3种手术方法治疗肾上腺肿瘤的比较

目的比较小切口腹腔镜与后腹腔镜、开放性手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤的临床价值。方法2003年1月-2006年7月我院对95例肾上腺肿瘤分别采用小切口腹腔镜手术（n=12）,后腹腔镜手术（n=23）,开放性手术（n=60）,比较3组术中、术后情况。结果后腹腔镜手术组手术时间（142.6±41.3）min明显长于小切口腹腔镜组（72.9±13.7）min和开放手术组（96.7±40.9）min（q=7.140,P〈0.05;q=6.827,P〈0.05）;开放手术组术中出血量（232.0±89.2）ml明显多于小切口腹腔镜组（125.0±58.4）ml和后腹腔镜手术组（119.6±63.5）ml（q=5.947,P〈0.05;q=8.055,P〈0.05）;开放手术组术后肠功能恢复时间（4.1±0.8）d明显长于小切口腹腔镜组（2.7±1.2）d和后腹腔镜手术组（2.7±0.9）d（q=7.106,P〈0.05;q=9.163,P〈0.05）;开放手术组术后住院时间（12.6±3.2）d明显长于小切口腹腔镜组（6.7±2.7）d和后腹腔镜手术组（6.3±1.4）d（q=9.383,P〈0.05;q=12.919,P〈0.05）。3组术后复发无统计学意义（χ^2=0.621,P=0.733）。结论与开放手术相比,小切口腹腔镜和后腹腔镜手术具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点;小切口腹腔镜为巨大肾上腺肿瘤切除提供了微创手术的新方式。     

前路小切口人工全髋关节置换术疗效分析

目的对前路小切口人工髋关节置换术(THA)的临床效果进行回顾分析。方法将2002年8月至2004年2月施行THA的120例患者随机分成两组,每组60例患者,分别采用前路小切口和传统后路切口,对手术时间、出血量、并发症、切口长度、术后平均住院时间、术后Harris评分进行比较。结果平均随访20个月(12～30个月)。小切口组的平均手术时间为72min,传统切口组为69min(P>0.05);小切口组的平均切口长度为7.9cm,传统切口组为16.3cm(P<0.01);小切口组出血量平均为350ml,传统切口组650ml(P<0.01);小切口组平均术后住院时间为7d,传统切口组为13.5d(P<0.05)。小切口组术后X线片髋臼前倾角平均为24°,传统切口组为19°;小切口组外展角平均为47°,传统切口组为45°。术后3个月随访时,小切口组的平均Harris评分为91.4分,传统切口组为78.5分(P<0.05);末次随访时,小切口组的平均Harris评分为95.1分,传统切口组为95.6分(P>0.05),但两组髋关节活动度差异有统计学意义,分别为(110.0±3.2)°和(90.0±2.9)°(P<0.05)。两组患者都未出现感染、血管神经损伤等并发症。小切口组有1例术中摄片发现髋臼前倾角偏大,立即将髋臼取出重新安放,术后无不良反应。传统切口组2例症状性DVT,1例出现嗜睡,CT示脑基底节小梗塞灶。结论前路小切口THA具有创伤小、出血少、美观的优点,是一种安全、有效、可靠的方法。     

小切口第一跖骨远端截骨术矫正踇外翻畸形

目的：探讨小切口第一跖骨远端截骨术矫正踇外翻畸形的疗效。方法：2003年以来采用小切口第一跖骨远端截骨术治疗踇外翻畸形300例共542只足，不做内固定。对所有患者采用美国骨科足踝外科学会（AOFAS）蹲趾-跖趾-趾间评分标准进行临床评估，并结合影像学诊断综合评价手术疗效。结果：AOFAS总平均分为89．4&#177;10．2分。影像学评估，术后踇外翻角（HVA）为12．8&#176;&#177;5．8&#176;（4&#176;～22&#176;），较术前34．6&#176;&#177;9．6&#176;（18&#176;～68&#176;）改善22&#176;&#177;8．4&#176;；第一二跖骨间角（IMA）为7．6&#176;&#177;1．8（6&#176;～11&#176;），较术前14．3&#176;&#177;3．2&#176;（11&#176;～21&#176;）改善6．7&#176;&#177;2．4&#176;，P〈0．05表示有显著性差异。542只患足，498只对术后疗效满意，满意率91．5％。结论：小切口第一跖骨远端截骨术矫正踇外翻，临床效果可靠，不需内固定，手术切口美观，值得推广。     

