紫檀芪调节LKB1/ AMPK 信号通路减轻缺氧缺血性脑损伤新生大鼠氧化应激损伤

目的:分析紫檀芪调节肝激酶B1/ 腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(LKB1/ AMPK)信号通路减轻缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD) 新生大鼠氧化应激损伤的机制。方法:构建72 只HIBD 新生大鼠模型,并分为模型组、紫檀芪低剂量组(15 mg/ kg)、紫檀芪高剂量组(30 mg/ kg)、紫檀芪高剂量+compound C 组(紫檀芪30 mg/ kg+compound C 20 mg/ kg),每组18 只,另选取12 只新生大鼠为假手术组。采用水迷宫实验评估大鼠学习与记忆能力;红四氮唑(TTC)染色法测定大鼠脑梗死面积;测定大鼠脑含水量;检测大鼠脑组织谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)水平;蛋白质印迹法测定海马组织LKB1/ AMPK信号通路相关蛋白。结果:与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期加长,脑梗死面积、脑含水量、脑组织MDA 水平升高,穿越平台次数减少,脑组织上清液SOD、GSH-Px 及海马组织p-LKB1/ LKB1、p-AMPK/ AMPK、Nrf2 水平降低(P<0. 05)。与模型组相比,紫檀芪低剂量组、紫檀芪高剂量组大鼠逃避潜伏期缩短,脑梗死面积、脑含水量、脑组织MDA 水平降低,穿越平台次数增多,脑组织上清液SOD、GSH-Px 及海马组织p-LKB1/ LKB1、p-AMPK/ AMPK、Nrf2 水平升高(P<0. 05),且紫檀芪低、高剂量组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。与紫檀芪高剂量组相比,紫檀芪高剂量+compound C 组大鼠逃避潜伏期加长,脑含水量、脑组织MDA 水平升高,穿越平台次数减少,脑组织上清液SOD、GSH-Px 及海马组织p-LKB1/ LKB1、p-AMPK/ AMPK、Nrf2 水平降低(P<0. 05)。结论:紫檀芪可能通过促进LKB1/ AMPK/ Nrf2 信号通路介导的抗氧化应激,减轻新生大鼠HIBD。     

硫化氢对老龄急性脑梗死大鼠海马CA3区突触结构的影响

目的评价硫化氢(H2S)对老龄急性脑梗死大鼠海马CA3区突触结构的影响。方法健康雄性SD大鼠60只,18~20月龄,体重500~700 g,采用随机数字表法分为4组,每组15只:对照组(C组)、模型组(M组)、Na HS组(N组)、生理盐水组(S组)。N组于制作模型前25 min给予大鼠腹腔注射H2S外源性供体Na HS(28μmol/kg);S组于制作模型前25 min给予大鼠腹腔注射等量生理盐水;C组不行任何处理。采用线栓法致大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞致急性脑梗死模型。于急性脑梗死后第1~5天每组随机取5只大鼠,进行Morris水迷宫进行测试,记录逃避潜伏期和穿越平台次数;于急性脑梗死后1、3、5 d(T1~T3)每组随机取5只大鼠处死,取海马组织,电镜下定量测定海马CA3区突触结构各项指标。结果与C组比较,M组、N组和S组大鼠急性脑梗死后逃避潜伏期延长,穿越平台次数减少,海马CA3区突触数减少,间隙增宽,突触后膜致密物厚度变薄,突触活性区长度缩短,突触界面曲率减小(P<0.05);与M组比较,N组急性脑梗死后逃避潜伏期缩短,穿越平台次数增多,海马CA3区突触数增加,间隙变窄,突触后膜致密物厚度变厚,突触活性区长度延长,突触界面曲率增大(P<0.05);与N组比较,S组急性脑梗死后逃避潜伏期延长,穿越平台次数减少,海马CA3区突触数减少,间隙增宽,突触后膜致密物厚度变薄,突触活性区长度缩短,突触界面曲率减小(P<0.05)。结论 H2S可改善老龄急性脑梗死大鼠认知功能,其机制可能与海马组织CA3区突触结构改变有关。     

海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白及含1-亚基N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体表达与七氟醚致老龄大鼠认知障碍相关性分析

