脑梗死伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者睡眠结构及认知功能分析

目的 探讨脑梗死伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者睡眠结构的特点及与认知功能的相关性.方法 选择2009年12月至2011年3月在天津医科大学总医院神经内科及呼吸睡眠监测室就诊的打鼾患者,行多导睡眠监测,筛选出60例患者,分为合并组(脑梗死合并OSAHS)20例,OSAHS组(单纯OSAHS)20例及对照组(无脑梗死及OSAHS)20例,均完善相关检查及进行认知功能的评分[ MMSE和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)].结果 睡眠结构比较:合并组及OSAHS组与对照组比较,患者醒觉时间、非快速眼球运动(NREM)期、NREM 1+2期延长,NREM3+4期及快速眼球运动(REM)期缩短.合并组与OSAHS组比较,NREM期及NREM 1期延长,NREM 3+4及REM期缩短.认知功能与呼吸紊乱及低氧相关指数相关性分析:OSAHS组患者MMSE和MoCA评分与呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、氧减指数(ODI)呈线性负相关(MMSE r=-0.450、-0.671,MoCA r=-0.486、-0.494,均P＜0.05),与夜间平均血氧及夜间最低血氧呈线性正相关(MMSE r=0.477、0.485,MoCA r=0.507、0.482,均P＜0.05).合并组患者MoCA评分与ODI、微觉醒指数呈线性负相关(r=-0.463、-0.480,均P＜0.05),MMSE评分与呼吸紊乱及低氧相关指数相关无统计学意义.认知功能与睡眠分期相关性分析:OSAHS组患者MMSE及MoCA评分均与NREM 3 +4期呈线性正相关(r=0.521、0.474,均P＜0.05),MMSE评分与NREM 1+2期呈线性负相关(r=-0.458,P＜0.05).合并组患者MoCA评分与REM期呈线性正相关(r=0.472,P＜0.05),MMSE评分与睡眠分期相关无统计学意义.结论 OSAHS患者睡眠结构紊乱,特点为觉醒时间与浅睡眠延长,深睡眠与REM期缩短,脑梗死伴OSAHS睡眠结构紊乱更严重,合并脑梗死使OSAHS浅睡眠1期延长更明显.OSAHS患者夜间血氧越低,呼吸紊乱指数越高,微觉醒次数越多,浅睡眠时间越长,深睡眠及REM期睡眠越短,认知功能受损越严重,但认知功能损害与低氧的相关性比睡眠结构紊乱的相关性明显.脑梗死伴OSAHS患者MoCA评分与缺氧程度及睡眠结构的一些指标相关性明显,MoCA在轻中度血管性认知功能障碍筛选中的敏感性高于MMSE.     

血清神经丝轻链蛋白水平与癫痫患者认知功能障碍的相关性

目的 探讨血清神经丝轻链蛋白（NFL）的水平与癫痫（EP）患者认知功能障碍的相关性,为预测癫痫患者发生认知功能障碍提供依据。方法 纳入50例癫痫患者,其中癫痫认知障碍组25例,癫痫非认知障碍组25例;同期同年龄段健康对照者30例。比较癫痫认知障碍组与非认知障碍组及健康对照组血清中NFL水平;Pearson相关分析探究50例癫痫患者血清NFL水平与MoCA评分的相关性;绘制ROC曲线,计算曲线下面积（AUC）,评估血清NFL水平预测癫痫患者发生认知功能障碍的价值;多因素Logistic回归分析癫痫患者发生认知功能障碍的影响因素。结果 癫痫认知障碍组的血清NFL水平[0.345(0.272,0.418)]高于癫痫非认知障碍组[0.233(0.195,0.270)]和健康对照组[0.218(0.185,0.252)],差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;癫痫非认知障碍组的血清NFL水平高于对照组,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。癫痫患者血清NFL水平与MoCA评分呈负相关（r=—0.492,P<0.001）,MoCA评分越低,血清NFL水平越高。血清NFL预测癫痫患者发生认...     

