选择性肝门阻断切肝24例分析

选择性肝门阻断切肝２４例分析温州医学院附属二院外科（３２５０２７）郑志强，陈公高肝叶切除的传统方法是全蒂阻断肝门１５分钟，近年来文献报道选用选择性肝门阻断法切肝（１）。我院自１９９０年６月～１９９５年６月共施行肝叶、段切除６３例。其中采用选择性肝门阻...     

肝静脉阻断技术在紧邻第二肝门部肝肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的评估肝静脉主干血流控制在第二肝门部肿瘤切除中的作用和意义。方法回顾分析2008年1月至2009年9月在我科实施第二肝门部肿瘤切除患者的临床资料,术前肝功能Child-PughA级9例,B级2例,单独阻断肝右静脉6例,左中肝静脉共干3例,阻断肝右静脉+左中肝静脉共干1例,阻断肝右静脉+下腔静脉1例。结果 11例患者术中失血量在300～2000ml,住院天数13.5±2.1天,术中血管阻断时间29±10.1min。术后并发症:胸腔积液1例,胆漏1例,腹水2例。11例患者随访时间2～18月,目前无患者死亡。结论熟练掌握和应用肝静脉主干阻断技术,可以提高复杂肝脏肿瘤切除的安全性。     

简易区域无血肝切除技术的临床应用

肝脏外科的发展和手术中控制出血方法的发展密切相关,术中出血量与手术成败及手术并发症和死亡率有关,出血量越大,并发症和死亡率越高.为减少肝脏手术中出血及简化切肝技术[1-2],笔者设计并对患者施行了一种简易的切肝技术,报道如下.     

双绕肝提拉法在半肝切除中的应用价值

目的 探讨和完善建立肝后隧道的方法及双绕肝提拉在半肝切除术中的应用价值.方法 采用胆道探条代替血管钳建立肝后隧道,并预置2根绕肝带.施行双绕肝提拉前入路法行半肝切除术38例患者为提拉组,用传统方法行半肝切除的89例患者为对照组,比较双绕肝提拉法与传统方法的不同. 结果38例患者均顺利安置双绕肝带,双绕肝提拉切肝时断面无明显出血,断面管道系统显示清晰,肝后下腔静脉与肝脏之间拉开1～2 cm的间隙,以减少肝后下腔静脉及肝静脉、肝短静脉的损伤.与对照组相比,使用双绕肝提拉法的患者术中出血量少(t=4.112,P<0.05),术后肝功能恢复快(x2=11.14,P<0.05),且胆汁瘘发生率低(P<0.05),术后3个月内肿瘤肝内扩散、腹腔种植少(x2=4.239,P<0.05),而两组患者的手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.007,P>0.05).结论 采用改良后的方法建立肝后隧道成功率高.双绕肝提拉前人路半肝切除术具有减少术中出血量、减轻术后肝功能损害,降低胆汁瘘发生率及肿瘤肝内扩散和腹腔种植等特点.     

肝三叶切除术11例报告

目的 评价肝三叶切除治疗肝巨大肿瘤的手术技术和经验。 方法 本组肝三叶切除术１１例术前肝功能均为Ｃｈｉｌｄ Ａ级，无肝硬化。瘤体最大横径为１２￣３５ｃｍ，行右三叶切除７例，左三叶切除４例。术中施行全肝血流阻断６例，阻断时间为６￣２２分钟，其中在全肝血流阻断下成功修复损伤的下腔静脉和主肝静脉各２例。 结果 术中输血４００￣１６００ｍｌ，无手术死亡。术后并发症：胆瘘和右侧胸腔积液各２例。切除肿瘤湿重量     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用(附105例报道)

目的探讨肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝脏肿瘤切除术中防止肝静脉破裂大出血及空气栓塞的作用。方法对105例肝脏肿瘤手术切除患者施行了1根以上主肝静脉阻断。所有肿瘤均位于第二肝门并侵犯或压迫1根以上主肝静脉。肝静脉阻断方法采用绕线结扎、血管带阻断或血管夹及心耳钳夹闭法。结果105例中无一例肝静脉分离破裂。施行半肝全血流阻断41例（右侧27例，左侧14例），交替半肝全血流阻断4例，第一肝门阻断加部分肝静脉阻断45例，第一肝门阻断加全部肝静脉阻断（不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断）15例。其中46例同时行第三肝门分离。105例肿瘤顺利切除。结论肝静脉阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术。不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断术既能控制术中出血，又能保证全身血流动力学稳定。     