目的 探讨海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及含1-亚基N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NR1)表达与七氟醚所致老龄大鼠认知障碍相关性.方法 60只SD大鼠随机分为七氟醚吸入组(n=40)、氧气吸入组(n=10)和对照组(n=10),七氟醚吸入组吸入2%七氟醚120 min,氧气吸入组吸入纯氧120 min,对照组在常规环境中活动120 min.对氧气吸入组和对照组进行Morris水迷宫实验,七氟醚吸入组分别于大鼠苏醒后2 h(T0)、24 h(T1)、7 d(T2)和14 d(T3),随机选取10只大鼠进行水迷宫实验,测定逃避潜伏期和游泳总路程;采用免疫组化法和Western Blot法检测海马组织GFAP和NR1阳性表达情况,并分析GFAP和NR1阳性表达与水迷宫实验结果相关性.结果 七氟醚吸入组在T0-2时逃避潜伏期和游泳总路程均较对照组和氧气吸入组延长,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);七氟醚吸入组T0-2时刻CA1区和CA3区GFAP蛋白阳性表达均高于对照组和氧气吸入组,NR1蛋白阳性表达均低于对照组和氧气吸入组,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Western Blot检测显示,T0-2 时刻,七氟醚吸入组海马组织中GFAP蛋白表达均高于对照组和氧气吸入组,NR1蛋白表达均低于对照组和氧气吸入组,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Pearson相关分析显示,GFAP蛋白表达与大鼠逃避潜伏期和游泳总路程均呈正相关(r=0.628和0.728,P<0.001),而NR1蛋白表达则均呈负相关(r=-0.697和-0.735,P<0.001).结论 七氟醚吸入老龄大鼠出现了一过性认知障碍,与海马区星形胶质细胞活化指标GFAP表达上调和学习记忆通路受体亚单位NR1表达受抑制有关.     

脑通汤对VD大鼠海马CA1区ICAM-1、EBA及GFAP蛋白表达的影响

目的:观察脑通汤对血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力以及海马CA1区细胞间黏附分子(ICAM-1)、内皮屏障抗原(EBA)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响. 方法:除假手术以外的其他组大鼠采用改良的4-VO法制备大鼠模型,造模1周后予药物灌胃治疗,1次/d,共灌胃4周.灌胃治疗结束后Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力,免疫组化法检测海马区CA1区ICAM-1、EBA和GFAP表达水平.结果:模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期明显延长,ICAM-1表达明显增加、EBA表达减少、GFAP表达显著增加,与假手术组比较具有显著差异(P<0.01). 脑通汤大、中剂量组均可显著缩短大鼠逃避潜伏期,可显著降低ICAM-1、GFAP表达,促进EBA表达,与模型组比较具有显著差异(P<0.01). 结论:脑通汤对VD大鼠学习记忆能力减退具有防治作用,其机制可能通过抑制ICAM-1、GFAP表达,促进EBA表达,改善血管内皮细胞、星形胶质细胞以及血脑屏障的损伤,从而减轻脑缺血对神经血管单元(NVU)的损害.     

脑舒胶囊对阿尔茨海默病大鼠神经炎症损伤的保护

目的：研究脑舒胶囊对阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠神经炎症损伤的保护。方法：双侧脑室注射Aβ25～35复制AD大鼠模型；放射免疫分析法检测血清及海马组织IL-1β和IL-6的含量；RT-PCR法测定海马IL-6和IL-1β mRNA表达；免疫组织化学(SABC)法检测大鼠海马星形胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的阳性细胞表达。结果：与假手术组比较，模型组大鼠血清及海马组织中IL-1β和IL-6含量明显增加（P＜0.05）；海马星形胶质细胞GFAP和海马IL-6，IL-1β mRNA表达显著上调（P＜0.01）。与模型组比较，0.72 g?kg-1脑舒胶囊可降低血清、海马组织IL-1β和IL-6含量（P＜0.05）和海马星形胶质细胞GFAP阳性和海马IL-6，IL-1β mRNA的表达（P＜0.05）。结论：脑舒胶囊可通过抑制星形胶质细胞的过度激活，从而抑制中枢慢性炎症级联反应对海马神经元的损伤。     

脑舒胶囊对阿尔茨海默病大鼠神经炎症损伤的保护

目的：研究脑舒胶囊对阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠神经炎症损伤的保护。方法：双侧脑室注射Aβ25～35复制AD大鼠模型;放射免疫分析法检测血清及海马组织IL-1β和IL-6的含量;RT-PCR法测定海马IL-6和IL-1β mRNA表达;免疫组织化学(SABC)法检测大鼠海马星形胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的阳性细胞表达。结果：与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠血清及海马组织中IL-1β和IL-6含量明显增加（P＜0.05）;海马星形胶质细胞GFAP和海马IL-6,IL-1β mRNA表达显著上调（P＜0.01）。与模型组比较,0.72 g?kg-1脑舒胶囊可降低血清、海马组织IL-1β和IL-6含量（P＜0.05）和海马星形胶质细胞GFAP阳性和海马IL-6,IL-1β mRNA的表达（P＜0.05）。结论：脑舒胶囊可通过抑制星形胶质细胞的过度激活,从而抑制中枢慢性炎症级联反应对海马神经元的损伤。     

