血管内皮舒张因子的作用及其对疾病发生发展的影响

自从1980年Furchgott等发现内皮依赖性舒张作用以来,血管内皮就被认为是调节血管平滑肌张力的重要功能单位.血管内皮细胞可通过释放前列环素(PGI_2)、内皮舒张因子(EDRF)、内皮超极化因子(EDHF)、内皮收缩因子(EDCF)等血管活性物质来调节血管平滑肌张力.其中,血管内皮舒张因子具有舒张血管平滑肌和抑制血小板活性的作用,它能介导许多内源性血管活性物质的舒张     

一种观察血管内皮损伤与自由基关系的新方法

本文用离体兔胸主动脉淋浴灌流系统探讨了电解克氏液对血管内皮的损伤与自由基的关系。结果显示5 mA直流电作用于克氏液1 min使细胞色素C在550 nm吸光度增加,ACh诱导的内皮细胞EDRF释放明显减少,舒张比值降低(D<0.001),血管壁组织MDA含量升高(p<0.01),SOD活性及6-keto-PGF_(1a)含量下降(p<0.01和p<0.05)。说明用离体血管淋浴式灌注电解性自由基损伤法观察血管内皮损伤与自由基的关系为一简单实用的方法。     

胍法新对保存内皮与去内皮离体大鼠胸主动脉环的作用

本实验观察了选择性较高的α_2受体激动剂胍法新(guanfacine)对离体大鼠胸主动脉环的收缩与舒张作用和对血管组织中cGMP含量的影响。去内皮以及用美兰和血红蛋白预处理均可使胍法新对标本的收缩作用明显增强。对经垂体后叶素预收缩的保存内皮的标本,胍法新有舒张作用。这种作用可因去内皮或用育亨宾处理而消失。胍法新使保存内皮标本组织中cGMP含量明显增加。这些结果提示在大鼠胸主动脉内皮细胞上可能存在着能引起EDRF释放的α_2受体。     

内皮源性血管活性因子的研究进展

内皮细胞通过分泌内皮源性血管收缩因子 (EDCF)和内皮源性血管舒张因子 (EDRF)调节血管平滑肌张力。前者包括 :内皮素 (ET )、血栓素A2 (TXA2 )、前列腺素H2(PGH2 )、超氧阴离子 (O·2 )及肾素血管紧张素系统的成分等。后者包括 :一氧化氮 (NO)、前列环素 (PGI2 )、内皮源性超极化因子 (EDHF)等。EDRF和EDCF之间的平衡使血管张力保持正常 ,提供器官灌流 ,反之则发生内皮功能障碍 ,导致心血管疾病     

神经肽Y对离体兔脑血管的作用及其内皮依赖关系

神经肽Y对离体兔脑基底动脉的作用表现在:(1)直接收缩;(2)增强组胺的收缩效应;(3)抑制乙酰胆碱和腺苷的舒张效应。作用(1)和(3)不依赖于血管内皮的存在,而作用(2)依赖血管内皮,其机理可能是由于神经肽Y对血管内皮舒张因子(EDRF)的释放或作用具有抑制性影响。     

苦碟子水提取液对大鼠离体胸主动脉环的舒张作用

目的研究苦碟子的内皮依赖性血管舒张作用,并探讨其可能机制。方法采用大鼠离体主动脉环灌流模型,观察累积浓度苦碟子对基础状态、去氧肾上腺素(PE)和氯化钾(KCl)预收缩的内皮完整血管环和去内皮血管环的舒张作用。结果苦碟子水提取液(苦碟子注射液,相当于含苦碟子原材料0.01～10g.L-1)对基础状态的内皮完整血管环和去内皮血管环的张力无影响。对PE预收缩的内皮完整血管环,苦碟子在累积浓度0.03～10g.L-1呈浓度依赖性舒张作用,分别用一氧化氮合酶抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(0.1mmol.L-1)和鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂亚甲蓝(10μmol.L-1)预处理,此作用被抑制,用环氧合酶抑制剂吲哚美辛(10μmol.L-1)预处理亦被抑制。对KCl预收缩的内皮完整血管环和对PE或KCl预收缩的去内皮血管环,苦碟子在累积浓度0.01～10g.L-1无明显舒缩作用。结论苦碟子(0.03～10g.L-1)对主动脉具有内皮依赖性舒张作用。该作用可能是通过血管内皮细胞一氧化氮-鸟苷酸环化酶途径和血管内皮细胞环氧合酶途径介导的。     

