代谢增加的脑区。结论 老年抑郁症患者存在基底节区、前额叶、颞叶和边缘系统的局部葡萄糖代谢下降。     

计算机体层摄影术在常见精神疾病中的应用概况

自从上个世纪70年代以来,计算机体层摄影术（computed tomography,CT）则广泛应用于研究和检查常见精神疾病,尤以精神分裂症为然,既累积了经验又获得了成果。作者复习了手边有关文献,并作如下简述。     

酒精依赖导致小脑萎缩的X线计算机体层摄影术研究

我们试图将颅脑Ｘ线计算机体层摄影术 (ＣＴ)扫描与酒精依赖患者的饮酒史结合起来研究 ,旨在探讨酒精依赖导致小脑萎缩的程度及其重要因素。对象　共收集 88例酒精依赖患者 ,来自哈尔滨医科大学第一临床学院精神科 (2 2例 )、哈尔滨市神经精神病院 (36例 )、吉林省延边脑科医院 (30例 ) ,均符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第 4版的酒精依赖的诊断标准 ,均排除非酒精中毒所致的躯体和精神疾病。 88例均为男性 ,其中汉族 59例 ,朝鲜族 2 5例 ,其他民族 4例 ;年龄 2 7～ 59岁 ,平均 (40±7)岁 ;饮酒史均≥ 1 0年。方法　 (1 )饮酒史调查 :询问…     

轻度认知功能障碍患者正电子发射计算机体层摄影术和神经心理学测定的初步研究

目的　探讨轻度认知功能障碍患者脑葡萄糖代谢与神经心理学特点及其相互关系。方法　采用正电子发射体层摄影术 (PET)、简易智能状态测定 (MMSE)、韦克斯勒记忆量表测定 (WMS)和总体衰退量表 (GDS)测定 10例轻度认知功能障碍 (MCI)患者和 10名健康志愿者 (HC)。结果 (1)MCI组MMSE[(2 4.6± 2 2 )分 ]、WMS[(6 9.4± 10 .4)分 ]分值低于HC组 [分别为 (2 8.9± 1.1)分和 (93.1± 9.0 )分 ;P〈0 .0 1];(2 )MCI组左侧眶回、右侧颞叶中回和右侧壳核的局部脑葡萄糖代谢率 (rCMRglc)较HC组低 (P〈0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1) ;(3)将年龄、受教育年限、MMSE、WMS与不同脑区用18F标记的脱氧葡萄糖放射性比值进行相关分析显示 ,与年龄呈负相关 (P〈0 .0 5或P〈0 .0 1)的脑区有 :眶回、左侧额上回、左侧额下回、颞叶中回、颞叶下回、左侧顶叶、左侧中央前回、右侧中央后回、左颞叶内侧皮质、左侧海马回、左侧海马旁回、右侧前扣带回、后扣带回、左侧杏仁核等。与文化程度呈正相关 (P〈0 .0 5或P〈0 .0 1)的脑区有 :左侧颞叶下回、中央前回、左侧中央后回等 ;而右侧壳核则呈负相关。与MMSE呈正相关 (P〈0 .0 5或P〈0 .0 1)的脑区有 :额下回、左侧颞叶上回、颞叶中回、颞叶下回、左侧顶叶、左侧中央前回、中央后回、颞叶内侧皮     

多巴胺转运体SPECT显像评估帕金森病严重程度的研究

目的本研究探讨显像评估帕金森病严重程度的意义.方法对15例对照者和30例帕金森病患者(根据Hoehn-Yahr分级分为早期组18例,中晚期组12例)行99mTc-TRODAT-1 DAT SPECT断层显像,注射示踪剂2～3 h后采集图像,勾画出感兴趣区(双侧纹状体和枕叶),计算机自动计算感兴趣区的放射性计数,最后测算出纹状体与枕叶部位的放射性计数比值和非对称性指数,并进行比较分析.结果对照组特异性放射性计数比值是0.58±0.16(左侧)、0.56±0.32(右侧),早期帕金森病组特异性放射性计数比值为0.40±0.33(症状对侧或症状严重肢体对侧)、0.51±0.12(症状同侧),中晚期帕金森病组特异性放射性计数比值为0.23±0.18(症状严重肢体对侧)、0.40±0.17(症状同侧);对照组非对称性指数是5.12±0.48,早期帕金森病组为9.05±14.61,中晚期组为20.67±14.2,3组间比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论多巴胺转运体99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT显像有助于帕金森病严重程度的判断.     