半离体肝切除术的研究

本文详细介绍了二种方式的半离体肝切除的手术方法，研究证明，在完善的静脉体外转流的情况下，这二种切肝术安全、可靠、手术设计合理，根据本研究结果，我们认为这种类型的切肝术式可为临床某些不可切除的肝肿瘤提供切除的可能。进一步完善后可供在临床上选择性应用。并讨论该术式的临床实际意义、适应证及禁忌证。     

肝静脉钳夹阻断技术在第二肝门区肿瘤切除术中的应用

Hepatic vein hemorrhage and air embolism are easily caused during the resection of the tumor involving the second hepatic hilum.Hepatic vein occlusion has been proven to decrease this risk,while classic selective hepatic vein occlusion with tourniquet is technique demanding.We modified the classic method by using Satinsky clamp in hepatic vein dissection and occlusion.Based on the clinical data of 220 patients who received hepatic vein occlusion with tourniquet and 330 patients with Satinsky clamp,we proved that hepatic vein occlusion with Satinsky clamp is simpler,safer and with high success rate.     

肝脏多发血管瘤术前诊断为肝胆管囊腺癌一例

<正>病人,女,52岁,因"发现肝多发占位4年,腹胀、纳差2个月余"来我院就诊,病人4年前因腹部胀痛于外院行腹部平扫CT发现肝多发占位,为明确诊断遂来我院行MRI检查,MRI(2012-12-04)示肝脏多发囊实性占位,多考虑为囊腺瘤(图1)。建议病人行手术治疗,病人拒绝手术,未予特殊处理,定期复查。2个月余前无明显诱因自觉腹胀进行性加重,尤以进食后明显,腹围较前明显增加,来我院就诊,以"肝囊腺瘤"收入我     

肝星状细胞在肝脏疾病中的作用

肝星状细胞（HSC）是肝脏内重要的非实质细胞之一,可分泌、释放多种胶原纤维和细胞骨架蛋白参与肝脏疾病的病理生理过程。正常状态下,HSC通过调节细胞外基质蛋白的合成和降解维持肝脏正常的组织结构;肝脏损伤时,HSC被激活,活化的HSC导致细胞外基质的增加是肝纤维化形成并最终导致肝硬化、肝衰竭的主要原因。因此,深入研究HSC在肝脏疾病发生与发展中的作用和机制,并研究与HSC相关的治疗策略,对于提高患者生存率具有一定意义。     

Vascular occlusion techniques during liver resection

Control of bleeding from the transected liver basically consists of vascular inflow occlusion and control of hepatic venous backflow from the caval vein. Central venous pressure determines the pressure in the hepatic veins and is an extremely important factor in controlling blood loss through venous backflow. Vascular inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) involves clamping of the portal vein and the hepatic artery in the hepatic pedicle and gives rise to postischemic, reperfusion injury. Several strategies have been devised to reduce reperfusion injury (pharmacological interventions) or to increase ischemic tolerance of the liver (ischemic preconditioning). Intermittent clamping is recommended in complex liver resections or in patients with diseased livers. The combination of occlusion of vascular inflow and outflow of the liver results in total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) and is mainly used in tumors invading the caval vein. During THVE the liver can be cooled by hypothermic perfusion allowing for extended ischemia times. Selective THVE entails clamping of the main hepatic veins in their extrahepatic course, thus preserving caval flow. Safe liver surgery requires knowledge of the regular techniques of vascular occlusion for 'on demand' use when necessitated to reduce blood loss.     

Vascular occlusion to decrease blood loss during hepatic resection

BACKGROUND: Historically, the primary hazard with liver surgery has been intraoperative blood loss. This led to the refinement of inflow and outflow occlusive techniques. The utility of the different methods of inflow and outflow techniques for hepatic surgery were reviewed. METHODS: A search of the English literature (Medline, Embase, Cochrane library, Cochrane clinical trials registry, hand searches, and bibliographic reviews) using the terms "liver," "hepatic," "Pringle," "total vascular exclusion," "ischemia," "reperfusion," "inflow," and "outflow occlusion" was performed. RESULTS: A multitude of techniques to minimize blood loss during hepatic resection have been studied. The evidence suggests that inflow occlusion techniques are generally well tolerated. These should be used with caution in patients with cirrhosis, fibrosis, steatosis, cholestasis, and recent chemotherapy, and for prolonged time intervals. CONCLUSIONS: Harmful effects of intraoperative blood loss and transfusion occur during hepatic resection. Portal triad clamping (PTC) is associated with less blood loss compared with no clamping. In procedures with ischemic times <1 hour in length, PTC-C (continuous) is likely equal to PTC-I (intermittent). In patients with chronic liver disease or undergoing lengthy operations, PTC-I is likely superior to PTC-C. PTC is superior to total vascular exclusion except in patients with tumors that are large and deep seated, hypervascular, and/or abutting the hepatic veins or vena cava and in patients with increased right-sided heart pressures.     