植物雌激素白藜芦醇和根皮素对家兔离体主动脉收缩反应的影响(英文)

目的探讨植物雌激素白藜芦醇和根皮素对离体主动脉血管收缩的舒张作用特点是否同雌激素以及有关的作用机制。方法将家兔离体主动脉平滑肌条置于灌流肌槽中,记录其等长张力变化。结果白藜芦醇和根皮素可明显抑制离体血管对去甲肾上腺素(NE)、KCl和CaCl2的浓度依赖性收缩反应,使其量效曲线明显右移, pD2′值分别为2.89,3.34, 3.37和3.23, 3.52, 3.77;对KCl预收缩血管条具有浓度依赖性的舒张效应。去除血管内皮、Nω-L-硝基精氨酸(L-NNA)或亚甲蓝对白藜芦醇舒张血管作用具有明显的抑制作用,但对根皮素诱发的血管舒张无明显影响。吲哚美辛和普萘洛尔温育后,对二者的舒血管作用均无明显影响。在无钙Krebs液(含0.01 mmol·L-1EGTA)中,白藜芦醇和根皮素可抑制NE诱发的由肌细胞内钙释放引起的Ⅰ相收缩,但不影响CaCl2诱发的由肌细胞外钙内流引起的Ⅱ相收缩。结论白藜芦醇和根皮素对离体主动脉血管的舒张作用可能与其抑制钙离子内流及细胞内钙释放有关;另外白藜芦醇的舒张作用部分与内皮细胞有关,但根皮素的舒血管作用与内皮细胞无关。     

桂利嗪与尼莫地平对离体血管的舒张作用

目的:比较桂利嗪与尼莫地平对于离体血管的舒张作用.方法:分离SD大鼠胸主动脉,在内皮完整及去内皮的血管环上分别加入桂利嗪及尼莫地平,以累积剂量法给药至最大舒张剂量,观察药物对两种离体血管的舒张作用.结果:尼莫地平与桂利嗪均能剂量依赖性舒张内皮完整及去内皮血管.尼莫地平对内皮完整血管的舒张作用强于去内皮血管的舒张作用.桂利嗪对去内皮血管的舒张作用与内皮完整血管的作用相似.结论:尼莫地平的扩血管作用部分为内皮依赖性的,部分为对平滑肌的直接扩张作用;桂利嗪的扩血管作用主要是通过对平滑肌的直接扩张作用实现的.     

内皮衍生松弛因子和收缩因子：新概念和新发现

血管内皮细胞是松弛因子和收缩因子的来源,这些有待进一步确定的物质称为内皮细胞衍生松弛因子(EDRF)和内皮细胞衍生收缩因子(EDCF)。EDRF是血管松弛反应的重要介质,除了其舒血管作用外,最近发现EDRF尚能抑制血小板聚集,它不仅可调整缩血管药物升高血压的能力,且能调节平滑肌张力水平。由于EDRF的半衰期很短(约6秒),有关调节EDRF的合成、释放和作用的因素所知甚少。EDRF的最后鉴定和结构改造必将产生一些对心力衰竭、高血压、动脉粥样硬化、心绞痛以及外周和脑血管疾病可     