脑舒胶囊对阿尔茨海默病大鼠神经炎症损伤的保护

目的：研究脑舒胶囊对阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠神经炎症损伤的保护。方法：双侧脑室注射Aβ25～35复制AD大鼠模型;放射免疫分析法检测血清及海马组织IL-1β和IL-6的含量;RT-PCR法测定海马IL-6和IL-1β mRNA表达;免疫组织化学(SABC)法检测大鼠海马星形胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的阳性细胞表达。结果：与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠血清及海马组织中IL-1β和IL-6含量明显增加（P＜0.05）;海马星形胶质细胞GFAP和海马IL-6,IL-1β mRNA表达显著上调（P＜0.01）。与模型组比较,0.72 g?kg-1脑舒胶囊可降低血清、海马组织IL-1β和IL-6含量（P＜0.05）和海马星形胶质细胞GFAP阳性和海马IL-6,IL-1β mRNA的表达（P＜0.05）。结论：脑舒胶囊可通过抑制星形胶质细胞的过度激活,从而抑制中枢慢性炎症级联反应对海马神经元的损伤。     

脑舒胶囊对阿尔茨海默病大鼠神经炎症损伤的保护

目的：研究脑舒胶囊对阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠神经炎症损伤的保护。方法：双侧脑室注射Aβ25～35复制AD大鼠模型；放射免疫分析法检测血清及海马组织IL-1β和IL-6的含量；RT-PCR法测定海马IL-6和IL-1β mRNA表达；免疫组织化学(SABC)法检测大鼠海马星形胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的阳性细胞表达。结果：与假手术组比较，模型组大鼠血清及海马组织中IL-1β和IL-6含量明显增加（P＜0.05）；海马星形胶质细胞GFAP和海马IL-6，IL-1β mRNA表达显著上调（P＜0.01）。与模型组比较，0.72 g?kg-1脑舒胶囊可降低血清、海马组织IL-1β和IL-6含量（P＜0.05）和海马星形胶质细胞GFAP阳性和海马IL-6，IL-1β mRNA的表达（P＜0.05）。结论：脑舒胶囊可通过抑制星形胶质细胞的过度激活，从而抑制中枢慢性炎症级联反应对海马神经元的损伤。     

脑舒胶囊对阿尔茨海默病大鼠神经炎症损伤的保护

目的：研究脑舒胶囊对阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠神经炎症损伤的保护。方法：双侧脑室注射Aβ25～35复制AD大鼠模型；放射免疫分析法检测血清及海马组织IL-1β和IL-6的含量；RT-PCR法测定海马IL-6和IL-1β mRNA表达；免疫组织化学(SABC)法检测大鼠海马星形胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的阳性细胞表达。结果：与假手术组比较，模型组大鼠血清及海马组织中IL-1β和IL-6含量明显增加（P＜0.05）；海马星形胶质细胞GFAP和海马IL-6，IL-1β mRNA表达显著上调（P＜0.01）。与模型组比较，0.72 g?kg-1脑舒胶囊可降低血清、海马组织IL-1β和IL-6含量（P＜0.05）和海马星形胶质细胞GFAP阳性和海马IL-6，IL-1β mRNA的表达（P＜0.05）。结论：脑舒胶囊可通过抑制星形胶质细胞的过度激活，从而抑制中枢慢性炎症级联反应对海马神经元的损伤。     

百合知母汤对癫痫模型幼鼠行为学和海马神经发生及AMPK/mTOR水平的影响

目的探讨百合知母汤水提物对戊四氮(PTZ)诱导癫痫幼鼠行为学和海马齿状回神经发生及神经元AMPK、mTOR水平的影响。方法实验动物分为5组:正常组,模型组和百合知母汤水提物低、中、高剂量组。PTZ诱导建立癫痫模型幼鼠,分别尾静脉注射40、80和120 mg/ml百合知母汤水提物,模型组注射同等剂量生理盐水。正常组幼鼠注射同等剂量生理盐水,测定各组幼鼠行为学、海马齿状回神经发生和海马神经元AMPK、mTOR mRNA及蛋白水平。结果百合知母汤水提物低、中和高剂量组幼鼠发生II级以上惊厥次数、潜伏期时间和游泳距离明显低于模型组幼鼠(P0.05)。随百合知母汤水提物剂量的增加,癫痫幼鼠发生II级以上惊厥次数逐渐下降(P0.05),潜伏期时间和游泳距离逐渐上升(P0.05)。免疫组化结果显示,模型组幼鼠海马BrdU免疫阳性细胞呈现大片丛集性分布,百合知母汤水提物剂量组幼鼠海马BrdU免疫阳性细胞逐渐减少。百合知母汤水提物高剂量组幼鼠AMPK mRNA及蛋白和p-AMPK表达低于模型组幼鼠(P0.05),而mTOR mRNA及蛋白和p-mTOR表达高于正常组幼鼠(P0.05),且存在一定的剂量-效应关系。结论百合知母汤能够降低癫痫幼鼠海马神经元AMPK表达,提升海马神经元mTOR表达,改善癫痫幼鼠行为学改变及症状。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.