Vascular Control during Hepatectomy: Review of Methods and Results

The various techniques of hepatic vascular control are presented, focusing on the indications and drawbacks of each. Retrospective and prospective clinical studies highlight aspects of the pathophysiology, indications, and morbidity of the various techniques of hepatic vascular control. Newer perspectives on the field emerge from the introduction of ischemic preconditioning and laparoscopic hepatectomy. A literature review based on computer searches in Index Medicus and PubMed focuses mainly on prospective studies comparing techniques and large retrospective ones. All methods of hepatic vascular control can be applied with minimal mortality by experienced surgeons and are effective for controlling bleeding. The Pringle maneuver is the oldest and simplest of these methods and is still favored by many surgeons. Intermittent application of the Pringle maneuver and hemihepatic occlusion or inflow occlusion with extraparenchymal control of major hepatic veins is particularly indicated for patients with abnormal parenchyma. Total hepatic vascular exclusion is associated with considerable morbidity and hemodynamic intolerance in 10% to 20% of patients. It is absolutely indicated only when extensive reconstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is warranted. Major hepatic veins/ and limited IVC reconstruction has been also achieved under inflow occlusion with extraparenchymal control of major hepatic veins or even using the intermittent Pringle maneuver. Ischemic preconditioning is strongly recommended for patients younger than 60 years and those with steatotic livers. Each hepatic vascular control technique has its place in liver surgery, depending on tumor location, underlying liver disease, patient cardiovascular status, and, most important, the experience of the surgical and anesthesia team.     

Hepatic Vascular Exclusion With Preservation of the Caval Flow for Liver Resections

OBJECTIVE: To report the technique and results of an alternative method of vascular clamping during liver resections. BACKGROUND: Most liver resections require vascular clamping to avoid excessive blood loss. Portal triad clamping is often sufficient, but it does not suppress backflow bleeding, which can be prevented only by hepatic vascular exclusion. The latter method adds clamping of the inferior vena cava, which results in hypotension, requiring invasive anesthetic management. There is growing evidence that intermittent clamping is better tolerated than continuous clamping, especially in the presence of underlying liver disease. METHODS: Hepatic vascular exclusion with preservation of the caval flow (HVEPC) involved conventional inflow clamping associated with outflow control by clamping the major hepatic veins, thus avoiding caval occlusion. HVEPC was used in 40 patients undergoing major or complex liver resection, including 16 with underlying liver disease. HVEPC was total (clamping of the porta hepatis and all major hepatic veins) in 20 cases and partial (clamping of the porta hepatis and the hepatic veins of the resected territory) in 20. Clamping was continuous in 22 cases and intermittent in 18. Resections included 12 hemihepatectomies, 12 extended hepatectomies, 3 central hepatectomies, and 13 uni- or bisegmentectomies. RESULTS: Hemodynamic tolerance of clamping was excellent in all cases, without the need for therapeutic adjustment. Median red cell transfusion requirements were 0 units, and 28 patients (70%) did not receive any transfusions during the hospital stay. There were no deaths, and the morbidity rate was 17.5%. Median hospital stay was 10 days. CONCLUSION: HVEPC is a safe and effective procedure applicable to liver tumors without invasion to the inferior vena cava. It offers the advantages of conventional hepatic vascular exclusion without its hemodynamic drawbacks, and it can be applied intermittently or partially.     

肝下下腔静脉阻断在肝切除术中控制出血的临床应用

如何有效地控制肝切除术中出血一直是肝胆外科领域研究的热点。肝脏有流人道和流出道两套血管系统,对肝脏的血流控制包括对流人道和流出道血流的控制。控制流人道出血有许多简单而有效的方法,而如何有效地控制流出道出血一直是个难题。学者们创立了许多方法,包括全肝血流阻断、选择性全肝血流阻断等,但是这些方法都存在一定的弊端,只在特定的患者中被采用。有学者发现通过降低中心静脉压可减少肝切除术中肝静脉系统的出血,但是对其有效性仍存在争议。近年来,有文献报道在第一肝门阻断的同时,阻断肝下下腔静脉即可有效减少肝切除时来自肝静脉系统的出血。此方法相对于其他控制肝脏流出道出血的方法都简单易行,在肝切除术中有很高的应用价值。本文对肝下下腔静脉阻断在肝切除术中应用的现状进行讨论,对其减少肝切除术中出血的有效性及安全性进行总结和评价。     