浅谈一氧化氮与组织中的调节作用

一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide，No)是一种简单的惰性小分子，普遍存在于脊椎动物的细胞内，其生物学意义过去并未引起人们的注意．1989年，Furchgott等首次提出了“血管内皮源性舒张因子”(EDRF)的概念。1988年提出EDRT就是N0，血管内皮可通过释放NO引起血管平滑肌舒张，自此，NO在世界范围内成为临床及生物医学研究的热点。     

Effects of hydrazine derivatives on vascular smooth muscle contractility,blood pressure and cGMP production in rats: comparison with hydralazine

Hydralazine is a hydrazine derivative used clinically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. Despite numerous studies with the drug, its mechanism of action has remained unknown; guanylate cyclase activation and release of endothelial relaxing factors are thought to be involved in its vasodilator effect. Other hydrazine derivatives are known to stimulate guanylate cyclase and could therefore share the vasodilator activity of hydralazine, although such possibility has not been assessed systematically. In the present study, hydralazine, hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, and isoniazid were evaluated for vascular smooth muscle relaxation in rat aortic rings with and without endothelium, as well as after incubation with the guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue. They were also tested for enhancement of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production by cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells and for hypotension in the anesthetized rat. All hydrazines relaxed aortic rings, an action unaffected by endothelium removal and, in all cases except hydralazine, antagonized by methylene blue. Only phenylhydrazine increased cGMP production and only hydralazine markedly lowered blood pressure. It was concluded that hydralazine vascular relaxation is independent of endothelium and is not related to guanylate cyclase activation. The other hydrazines studied also elicit endothelium-independent relaxation, but the effect is related to guanylate cyclase. The marked hypotensive effect of hydralazine contrasts with its modest relaxant activity and is not shared by the other hydrazines. The fact that hydrazine and isoniazid produce methylene blue-sensitive relaxation, yet do not enhance cGMP production suggests the need for activating factors present in aortic rings but not in isolated cells.     

EFFECT OF 8-SULFOPHENYL THEOPHYLLINE ON ENDOGENOUS NORADRENALINE RELEASE FROM SYMPATHETIC NERVES OF THE RABBIT EAR ARTERY

1. The release of endogenous noradrenaline (NA) and adenyl purine (ATP, ADP, AMP and adenosine) from the rabbit ear artery, evoked by electrical stimulation (ES; 16Hz), was examined. 2. ES evoked a significant release of NA and adenyl purine; the ratio of the amount of total purine released to NA released was approximately 180 on a molar base. 3. ES-evoked purine release was significantly reduced by the denudation of the endothelium and abolished by the α₁-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin (1 μmol/L). 4. ES-evoked NA release was significantly reduced by a P₁-purinoceptor antagonist, 8-sulfophenyl theophylline (8SPT). Purine release was slightly reduced by 8SPT. 5. These results suggest that endogenous NA released by ES results in the release of a large amount of purine, which may, in turn, increase the release of NA by acting on prejunctional purinoceptors on sympathetic nerve terminals.     

左旋精氨酸对氧自由基损害兔胸主动脉内皮的保护作用(英文)

用离体兔胸主动脉淋浴式灌注方法探讨左旋精氨酸对内、外源性OFR损伤血管内皮功能的保护作用,结果:用二乙二硫氨基甲酸盐(DETC)产生的内源性OFR与电解缓冲液产生的外源性OFR均可明显抑制血管内皮依赖性扩张,并使血管壁MDA含量增加,左旋精氨酸能对抗内、外源性OFR所致MDA增加与内皮依赖舒血管功能损害。     

