精神分裂症未用药者的暴力行为与甲状腺激素、C反应蛋白的相关性研究

目的 探讨伴有暴力行为的未用药精神分裂症患者的临床症状特点,分析与甲状腺激素、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平的相关性.方法 选取2017年11月至2019年12月在天津市安定医院住院的130例未用药的精神分裂症患者,根据入院前暴力攻击史分为暴力组(n=72)和非暴力组(n=58),采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者...     

精神分裂症患者攻击行为的相关因素分析

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者攻击行为的相关因素。方法:调查住院精神分裂症患者185例,分为攻击组(n=31)和非攻击组(n=154),采用SPSS13.0分析相关因素。结果:诊断分型、简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)总分及因子分、婚姻状态等两组差异有显著性。结论:诊断分型等是预测攻击行为的一个方法;家庭史、既往攻击史、入院态度是攻击行为的危险因素;婚姻是保护因素。     

精神分裂症患者攻击行为与临床症状、记忆及智力的相关性

目的探讨精神分裂症患者攻击行为与临床症状、记忆及智力的相关性,分析临床症状、记忆及智力能否作为精神分裂症患者攻击行为的预测因子。方法以2014年5月-2016年5月在中山市第三人民医院早期干预科住院的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症诊断标准的患者为研究对象,所有患者均处于急性发作期。依据既往暴力史和修订版外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)加权总分为5分区分攻击组和非攻击组,其中攻击组69例,非攻击组39例。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估临床症状,采用韦氏记忆量表修订版(WMS-R)、韦氏成人智力量表中国修订版(WAIS-RC)评估记忆和智力,并对MOAS与PANSS、WMS-R和WAIS-RC评分进行相关分析。结果攻击组MOAS加权总分、言语攻击、对财产的攻击和体力攻击的评分均高于非攻击组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01)。攻击组PANSS总评分和阳性症状评分均高于非攻击组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01)。两组WMS-R和WAIS-RC评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。MOAS加权总分、体力攻击评分与PANSS总评分、阳性症状评分和一般精神病理评分呈正相关(r=0.203~0.535,P0.05或0.01),体力攻击评分与心智评分呈负相关(r=-0.343,P0.05)。结论与非攻击组相比,攻击组的攻击行为体现在言语攻击、对财产的攻击与体力攻击方面。PANSS总评分与阳性症状可能与精神分裂症患者的攻击行为相关。记忆和智力与精神分裂症患者的攻击行为不相关,不能作为攻击行为的预测因子。     

丙戊酸镁缓释片对精神分裂症暴力攻击行为的疗效观察

目的:探讨丙戊酸镁缓释片联合抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症暴力攻击行为疗效及安全性.方法:将64例有暴力攻击行为的精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,丙戊酸镁缓释片联合抗精神病药组(合用组)32例,单用抗精神病药组(单用组)32例治疗4周.采用简明精神病量表(BPRS)、外显攻击行为量表(MOAS )和治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS...     

常德地区严重精神障碍患者暴力攻击行为研究

目的了解常德市严重精神障碍患者的暴力攻击行为现状,探索暴力攻击行为的危险因素,为优化对这一人群的管控策略提供参考。方法于2017年7月-12月,在常德市康复医院接受暴力危险性评估的2 362例疑似精神障碍患者中,采用Excel生成随机整数的方式,随机选出790名被试,并将其中757例符合入组标准的患者纳入本研究,收集其一般人口学资料和临床资料,并进行修订版外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)评定。将MOAS加权总分≥5分者定义为研究组(n=505),MOAS加权总分5分者定义为对照组(n=252),比较两组一般人口学资料和临床资料,采用二元Logistic回归分析探索暴力攻击行为的独立相关因素。结果研究组中男性、年龄相对较小、单身、近半年无业、不(规律)服药、存在被关锁情况、伴有反社会人格特征者所占比例高于对照组(P0.05或0.01)。二元Logistic回归分析显示,不(规律)服药(OR=2.659,95%CI:1.892～3.738)、年龄≤30岁(OR=1.845,95%CI:1.163～2.926)、男性(OR=1.486,95%CI:1.085～2.036)、无业(OR=1.621,95%CI:1.069～2.457)与高暴力攻击风险呈独立正相关(P0.05或0.01)。结论常德市严重精神障碍患者发生暴力攻击行为的危险因素主要包括不(规律)服药、年龄≤30岁、男性、无业。     

精神分裂症暴力和攻击行为的生物学研究进展

精神分裂症暴力和攻击行为已经成为影响社会和公共卫生问题之一，研究显示精神分裂 症患者的暴力犯罪率高于一般人群的 4～7 倍。遗传、神经生化和代谢等生物学因素在精神分裂症患者 的暴力和攻击行为中起到重要作用。因此，针对精神分裂症暴力和攻击行为的生物学机制研究具有重 要现实意义。现针对精神分裂症暴力和攻击行为的生物学研究进展进行综述。     