卡马西平与托吡酯联合左乙拉西坦治疗创伤性难治性癫痫临床研究

目的探讨托吡酯、卡马西平及左乙拉西坦联合治疗创伤性难治性癫痫患者的疗效及对其认知功能的影响。方法选取2014-01—2016-06平煤神马医疗集团总医院收治的74例难治性癫痫患者,依据建档顺序分为2组,各37例。对照组采用卡马西平联合托吡酯治疗,研究组联合采用卡马西平、托吡酯及左乙拉西坦治疗;2组均持续治疗4个月。统计对比2组临床疗效、入院时及疗程结束后认知功能评分(MoCA)及癫痫发作次数。结果研究组总有效率89.19%(33例)高于对照组70.27%(26例),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗前2组癫痫发作次数及MoCA评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后研究组癫痫发作次数少于对照组,MoCA评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论托吡酯联合卡马西平及左乙拉西坦治疗创伤性难治性癫痫效果显著,可有效减少癫痫发作次数,提高患者认知功能。     

脑小血管闭塞患者认知功能变化的临床研究

目的探讨脑小血管闭塞(SAO)患者认知功能变化情况,比较SAO患者和正常者认知功能障碍发生率。方法选择120例SAO患者为观察组,根据SAO分型分为单纯性腔隙性梗死组(ILI组)和缺血性白质疏松组(ILA组)各60例。选择神经功能正常者50例为对照组。所有受试者均接受mmSE和MoCA量表测试,比较2组mmSE评分和MoCA评分,并根据评分结果统计认知障碍发生率。结果ILA组mmSE评分和MoCA评分分别为(23.17±2.93)分、(20.13±3.75)分,均显著低于ILI组和对照组(P0.05)。ILI组mmSE评分和MoCA评分分别为(26.15±2.85)分和(23.75±3.86)分,均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。根据mmSE评分和MoCA评分,ILA组和ILI组认知障碍率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。ILA组和ILI组认知障碍发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论较之正常人群,SAO患者存在一定的认知障碍,认知障碍发生率更高。SAO患者认知功能障碍与病情发展有一定关系,较之ILI患者,ILA患者认知功能障碍更为严重。     

奥拉西坦治疗儿童癫痫认知功能障碍的疗效观察

目的观察奥拉西坦治疗儿童癫痫伴有认知功能障碍的临床疗效。方法选取2017-01-2019-12郑州儿童医院50例临床诊断癫痫且伴随认知功能障碍的患儿,随机分为对照组(常规抗癫痫治疗)、观察组(常规治疗的基础上给予奥拉西坦口服),统计分析2组治疗前后MMSE评分、MoCA评分变化状况、认知障碍改善效果及不良反应发生率。结果治疗前2组患儿MMSE、MoCA评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后2组患儿MMSE、MoCA评分均优于本组治疗前,且观察组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组总有效率为92%,高于对照组的68%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组均无明显不良反应。结论奥拉西坦治疗儿童癫痫伴认知功能障碍,能更好的促进患儿认知功能的恢复,且无明显不良反应。     

轻度认知损害患者脑血流动力学与认知功能相关分析

目的探讨轻度认知损害(MCI)患者脑血流动力学特点及其与认知功能的相关性。方法采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评价量表(MoCA)评价40例轻度认知损害患者及性别和年龄相匹配的40例正常对照者的认知功能,经颅多普勒超声检测双侧大脑中动脉和基底动脉平均血流速度、搏动指数、阻力指数、收缩期峰值流速与舒张末期流速比值。结果 MCI组患者大脑中动脉搏动指数(P=0.023)和阻力指数(P=0.035)高于对照组,而平均血流速度和收缩期峰值流速与舒张末期流速比值以及基底动脉各项血流动力学指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。MCI组患者大脑中动脉搏动指数异常率高于对照组[45%(18/40)对20%(8/40);χ~2=4.615,P=0.032]。Pearson相关分析显示,MCI组大脑中动脉搏动指数与MoCA评分呈负相关(r=-0.382,P=0.036),与MMSE评分无关联性(P0.05);而平均血流速度、阻力指数和收缩期峰值流速与舒张末期流速比值以及基底动脉各项血流动力学指标与MMSE和Mo CA评分均无关联性(P0.05)。根据搏动指数将轻度认知损害患者进一步分组,搏动指数异常亚组MoCA评分低于搏动指数正常亚组[(18.57±3.02)分对(23.41±2.78)分;t=3.914,P=0.015]。结论轻度认知损害患者存在脑血流动力学改变,尤以大脑中动脉搏动指数升高与认知功能障碍的关系最为密切。     