强迫症与抑郁症的脑单光子发射计算机断层扫描对照研究

目的探讨强迫症、抑郁症局部脑血流量(rCBF)特点。方法应用单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)技术,对首发且未经治疗的39例强迫症患者、36例抑郁症患者和39名正常人于静息状态下行脑血流显像。以小脑皮质的放射性计数值为参考,对局部脑血流进行半定量分析。结果强迫症组两侧前额叶、前颞叶rCBF高于正常组(P<0.01);抑郁症组两侧前额叶、枕叶、扣带回及右前颞叶、右顶叶rCBF低于正常组(P<0.05);在两侧前额叶、前颞叶、顶叶、枕叶及右后额叶、扣带回,强迫症组rCBF高于抑郁症组(P<0.05)。结论强迫症组的前额叶及前颞叶呈高灌注改变,抑郁症组脑血流普遍低灌注,SPECT技术可望作为二者鉴别诊断的客观依据之一。     

单光子发射计算机断层显像在改良强制性运动疗法治疗老年脑梗死患者肢体运动功能的应用

目的 采用单光子发射计算机断层显像(SPECT)局部脑血流(rCBF)半定量分析法,观察改良强制性运动疗法(mCIMT)对老年脑梗死偏瘫患者肢体运动功能的康复疗效.方法 12例符合入选标准的患者,男性7例,女性5例,年龄61～79(67.9±6.5)岁,病程21～77(42.7±13.6)d.进行8周的改良强制性运动疗法治疗,不限制健侧上、下肢活动,每天保持4 h的患侧上、下肢训练,其中上肢1 h,下肢3 h.在治疗前后分别进行简易手功能检查法(STEF)、10 m最大步行速度(MWS)和大脑皮质缺血灶rCBF评估.结果 治疗后STEF患侧评分为76.33±17.13(t=-6.09),STEF健侧评分为86.25 ±16.84(t=-5.86);MWS评分为6.78±3.72(t=4.88);缺血区放射性计数评分为-10.12 ± 7.25(t=5.33),明显优于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 使用SPECT技术观察发现,改良强制性运动疗法明显提高老年脑梗死患者肢体运动功能,证明这种变化与大脑可塑性改变相关联,推测可能与大脑皮质rCBF重新分配有关.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the correlation of brain functional reorganization and motor functional restoration with application of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and regional cerebral blood flow ( rCBF) in modified constraint-induced movement therapy ( mCIMT) in cerebral infarction patients with hemiplegia.Methods Twelve patients with cerebral infarction with hemiplegia (7 males and 5 females, aged 62-75 ( 67.9 ± 6.5) years) were treated with mCIMT for eight weeks.No movement restriction was applied to the limbs at the intact sides.The affected sides exercised 4 h per day with 1 h on the upper limbs and 3 h on the lower limbs.At the same time, semi-quantitative analysis method of analyzing SPECT and rCBF was used to record changes in brain.Simple test for evaluating hand function (STEF), 10 m maximum walking speed ( MWS) , rCBF changes in the cerebral cortex ischemic lesion were respectively assessed in the pretreatment and post-treatment.Results After the treatment, STEF score of affected sides was 76.33 ± 17.13(t = -6.09) ; STEF score of intact was 86.25 ± 16.84(t = -5.86) ;The score of MWS was 6.78 ± 3.72 (t = 4.88); Ischemic score of radioactive counts was - 10.12 ± 7.25 (t = 5.33), improved from pre-treatment and the difference was statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05 ) .Conclusions mCIMT markedly improved motor function in senile cerebral infarction patients with hemiplegia as shown on SPECT.It showed that this improvement is associated with changes in brain plasticity, suggesting that improved motor function may be related to the redistribution of regional cerebral blood flow in the cerebral cortex.     

A case of psychotic disorder associated with a right temporal lesion: a special reference to magnetic resonance imaging and single photon emission computed tomography findings

A case of psychotic disorder with a right temporal lesion was reported. The patient, a 19 year old male, who underwent a brain surgery to remove the trigeminal Schwannoma, occupying from the right cerebellopontine angle to the right middle cranial fossa. One year postoperatively, he presented with a psychotic disorder, including auditory hallucinations, delusions of persecution and reference, thought hearing, thought insertion and passive experiences. T1-weighted images on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a low intensity signal area in the right temporal cortex and white matter. T2-weighted images demonstrated a high intensity signal within the same region. Single photon emission computed tomograghy (SPECT) demonstrated a severe low perfusion corresponding to the region in which the MRI demonstrated the abnormalities. The clinical and neuroimaging studies of this case suggest that psychotic disorder may occur in association with a right temporal lesion and MRI and SPECT are useful to evaluate an organic basis for the psychotic disorder.     

