抑郁症静息态默认状态网络内功能连接的初步探讨

目的 通过分析静息态下抑郁症患者默认状态网络内脑区间功能连接效能,探讨默认状态网络在抑郁症病理机制中的作用.方法 15例符合中国精神障碍分类及诊断标准第3版(CCMD-3)抑郁发作和美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)重性抑郁症诊断标准的首发抑郁症患者与14名正常对照完成功能磁共振成像扫描.分析受试者默认状态网络内脑区的功能连接强度并比较其组问差异.结果 与正常对照比较,抑郁症患者双侧前额中部与楔前叶、双侧后扣带回与前额中部、右后扣带回与楔前叶、双侧前扣带回腹侧与前额中部的功能连接减低(P＜0.05).结论 静息态下抑郁症患者默认状态网络内脑区间的连接效能存在异常,这可能在抑郁症的病理机制中发挥了重要作用.     

抑郁症患者大脑低频振幅对艾司西酞普兰治疗效果的预测作用

目的 基于功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术分析抑郁症患者大脑低频振幅（ALFF）预测艾司 西酞普兰的治疗效果。方法 选取 2017 年 4 月— 2021 年 6 月于首都医科大学附属北京安定医院门诊 就诊的 87 例抑郁症患者为研究对象。所有患者接受 12 周的艾司西酞普兰药物治疗。于基线期、治疗 12 周末采用 17 项汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD-17）评估疗效,将治疗后评分≤ 7 分的患者纳入缓解组 （n=42）,＞ 7 分纳入未缓解组（n=45）。在基线期对两组患者进行静息态 fMRI 扫描并计算 ALFF 值,比较两 组患者 ALFF 值存在差异的脑区,采用 Pearson 相关分析差异脑区 ALFF 值与 HAMD-17 评分的相关性,并 通过受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线检验差异脑区 ALFF 值预测艾司西酞普兰治疗效果的效能。结果 未 缓解组患者基线期双侧距状回 / 楔叶和右侧舌回 / 海马旁回的 ALFF 值高于缓解组,差异有统计学意义 （PFWE＜ 0.05）。差异脑区的 ALFF 值与患者治疗 12 周末 HAMD-17 评分呈正相关（P＜ 0.05）,与 HAMD-17 减分率呈负相关（P＜ 0.05）。ROC 曲线分析显示,双侧距状回 / 楔叶和右侧舌回 / 海马旁回两个差异脑区 ALFF 值综合预测艾司西酞普兰治疗效果最好,曲线下面积为 82.6%,敏感度为 60.0%,特异度为 95.2%。 结论 基线期抑郁症患者的局部大脑功能活动特征可作为潜在标志预测抗抑郁剂疗效,视觉网络脑区 的功能活动增强可能是艾司西酞普兰治疗效果欠佳的预测因素。     

艾司西酞普兰治疗老年抑郁症对照研究

目的:比较艾司西酞普兰与舍曲林治疗老年抑郁症的疗效和安全性. 方法:80例老年抑郁症患者随机分为艾司西酞普兰组和舍曲林组,每组40例,分别给予艾司西酞普兰和舍曲林治疗8周.采用蒙哥马利-阿斯伯格抑郁评价量表(MADRS),于治疗前及治疗1、2、4、6、8周评价疗效,并观察不良反应. 结果:治疗后两组MADRS评分均较治疗前明显下降;治疗各周的MADRS减分率以艾司西酞普兰组显著较高(P<0.05或P<0.01),起效更快,临床有效率和缓解率更高(P<0.05或P<0.01).两组不良反应均较少,艾司西酞普兰组不良反应发生率较舍曲林组更低(P<0.05). 结论:艾司西酞普兰和舍曲林治疗老年抑郁症疗效确切,服药依从性好.艾司西酞普兰起效快,不良反应少,适合老年抑郁症的一线用药.     

艾司西酞普兰与西酞普兰治疗抑郁症的随机、双盲对照研究

目的:观察艾司西酞普兰与西酞普兰治疗抑郁症的疗效及安全性. 方法:将42例抑郁症患者随机分为艾司西酞普兰组20例(艾司西酞普兰治疗)和西酞普兰组22例(西酞普兰治疗),疗程6周.于治疗前及治疗1、2、4和6周分别采用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应. 结果治疗6周,艾司西酞普兰组和西酞普兰组的HAMD总分分别从治疗前(23.06±2.22)分和(22.78 ±2.03)分降至(7.76 ±2.98)分和(7.90±3.11)分;两组有效率分别为80.0％和77.3％(x2=0.046,P=0.830),痊愈率分别为50.0％和45.5％(x2=1.828,P=0.176).两组间不良反应差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论:艾司西酞普兰与西酞普兰抗抑郁疗效相同,但艾司西酞普兰起效更快.     