Comparison of Two Methods of Selective Hepatic Vascular Exclusion for Liver Resection Involving the Roots of the Hepatic Veins

Background  Selective hepatic vascular exclusion (SHVE) is an effective hepatic vascular exclusion in controlling both inflow and outflow without interruption of caval flow, as it combines Pringle maneuver with extrahepatic selective occlusion of hepatic veins. But SHVE has not been widely used due to difficulty in extrahepatic dissection of hepatic veins. When the tumor is very close to the roots of the hepatic veins, dissecting the posterior wall of the hepatic vein may lead to rupture and massive bleeding of the hepatic vein. With our experience, clamping hepatic veins with Satinsky clamps is a safer and easier occlusion method by which the posterior wall of the hepatic veins does not need to be separated and encircled. In this report, we compared the results of selective hepatic vascular occlusion with tourniquet and Satinsky clamp for major liver resection involving the roots of the hepatic veins. Methods  Between January 2003 to June 2006, 180 patients who underwent major liver resection with SHVE were divided into two groups according to different methods of hepatic vascular occlusion: occlusion with tourniquet (tourniquet group, n = 95) and occlusion with Satinsky clamp (Satinsky clamp group, n = 85). In the tourniquet group, the hepatic veins were encircled and occluded with tourniquet. In the Satinsky clamp group, the hepatic veins were not encircled and clamped directly by Satinsky clamp. Results  Intraoperative and postoperative consequences of the patients were analyzed. The dissecting time for each hepatic vein was significantly shorter in the Satinsky group (6.2 ± 2.4 min vs 18.3 ± 6.2 min) than in the tourniquet group. In the tourniquet group, five hepatic veins (one right hepatic vein and four common trunk of left-middle hepatic veins) could not be dissected and encircled because the tumors involved the cava hepatic junction, and another common trunk of the left-middle hepatic vein had a small rupture during the dissection. These six patients then received successful occlusion with Satinsky clamp. There was no difference between the two groups regarding the operation duration, ischemia time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complication rate. Conclusion  Both methods of the hepatic vein occlusion have the same effect on controlling hepatic vein bleeding, but occlusion with Satinsky clamp is safer, easier, and consumes less time in dissecting. Li Ai-Jun And Pan Ze-Ya contributed equally to this work.     

选择性出入肝血流阻断用于肝脏巨大血管瘤的切除

目的 探讨右肝静脉阻断技术在累及第二肝门巨大肝血管瘤切除术中防止右肝静脉破裂大出血、空气栓塞的作用.方法 回顾分析2004年1月至2010年3月浙江省人民医院肝胆外科对12例累及第二肝门巨大肝血管瘤患者施行右肝静脉阻断技术行巨大肝血管瘤切除的临床资料.右肝静脉阻断方法采用血管带阻断或血管夹夹闭.无肝硬化患者同时采用第一肝门阻断(Pringle),或选择性入肝血流阻断;有肝硬化患者采用半肝入肝血流阻断.结果 12例患者中无1例分破肝静脉.右肝静脉血管阻断方法:血管夹夹闭法3例,血管带阻断法9例.11例无肝硬化患者行第一肝门阻断5例,6例行选择性入肝血流阻断,1例患者由于肝炎后肝硬化施行交替半肝血流阻断.12例患者血管瘤切除顺利,出血量200～5800 ml,平均出血量680 ml,其中3例患者未输血.出血量最大1例为肝动脉栓塞治疗2次的患者,血管瘤与隔肌粘连紧密,侧支循环丰富,解剖困难.无1例因肝静脉破裂而出血或发生空气栓塞.结论 切除累及第二肝门巨大肝血管瘤时施行右肝静脉阻断技术是安全,有效的.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate right hepatic veins exclusion in the prevention of massive bleeding and air embolism during the resection of huge hepatic cavernous hemangioma near the second hepatic portal. Method This is a retrospective study on the clinical data of 12 hepatic hemangioma patients at the Live Surgery Department of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital from 2004. 1 to 2010.3. In all patients the huge hepatic cavernous hemangioma was adjoining the second hepatic portal. Block webbing or vascular clamp were used to exclude the right hepatic veins. Among the 11 patients without hepatic cirrhosis Pringle maneuvre was applied in 5 cases and selective hepatic inflow occlusion in 6 cases. Patients with hepatic cirrhosis used hemi-hepatic blood inflow occlusion. Results During the surgery no rupture of right hepatic vein happened. Nine patients used vascular block webbing and 3 patients used vascular clamp.Six patients without cirrhosis used the complete hepatic inflow occlusion and other patients without cirrhosis used hemi-hepatic blood inflow occlusion. Cirrhotic patients used hemi-hepatic blood inflow occlusion. All the operations were successful. Intraoperative blood loss ranged from 200 - 5800 ml, averaging 680 ml. Three patients needed not blood transfusion. There was no right hepatic vein rupture or air embolism. Conclusion Right hepatic veins exclusion is a useful technique to prevent massive bleeding and air embolism caused by the rupture of right hepatic vein during the resection of huge hepatic cavernous hemangioma.     