Brain single-photon emission computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in Machado-Joseph disease

BACKGROUND: Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is one of the most frequently encountered spinocerebellar ataxias. However, few reports on brain single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging (BSI) with hexylmethylpropylene amineoxine labled with technetium Tc 99m and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been performed for the evaluation of patients with MJD. OBJECTIVES: To investigate possible abnormalities with BSI and MRI in patients with MJD and to correlate these findings with the duration of symptoms; cerebellar, extrapyramidal, and pyramidal syndromes; and the molecular characteristics of the MJD mutation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve patients (8 males and 4 females [mean age, 39 years]) with genetically proven MJD were studied. The patients underwent BSI and MRI on the same day. Brain SPECT imaging was performed after an intravenous injection of 99mTc-hexylmethylpropylene amineoxine. The transaxial, coronal, and sagittal BSIs obtained were submitted to visual and semiquantitative analyses. Magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in a 2-T system with coronal, sagittal, transaxial, and 3-dimensional (volumetric) acquisitions. The volumes of the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis were calculated. Control groups for BSI (22 female and 20 male subjects [mean age, 33 years]) and MRI (13 female and 4 male subjects [mean age, 32.2 years]) were included for comparison. RESULTS: Correlation was observed between the perfusion abnormalities identified by visual analysis in the BSI with the structural abnormalities observed on MRI in the parietal lobes and vermis. Brain SPECT imaging identified (by visual analysis) more perfusion abnormalities in the inferior portion of the frontal lobes, mesial and lateral portions of the temporal lobes, basal ganglia, and cerebellar hemispheres. Magnetic resonance imaging identified more abnormalities in the pons and superior portions of the frontal lobes. Olivary atrophy was identified by MRI. Semiquantitative analysis showed a statistically significant difference of perfusion in the inferior and superior portions of the frontal lobes, lateral portion of the temporal lobes, parietal lobes, left basal ganglia, cerebellar hemispheres, and vermis when compared with the control group. A significant difference was noted between the vermis and cerebellar volumes on MRI when compared with the control group. A significant relationship was observed between the perfusion of the left parietal lobe (P =.05) and extrapyramidal syndrome. There was a tendency toward an inverse relationship between the duration of symptoms and the perfusion of the cerebellar hemispheres (rho = -0.37; P =.24) and volume of the vermis (rho = -0.30; P =.34); between the length of the expanded (CAG)n repeat and the perfusion of the left parietal lobe (rho = -0.32; P =.36), vermis (rho = -0.28; P =.43), and pons (rho = -0.28; P =.42). A direct association was observed between the length of the expanded (CAG)n repeat and the perfusion of the lateral portion of the right temporal lobe (rho = 0.67; P =.03). CONCLUSIONS: Brain SPECT imaging and MRI were capable of identifying subclinical abnormalities in individuals with MJD. These findings may be helpful for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease.     

Hot water epilepsy: Phenotype and single photon emission computed tomography observations

We studied the anatomical correlates of reflex hot water epilepsy (HWE) using multimodality investigations viz. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Five men (mean age: 27.0 ΁ 5.8 years) with HWE were subjected to MRI of brain, video-EEG studies, and SPECT scan. These were correlated with phenotypic presentations. Seizures could be precipitated in three patients with pouring of hot water over the head and semiology of seizures was suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ictal SPECT showed hyperperfusion in: left medial temporal — one, left lateral temporal — one, and right parietal — one. Interictal SPECT was normal in all five patients and did not help in localization. MRI and interictal EEG was normal in all the patients. The clinical and SPECT studies suggested temporal lobe as the seizure onset zone in some of the patients with HWE.     

Quantification analysis of 123I-IPT single photon emission computed tomography uptake in the striatum of parkinsonism with the standard magnetic resonance template

This study evaluated the striatal specific binding ratio (SBR), the anterior to posterior ratio of the striatum (APR) and its reproducibility by employing a template-based registration (TBR) method using the coregistered to the standard T1 magnetic resonance (MR) template (SMRT) as a replacement for the MR image of each patient. The 123I-IPT single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images of 30 patients with Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and 11 normal controls were analyzed. The region of interest (ROI) was positioned manually in the same slice showing the highest striatal activity using the manual ROI method, while the ROI were positioned automatically in the mid striatal slice of the SPECT image coregistered to the SMRT. The SBR obtained using the TBR method showed a strong correlation with those using the manual method in all groups: normal controls (r = 0.851, P = 0.001), early IPD (r = 0.841, P < 0.001), and severe IPD (r = 0.702, P = 0.007). The APR obtained by the TBR correlated with those using the manual method in only the early IPD (r = 0.72, P = 0.001), while those obtained using the manual method showed no correlation in the three groups (P > 0.05). The reproducibility (rmsCV) of the TBR method was 7.2% (normal controls, 5.2%; mild IPD, 4.2%; severe IPD, 10.8%), while the reproducibility of the manual method was 31% (normal controls, 19.7%; mild IPD, 21.7%; severe IPD, 46.2%). This shows that the use of 123I-IPT SPECT for assessing IPD is affected by the method used to position the striatal ROI. This study showed that the TBR method using the SMRT is useful in diagnosing the IPD and assessing the disease severity with a high reproducibility, indicating a possibility of using the TBR method as a good replacement for the manual method.     