癫痫患者血清S100B蛋白水平与认知功能的相关性研究

目的探讨癫痫患者血清S100B蛋白浓度与认知功能的相关性。方法对55例癫痫患者和33例健康对照者进行蒙特利尔认知功能量表(MoCA)测试,癫痫组依据MoCA得分分为癫痫认知障碍组(26分)和癫痫非认知障碍组(≥26分),分别检测其血清S100B蛋白水平。结果健康对照组、癫痫非认知障碍组、癫痫认知障碍组的S100B蛋白浓度依次升高(P均0. 05);癫痫认知障碍组S100B蛋白水平与延迟记忆(r=-0. 270,P 0. 05)和注意力(r=-0. 353,P 0. 05)得分呈负相关。结论癫痫患者血清S100B蛋白水平高于健康人,认知障碍的癫痫患者S100B水平与记忆力和注意力表现呈负相关。     

癫痫患者的认知功能评估及其影响因素研究

目的评估癫痫患者的认知功能,探索影响癫痫患者认知功能的相关因素。方法将2013年1月-2015年1月在三台县人民医院就诊的符合国际抗癫痫联盟(ILAE)1981年癫痫发作分类及1989年癫痫综合征分类标准的癫痫患者48例作为研究组,选取同期在该院的45例健康体检者为对照组。采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)评价两组的认知功能,采用自制调查表收集患者的病历资料,并分析影响癫痫患者认知功能的相关因素。结果研究组MoCA总评分低于对照组[(19.34±7.22)分vs.(28.61±6.89)分],差异有统计学意义(P0.01),MoCA各项目评分研究组低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。发病年龄、病程长短、发作频率、发作持续时间、发作类型及用药情况对患者的认知功能影响显著(P均0.05)。结论癫痫患者存在认知功能障碍,其认知功能损害与发病年龄、病程长短、发作频率、发作持续时间、发作类型及用药情况有关。     

左乙拉西坦添加治疗青年难治性部分性癫痫患者的效果及对认知功能的影响

目的分析左乙拉西坦添加治疗青年难治性部分性癫痫患者的临床效果以及对认知功能的影响。方法选取2009-09—2014-09在我院接受治疗的青年难治性部分性癫痫患者120例,随机分为观察组与对照组各60例。2组均给予常规的抗癫痫药物治疗,在此基础上,观察组加用左乙拉西坦(Lev)治疗。观察2组临床效果及认知功能(MoCA评分)。结果观察组控制14例,有效33例,无效13例,有效率78.33%。对照组控制7例,有效29例,无效24例,有效率60.00%。观察组治疗有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组基线期MoCA评分无显著差异(P0.05)。治疗后观察组MoCA评分(28.48±0.79)分,对照组为(29.59±0.65)分。与基线期相比,2组MoCA评分均有显著提高,但观察组提高更加明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论左乙拉西坦添加治疗青年难治性部分性癫痫患者的临床效果显著,且对认知功能改善明显。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者认知功能障碍特点及危险因素分析

目的 探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者认知功能障碍特点及危险因素。方法 选取2019年2月至2022年9月成都医学院第二附属医院收治的143例TIA患者,采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)进行认知功能评估。根据是否出现认知功能障碍分为认知正常组和认知障碍组,对比两组认知功能特点、一般临床资料、血管狭窄及分布特征,分析TIA患者发生认知功能障碍的危险因素。结果 所纳入的143例TIA患者中,46例存在认知功能障碍,发生率为32.17%。认知障碍组视空间与执行、命名、语言、延迟回忆、定向、计算力及MoCA总分均显著低于认知正常组(P<0.05)。认知障碍组受教育年限较认知正常组更短,血清高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)及神经肽Y (NPY)水平则高于认知正常组(P<0.05)。认知障碍组颅内+颅外动脉均狭窄、责任血管狭窄≥50%比例大于认知正常组(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,受教育年限短、血清hs-CRP、Hcy及NPY水平升高、责任血管狭窄程度≥50%是TIA患者认知功能障碍的独立危险因素(P <0.05)。结论TIA患...     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.