精神分裂症暴力攻击行为心理社会干预研究进展

暴力攻击是精神分裂症患者常见的行为问题，除药物干预外心理社会干预手段也是一种重要的补充方式，可以对药物干预起到增效作用。文章就精神分裂症患者暴力攻击行为的心理社会干预手段进行综述，以期为精神分裂症患者暴力攻击的干预提供参考。     

住院精神分裂症患者暴力行为危险因素研究

目的:探讨住院精神分裂症患者发生暴力行为的危险因素。方法:以外显行为攻击量表(MOAS)评分≥5分为界将220例住院精神分裂症患者分为暴力组(62例)和非暴力组(158例);对两组的人口学及临床资料进行收集、比较;采用多元Logitic回归分析探讨住院精神分裂症患者发生暴力行为的危险因素。结果:与非暴力组比较,暴力组患者更年轻、内向型人格比率低、既往有暴力行为史、有敌对情绪、被害妄想、兴奋易激惹的比率高(P<0.05或P<0.01);多元Logistic回归分析显示,既往暴力行为史(OR=2.169,95%CI:1.095～4.296)、有敌对情绪(OR=2.561,95%CI:1.117～5.869)、非内向人格特征(OR=1.496,95%CI:1.021～2.191)和被害妄想(OR=3.800,95%CI:1.592～9.070)进入方程。结论:既往暴力行为史、有敌对情绪、人格特征和被害妄想是住院精神分裂症患者发生暴力行为的危险因素。     

精神分裂症患者暴力犯罪行为相关因素研究

目的分析精神分裂症患者暴力犯罪行为的相关因素,为预防其暴力犯罪行为的发生提供参考依据。方法选取有暴力犯罪行为的精神分裂症患者(研究组)93例,无暴力犯罪史的精神分裂症患者(对照组)80例,采用自编调查问卷、外显攻击行为量表(modified overt aggression scales,MOAS)、简明精神病评定量表(brief psychiatric rating scale,BPRS)对患者社会人口学和临床特征、暴力行为和精神症状进行评估。结果与对照组相比,研究组文化程度和家庭收入较低,多居住在农村,多数未曾治疗精神疾病,未曾于精神专科医院住院(P0.05);研究组MOAS中财产攻击、体力攻击评分及总分,以及BPRS中思维障碍、敌对性因子分及总分均较高(P0.05);研究组实施暴力犯罪行为前1周存在明显的攻击行为、明显的冲动、治疗不合作(不依从)、暴力致人受伤、存在精神病性症状所致愤怒(P0.05)。logistic回归分析发现,受教育年限(OR=0.567,P=0.023)、财产攻击(OR=0.023,P=0.004)、体力攻击(OR=0.012,P=0.002)、既往治疗情况(OR=35.119,P=0.030)是暴力犯罪行为的相关因素。结论文化程度低、已有对财物攻击和体力攻击行为是精神分裂症患者暴力犯罪行为的危险因素;而积极治疗有助于减少暴力犯罪行为的发生。     

伴有暴力倾向的精神分裂症患者低频振幅与分数低频振幅静息态功能影像学研究

目的探讨伴有暴力倾向的精神分裂症患者静息状态下脑自发神经活动特征以及其脑功能异常的神经病理生理机制。方法纳入符合ICD-10诊断标准的精神分裂症患者35例(男24例、女11例)。采用PANSS评分评估患者临床症状严重程度。利用修订版外显攻击行为量表(Modified Overt Aggression Scale,MOAS)评分将患者分为暴力组和无暴力组。应用静息态功能磁共振成像(resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging,rs-fMRI)技术,采集所有患者静息状态下脑fMRI数据,基于DPABI V2.3(Data Processing&Analysis of Brain Imaging,DPABI)软件,对数据进行预处理后得到低频振幅(amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation,ALFF)及分数低频振幅(fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation,fALFF)图,采用双样本t检验比较2组图像差异。提取所有患者全脑区的ALFF、fALFF值与PANSS评分进行Pearson相关分析。结果暴力组(n=18)较无暴力组(n=17)右侧顶上回、右侧顶下缘角回ALFF值减低,而右侧小脑下部、左侧小脑下部和左侧丘脑的fALFF值增高(均经GRF校正,体素水平P<0.01,簇水平P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,精神分裂症患者(n=35)右侧小脑下部、小脑蚓部、右侧颞中回ALFF值与PANSS阴性症状评分呈正相关(r=0.437、0.610、0.656);右侧角回fALFF值与PANSS阴性症状评分呈负相关(r=-0.723);左侧内侧额上回fALFF值与PANSS敌对性评分呈正相关(r=0.647,均经GRF校正,体素水平P<0.01,簇水平P<0.05)。结论相较于无暴力患者,伴有暴力倾向的精神分裂症患者多个脑区ALFF、fALFF值存在差异,提示伴有暴力行为的患者多个脑区自发神经活动异常。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.