Hepatic vascular occlusion: which technique?

Each vascular occlusion technique has a place in major and minor hepatic resectional surgery, based on the tumor location, presence of associated underlying liver disease, patient cardiovascular status, and experience of the operating surgeon. Understanding of the potential application of different techniques, anticipation of the expected and potential hemodynamic responses, and knowledge of the limitations of each technique are fundamental to appropriate surgical planning adapted to each patient. Experience with the various clamping methods enables an aggressive but safe approach to surgical treatment of hepatobiliary diseases, with acceptable blood loss and transfusion requirements. In all cases, surgical strategy should be defined with the anesthesiologist, particularly in regard to hemodynamic monitoring, in order to optimize perioperative patient management and to minimize the risk for complications such as bleeding and air embolism. Importantly, randomized study has shown that the added dissection, operative, and postoperative risks associated with HVE are not balanced by decreased blood loss compared with hepatic pedicle clamping, except in exceptional cases when tumors involve the major hepatic veins or vena cava. In addition, dissection in preparation for clamping may be used as safe approach techniques to tumors in difficult locations, even when eventual clamping is not performed. Similarly, the liver-hanging maneuver enables resection without mobilization, compression, and manipulation of large tumors. In the future, renewed interest in the impact of hepatic ischemia and reperfusion may reveal that some clamping methods, in particular inflow occlusion, act as a means of preconditioning before a period of prolonged hepatic ischemia, for complex hepatic resection or for graft harvest from a living donor. Finally, the addition of infrahepatic caval clamping may add a new, simple, effective technique to the armamentarium of the liver surgeon, particularly as more routine hepatic surgery moves from the specialized center to the community.     

Effects of hepatovenous back flow on ischemic- reperfusion injuries in liver resections with the pringle maneuver

BACKGROUND: Experimental findings have demonstrated a beneficial role of retrograde blood flow from hepatic veins that takes place during the Pringle maneuver in liver resections. The cytoprotective effect of hepatovenous back-perfusion has not been evaluated in humans. A randomized prospective study was designed to compare the response of liver cells to ischemic-reperfusion injury during the application of two different ischemic procedures: inflow versus inflow plus outflow vascular occlusion of the liver. STUDY DESIGN: Forty patients were randomly allocated to undergo liver resection using the continuous Pringle maneuver (n = 20) or inflow plus outflow vascular occlusion of the liver by selective hepatic vascular exclusion (n = 20). Liver function was assessed on postoperative days 1 to 6. Response of liver cells to I/R injury was evaluated by measuring interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 at 3, 12, 24, and 48 hours after reperfusion. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde levels. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable regarding ischemic time, operative time, and extent of liver resection. Patients in whom retrograde blood flow to the liver took place during the Pringle maneuver showed better liver function postoperatively and less severe hepatic I/R injuries compared with those undergoing liver resection using both inflow and outflow vascular occlusion. Oxidative stress was significantly lower in the Pringle maneuver group compared with the inflow plus outflow vascular occlusion group (mean [+/- SD] malondialdehyde 8 +/- 2.1 micromol/L in the Pringle group versus 14.7 +/- 1.8 micromol/L in the selective hepatic vascular exclusion group 30 min after reperfusion, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Back perfusion via hepatic veins contributes to attenuation of I/R damage during the Pringle maneuver and should be preferred if possible during liver resection.     

三种不同肝血流阻断法在肝脏手术中的应用

本文采用第一肝门阻断，常温下全肝血流阻断以及氏温灌注下全肝血流阻断等三种不同的肝血流阻断技术，以处理累及肝脏不同部位的肝肿瘤及肝外伤，作者描述了三种肝血流阻断技术的方法，各个方法应用的指征，并对肝脏缺血耐受的时限以及肝血流阻断技术在肝硬化病人中的应用等问题进行了讨论。