度洛西汀对大鼠胸主动脉环舒张功能的影响

目的研究度洛西汀(DLX)对血管舒张功能的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法采用离体血管环灌流装置,观察DLX对大鼠胸主动脉环的作用及不同工具药的影响。结果 DLX对KCl(30 mmol.L-1)和NE(1μmol.L-1)预收缩的血管环具有浓度依赖的舒张作用,对内皮完整和去内皮血管环舒张作用无差异,该舒张作用为非内皮依赖性。在KCl预收缩基础上,加入钾通道阻断剂格列苯脲Gli(10μmol.L-1)、四乙胺TEA(10 mmol.L-1)、氯化钡BaCl2(1 mmol.L-1)、四氨基吡啶4-AP(1 mmol.L-1)和5-HT2受体阻断剂赛庚啶(1μmol.L-1)均不能抑制DLX的舒血管效应;α1受体阻断剂哌唑嗪(1μmol.L-1)组对DLX舒血管作用有抑制作用。在无钙液中,DLX可以明显抑制NE和CaCl2收缩血管的作用。结论 DLX能够浓度依赖性的舒张血管,其机制可能与抑制经由血管平滑肌细胞膜VDC和ROC通道的钙离子内流,拮抗α1受体以及抑制胞质内钙离子释放有关。     

Relative contribution of P2U- and P2Y-purinoceptors to endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in the golden hamster isolated mesenteric arterial bed.

1. P2-purinoceptors were characterized pharmacologically in the constantly perfused isolated mesenteric arterial vascular bed of the golden hamster. Vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses to the nucleotides ATP, ADP, 2 methylthio ATP (2MeSATP), alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-meATP) and uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) and a role for ATP in sympathetic constriction were examined. 2. At basal tone nucleotides elicited dose-dependent vasoconstriction with an observed rank order of potency of alpha,beta-meATP >> 2MeSATP > ATP = ADP > UTP (based on the doses required to elicit constrictor responses of 25 mmHg). Adenosine had no vasoconstrictor action at doses up to 5 mumol. After application of a single dose (0.5 mumol) of alpha,beta-meATP preparations were desensitized to constriction by subsequent application of nucleotides. 3. Electrical field stimulation (4-64 Hz, 90 V, 1 ms, 30 s) elicited frequency-dependent constrictions which were abolished by guanethidine (5 microM) and by prazosin (1 microM). 4. The non-selective P2-purinoceptor antagonist suramin (100 microM) did not significantly affect vasoconstrictor responses to ATP. The P2X-selective purinoceptor antagonist pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS, 3 microM), virtually abolished responses to ATP. When the endothelium was removed vasoconstrictor responses to ATP and noradrenaline were augmented. 5. In preparations with tone raised with methoxamine (10-80 microM) nucleotides elicited vasodilatation with an observed potency order of ATP = UTP > ADP >> adenosine. 2MeSATP had relatively minor vasodilator effects and at the highest dose tested (50 nmol) elicited only vasoconstriction. alpha,beta-meATP did not elicit vasodilatation but produced further constriction of the raised tone preparation. At the highest doses of ATP and ADP (0.5 microM) responses were biphasic with vasoconstriction preceding vasodilatation. After removal of the endothelium, with the exception of adenosine, vasodilator responses to purines and to UTP were abolished; vasoconstriction to ATP, ADP, UTP and 2MeSATP was evident at the highest doses. 6. Suramin (100 microM) inhibited vasodilatation to both ATP and UTP and abolished responses to 2MeSATP. PPADS (3 microM) inhibited relaxation to 2MeSATP but did not affect relaxation to ATP, UTP, adenosine and acetylcholine and ADP. 7. Reactive blue 2 (30 microM) blocked vasodilator responses to ATP, UTP, 2MeSATP and acetylcholine; it was without effect when used at 3 microM. 8. The results of this study show that ATP elicits vasoconstriction of mesenteric arteries of the golden hamster via P2X-purinoceptors located on the smooth muscle, and vasodilatation via P2U-receptors which are located on the endothelium. 2MeSATP has marginal vasodilator activity, suggesting that P2Y-purinoceptors contribute minimally to relaxation to ATP in hamster mesenteric arteries.     