艾司西酞普兰与帕罗西汀治疗老年抑郁症对比分析

目的 探讨艾司西酞普兰与帕罗西汀治疗老年抑郁症患者的临床效果.方法 选取2012-01-2012-12我院收治的老年抑郁症患者88例,随机分为艾司西酞普兰组和帕罗西汀组,每组44例.艾司西酞普兰组采用草酸艾司西酞普兰片治疗,帕罗西汀组采用盐酸帕罗西汀片治疗,比较2组患者的临床疗效和并发症发生情况.结果 艾司西酞普兰组痊愈率和总有效率分别为52.27%、93.18%,均明显高于帕罗西汀组的36.36%、77.27%,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;艾司西酞普兰组口干、恶心、头痛、出汗、便秘等不良反应发生率较帕罗西汀组均呈不同程度降低,但差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 艾司西酞普兰治疗老年抑郁症,其疗效确切,效果显著,安全性高,是老年抑郁症患者较为理想的临床治疗药物.     

艾司西酞普兰治疗抑郁症对照研究

目的：探讨艾司西酞普兰治疗抑郁症的疗效及安全性。方法：将63名抑郁症患者随机分为两组，分别给予艾司西酞普兰和马普替林治疗，疗程6周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、临床疗效总评量表病情严重程度（CGI—SI）、治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效及不良反应。结果：艾司西酞普兰与马普替林治疗抑郁症疗效相当，但艾司西酞普兰起效更快，不良反应更少。结论：艾司西酞普兰治疗抑郁症安全有效。     

认知疗法合并艾司西酞普兰治疗女性抑郁症患者的疗效

目的:比较艾司西酞普兰合并认知治疗与单用艾司西酞普兰对女性抑郁症患者的疗效。方法:60例女性抑郁症患者随机分为研究组(艾司西酞普兰合并认知治疗组)30例,对照组(单用艾司西酞普兰组)30例,治疗8周。治疗前及治疗1、2、4和8周分别采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定疗效。结果:治疗2周开始,两组HAMD评分均显著下降。研究组治疗1周HAMD明显下降。研究组较对照组HAMD下降更显著。两组不良反应差异无显著性。结论:艾司西酞普兰合并认知治疗对女性抑郁症患者疗效明显,安全性高。     

艾司西酞普兰与帕罗西汀治疗抑郁症的对照研究

抑郁症是一种常见而严重的精神疾病,药物干预是缓解抑郁症患者症状、提高患者生活质量的有效手段.艾司西酞普兰是一种选择性较强的5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI),是抗抑郁药物--消旋西酞普兰的S 异构体代谢产物,对抑郁症的疗效优于或相似于西酞普兰.本研究用艾司西酞普兰与帕罗西汀对照治疗抑郁症病人,观察疗效和安全性.     

阿立哌唑对难治性抑郁症的增效作用

目的：探讨艾司西酞普兰联合阿立哌唑治疗难治性抑郁症的疗效及安全性。方法：62例难治性抑郁症患者随即分为合用组（艾司西酞普兰联合阿立哌唑）32例,单用组（单用艾司西酞普兰）30例,疗程8周。于治疗前和治疗2、4、8周分别用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效与不良反应。结果：两组HAMD评分较治疗前均显著下降（P〈0.01）;两组不良反应差异无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。结论：艾司西酞普兰联合阿立哌唑治疗难治性抑郁症疗效明显优于单用艾司西酞普兰,安全性较高。     

艾司西酞普兰与舍曲林治疗伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者疗效比较

目的:比较艾司西酞普兰与舍曲林治疗伴焦虑症状的抑郁症疗效和安全性. 方法:76例符合入组标准的患者随机分为艾司西酞普兰组和盐酸舍曲林组各38例,疗程6周.用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定疗效,采用治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定安全性.结果:两组HAMD、HAMA评分均较治疗前显著降低(P＜0.01),以艾司西酞普兰组HAMD、HAMA评分在治疗1周时降分显著低于盐酸舍曲林组(t=-2.839,-2.862;P ＜0.01),其余各周差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).艾司西酞普兰组与舍曲林组不良反应发生率分别为39.5％和42.1％ (P＞0.05).结论:艾司西酞普兰与舍曲林治疗伴焦虑症状的抑郁症疗效相当,但艾司西酞普兰起效更快.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.