缺血性脑卒中急性期CT灌注成像与临床的相关性

目的探讨CT灌注成像(CTP)对缺血性卒中急性期的诊断价值,并观察影像学检查与临床的相关性。方法31例急性半球梗死者在发病24h内行头颅CT和CTP检查,同时进行美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS),其中18例在发病后12～72h内行头颅MRI 弥散成像(DWI),25例于发病后14～80d复查CT,同时进行NIHSS评分。结果24h内CT和CTP诊断敏感度分别为25.8%和90.3%,6h内CTP诊断敏感度88.2%。DWI上高信号的范围与局部脑血容量(CBV)的缺损程度间有相关关系;最初NIHSS评分与灌注缺损面积及灌注缺损程度无相关关系,而最终NIHSS评分与DWI异常面积和梗死面积有相关关系。结论CTP对超早期半球缺血有诊断价值,能发现缺血半暗带,可成为急性半球缺血的常规检查。最终的神经功能缺损与DWI异常面积和最后梗死面积相关。     

脑血管性痴呆与帕金森病神经心理学测验和脑单光子发射计算机断层扫描的对照研究

目的　研究脑血管性痴呆（ Ｖ Ｄ） 与帕金森病（ Ｐ Ｄ） 在神经心理学测验及脑单光子发射计算机断层扫描（ Ｓ Ｐ Ｅ Ｃ Ｔ） 的诊断和鉴别诊断的意义。方法　对３０ 例 Ｖ Ｄ、３１ 例 Ｐ Ｄ 和３０ 名正常老年人（ Ｎ Ａ） 进行神经心理学测验和 Ｓ Ｐ Ｅ Ｃ Ｔ 检查并比较检测结果。结果　神经心理学各项总分 Ｖ Ｄ 组最低［ 除积木测验（ Ｂ Ｄ） 外］ , Ｐ Ｄ 组次之, Ｎ Ａ 组最高;３ 组间差异均有非常显著性（ Ｆ＝ １８６７ ～６３９５ , Ｐ＜００１） 。在 Ｓ Ｐ Ｅ Ｃ Ｔ的检查中, Ｖ Ｄ 除额叶、左丘脑和右枕叶外余各脑区血流灌注均低于 Ｎ Ａ 组（ Ｐ＜００５） , Ｐ Ｄ 则为顶叶、颞叶、基底节和丘脑血流灌注低于 Ｎ Ａ 组（ Ｐ＜ ００５） 。结论　 Ｖ Ｄ 和 Ｐ Ｄ 的神经心理学测验和脑 Ｓ Ｐ Ｅ Ｃ Ｔ各有其特点,这两项检查可作为诊断和鉴别诊断 Ｖ Ｄ 和 Ｐ Ｄ 的辅助手段。     

Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in Alzheimer's disease

Structural neuroimaging with CT and MRI plays an important role in the routine clinical investigation of dementia patients. One major purpouse of the technique is to exclude secondary, treatable dementia disorders. In this respect these techniques are of utmost importance. Another major purpose of these techniques is to differentiate AD from healthy controls and other dementias.
Although some research groups have reported a high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing AD by measuring the volumes (with MRI) of structures in the temporal lobes, there are no unequivocal "radiological" markers (such as the size of the lateral ventricles or sulci) that can differentiate AD from controls or vascular dementia. There have been a large number of CT and MRI studies showing that the volumes of the temporal lobes or part of the temporal lobes, such as the hippocampal formation are reduced in AD, as compared to healthy subjects.
The role of white matter changes (WMH, leukoaraiosis) in the development of AD or as a diagnostic marker for AD is unclear. The degree of WMH has been shown to be strongly age dependent and there are contradictory data concerning its relation to cognitive decline. There is stronger agreement concerning the relationship between LA assessed with CT and cognitive functions than there is between WMH on MRI and cognitive functions.
Correlative studies with MRI, CT and SPECT or PET are few. Usually the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing AD can be increased by combining two or more modalities. One other goal with this approach is to use one structural modality, such as MRI or CT as a template for functional images in order to obtain a higher accuracy in measurement of blood perfusion or glucose metabolism.