Endothelial nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxant effect of isotirumalin, a dihydroflavonol from Derris urucu, on the rat aorta

The present work aimed to investigate the vasorelaxant effect of isotirumalin, a dihydroflavonol isolated from Derris urucu (Leguminosae). The vasorelaxant effect of isotirumalin was investigated in the rat aorta, in the presence and in the absence of a functional endothelium. The production of nitric oxide (NO) induced by isotirumalin was measured simultaneously with its vasorelaxation using carbon microsensors. In endothelium-intact aortic rings, isotirumalin induced a concentration-dependent vasodilator effect the concentration required to produce 30% of relaxation (pIC??=4.84±0.24) that was abolished in endothelium-denuded aortic rings or in the presence of Nω-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME; 300 μM). In addition, isotirumalin (100 μM) induced a simultaneous and significant increase on NO production, which was blunted in the presence of L-NAME. The present results demonstrate that isotirumalin is a vasodilator in the rat aorta and act by a mechanism dependent on the presence of a functional endothelium and on NO production.     

Mechanisms underlying enhanced vasodilator responses to various vasodilator agents following endothelium removal in rat mesenteric resistance arteries

We reported that vasodilator responses to various vasodilator agents were augmented by endothelium removal. To explain this mechanism, we hypothesized that endothelium removal eliminates the release of endothelium-derived contracting factor EDCF, which counteracts the vasodilation. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Therefore the present study investigated the second messenger system further to investigate the mechanisms underlying enhanced vasodilator response after endothelium removal in rat mesenteric resistance arteries. Mesenteric vascular beds isolated from Wistar rats were perfused and perfusion pressure was measured. The vascular endothelium was removed by 30-s perfusion of sodium deoxycholate. Vasodilator responses to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) perfusion were markedly augmented and prolonged by endothelium removal. In preparations with intact endothelium and active tone, 5-min perfusion of sodium azide (non-specific guanylate cyclase (GC) activator), ANP (membrane-linked GC activator), and 8-Br-cGMP (cGMP analogue) caused a concentration-dependent vasodilation that was markedly augmented by endothelium removal. However, vasodilation induced by YC-1 and BAY41-2272 (selective soluble GC activator) was not augmented by endothelium removal. When methylene blue (soluble GC inhibitor) was present in the medium, SNP caused a concentration-dependent vasodilation in the preparation with intact endothelium, which was less augmented by endothelium removal compared with control (preparation without methylene blue). These findings suggest that endothelium removal affects intracellular cGMP-mediated signal transduction system in vascular smooth muscle cells.     

The vasodilator effect and its mechanism of sulfur dioxide-derivatives on isolated aortic rings of rats

The vasodilator effect of exogenous sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) derivatives (mixture of sodium bisulfite and sodium sulfite, 3:1 M/M in neutral solution) on rat vascular system was studied in order to explore the mechanism of blood pressure lowered by SO(2) and its derivatives. Isolated rat aortic rings were perfused in bath tubes containing various chemicals and their tensions were recorded. The results showed: (1) The SO(2) derivatives could relax isolated aorta precontracted by norepinephrine (NE) or potassium chloride (KCl) in a dose-dependent manner. (2) This vasodilator effect was attenuated after preincubation with indomethacin, but was not affected by N-L-nitro-arginine, methylene blue, and propranolol, and was independent of the aorta endothelium. (3) The vasoconstriction responses induced by NE, KCl, or Ca(2+) were antagonized by SO(2) derivatives in a noncompetitive manner. (4) The vasoconstrictions of two components (initial fast vasoconstriction induced by intracellular Ca(2+) release and sustained vasoconstriction evoked by extracellular Ca(2+) influx) were also inhibited by SO(2) derivatives. These results led to the conclusions: The SO(2) derivatives could cause vasorelaxation by a direct role of the chemicals on aortic smooth muscle cells. It was not dependent on vascular endothelium and was independent of nitric oxide (NO). It is suggested that SO(2) and its derivatives might be also vasoactive substances that modulate changes of blood pressure, like other gasotransmitters. The vasorelaxation might be related to the inhibition effects of SO(2) derivatives on Ca(2+) entry through both potential-dependent calcium channels and receptor-operating calcium channels, and also to the inhibition of intracellular Ca(2+) release. The vasorelaxation was at partly related to the increase of prostacyclin (PGI(2)) induced by SO(2) derivatives.     

Study of the mechanisms involved in adenosine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) induced relaxation of rat thoracic aorta and pancreatic vascular bed.

1. The endothelium-dependent relaxation of blood vessels induced by P2Y-purinoceptor activation has often been shown to involve prostacyclin and/or nitric oxide (NO) release. In this work, we have investigated the mechanisms involved in the relaxant effect of the P2Y agonist, adenosine -5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (ADP beta S) using two complementary preparations: rat pancreatic vascular bed and aortic ring. 2. On the pancreatic vascular bed, ADP beta S (1.5 and 15 microM) infused for 30 min induced a concentration-dependent vasodilatation; it was progressive during the first 10 min (first period) and sustained from 10 to 30 min (second period). Indomethacin (10 microM) delayed ADP beta S-induced vasodilatation (1.5 and 15 microM) by about 6 min. N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (200 microM) suppressed the relaxation for about 5 min but thereafter ADP beta S at the two concentrations progressively induced an increase in the flow rate. Even the co-administration of L-NAME and indomethacin did not abolish the ADP beta S-induced vasorelaxation. 3. On 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) precontracted rings mounted in isometric conditions in organ baths, we observed that ADP beta S induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of rings with a functional endothelium; this effect was stable for 25 min. The ADP beta S relaxant effect was strongly inhibited by Reactive Blue 2 (30 microM) and was suppressed by pretreatment of rings with saponin (0.05 mg ml-1 for 30 min), which also abolished the acetylcholine-induced relaxation. 4. ADP beta S-induced relaxation of 5-HT precontracted rings is largely inhibited by indomethacin (100 or 10 microM) or L-NAME (100 microM). 5. We conclude that: the ADP beta S-induced relaxation is endothelium-dependent, mediated by P2Y-purinoceptors, and at least in part linked to NO and prostacyclin release, depending on the preparation used. Furthermore, on the pancreatic vascular bed, (an)other mechanism(s) than prostacyclin and NO releases may be involved in ADP beta S-induced vasodilatation.     

Characterization of hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of PHAR-DBH-Me a new cannabinoid receptor agonist

The effect of PHAR-DBH-Me, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on different cardiovascular responses in adult male rats was analyzed. The blood pressure was measured directly and indirectly. The coronary flow was measured by Langendorff preparation, and vasomotor responses induced by PHAR-DBH-Me in aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine (PHEN) were analyzed. The intravenous injection of the compound PHAR-DBH-Me (0.018–185 µg/kg) resulted in decreased blood pressure; maximum effect was observed at the dose of 1,850 µg/kg. A concentration-dependent increase in the coronary flow was observed in a Langendorff preparation. In the aortic rings, with and without endothelium, pre-contracted with PHEN (10^–6 M), the addition of PHAR-DBH-Me to the superfusion solution (10^–12–10^–5 M), produced a vasodilator response, which depends on the concentration and presence of the endothelium. L-NAME inhibited these effects. Addition of CB₁ receptor antagonist (AM 251) did not modify the response, while CB₂ receptor antagonist (AM630) decreased the potency of relaxation elicited by PHAR-DBH-Me. Indomethacin shifted the curve concentration-response to the left and produced an increase in the magnitude of the maximum endothelium dependent response to this compound. The maximum effect of PHAR-DBH-Me was observed with the concentration of 10^–5 M. These results show that PHAR-DBH-Me has a concentration-dependent and endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect through CB₂ receptor. This vasodilation is probably mediated by the synthesis/release of NO. On the other hand, it is suggested that PHAR-DBH-Me also induces the release of a vasoconstrictor prostanoid.