改良外侧小切口全髋关节置换术的疗效分析

目的比较改良外侧小切口与后外侧Gibson入路全髋关节置换术(THR)的临床疗效。方法 18例(20髋)行改良外侧小切口THR(A组),19例(22髋)行标准后外侧Gibson入路THR(B组),比较两组手术时间、切口长度、失血量、术中和术后并发症、X线片髋臼外展角和前倾角,以及术后6周,3、12个月的Harris髋关节功能评分和疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)。结果 A、B两组切口长度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而手术时间、失血量方面差异无统计学意义。B组有2例发生后脱位,而A组无脱位发生,两组均有2例发生跛行。Harris和VAS评分术前两组间均无显著差异,两组术后均较各自术前明显改善,术后6周Harris与VAS评分A组均优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后3、12个月两组Har-ris和VAS评分均进一步改善,但差异无统计学意义。结论外侧小切口THR在术后6周较后外侧入路THR髋关节功能恢复更快和疼痛更轻,这种显著差异对于老年患者可以有效减少手术和卧床并发症,降低病死率。     

保乳手术使用切口保护、开创器与常规方法的手术效果比较

目的比较保乳手术中，使用切口保护、开创器或常规手术方法，两者清扫腋窝淋巴结之手术效果。方法（1）将实施保乳手术的乳腺癌患者分为A、B两组。A组34例，为常规手术方法；B组31例，在术中腋窝淋巴结清扫时，使用切口保护、开创器。（2）根据腋下术区长短径之比、术区显露解剖结构数目、术中使用手术拉钩情况，权重判分。手术视野显露最佳者为10分，最差者0分。（3）根据腋下切口长度分别计6～10分，切口越短计分越高。结果（1）手术显露效果平均得分：A组（3．03&#177;1．06）分，B组（9．29&#177;0．94）分，两者相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。（2）腋下切口长度计分平均分值：A组（5．0&#177;1．33）分，B组（9．87&#177;0．50）分，两者相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。（3）手术切口皮缘坏死、牵拉伤或被电刀烫伤情况发生率分别为，A组8．82％，B组6．45％，两者相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论（1）由于切口保护、开创器的支撑与均匀牵拉作用，可使术野整体显露良好。（2）借助切口保护、开创器这一新器械，在保障保乳手术根治性的同时，可减小手术创伤，增强美容效果。     

小切口与传统切口在全髋关节置换术中的早期临床疗效分析

【摘要】〓目的〓本文通过采用后外侧小切口和传统切口施行全髋关节置换术对比研究,探讨后外侧小切口全髋关节置换术的临床效果。方法〓选择我科2008年12月至2010年12月施行人工全髋关节置换术(THA)的80例患者并分成两组,每组40例患者,分别采用后外侧小切口和传统切口,对切口长度,术中的失血量,术后的伤口引流量,手术时间,髋臼外展角,髋臼前倾角,术后第1、3、6个月Harris评分进行比较。结果〓所有病人均获随访,平均随访12个月(6~24)。小切口组切口长度为6.8~10.3 cm,平均8.5 cm;传统切口组切口长度15.6~23.8 cm,平均18.2 cm;小切口组的术中失血、术后引流血量分别为163.8±15.6 mL,325.4±20.3 mL,传统切口组分别为283.5±13.5 mL,410.4±27.6 mL,两组均有差异(P<0.05);小切口组手术时间为89.4±14.2 min,传统切口组为123.5±10.3 min(两组比较,P<0.05);小切口组术后X线片髋臼外展角为43.8±8.5°,传统切口组为46.5±6.7°;小切口组前倾角为22.8±3.5°,传统切口组前倾角为23.5±2.9°,两组间有统计学差异。术后第1、3个月随访,小切口组的Harris评分为69.5±8.9、84.8±7.3分,传统切口组为58.7±6.6、75.4±10.4分,两组间有统计学差异;术后第6个月、12个月随访Harris评分在两组间无统计学差异。两组患者均无脑血管意外、股骨假体周围骨折、神经损伤、下肢深静脉血栓形成、及下肢不等长等并发症。结论〓小切口全髋关节置换术减少了术中、术后的伤口出血及手术的暴露时间,有助于术后功能锻炼。     

腹膜外放置U型乳胶引流条在控制胃肠手术切口感染中的应用研究

目的探讨在切口腹膜外放置U型乳胶引流条对胃肠外科开腹手术切口感染率及愈合过程的影响。方法回顾性分析200例行胃肠外科开腹手术患者的切口愈合情况,其中97例切口腹膜外放置U型乳胶引流条（引流组）,对照组103例未放置引流条。比较2组术后愈合过程中切口感染率、切口平均愈合拆线时间以及平均住院时间。结果引流组的切口感染率为7.22%（7/97）,明显低于对照组的18.45%（19/103）,P=0.024;术后平均切口愈合拆线时间为（8.24&#177;1.02）d,较对照组的（12.32&#177;3.47）d明显缩短（P=0.000）;术后平均住院时间为（8.86&#177;1.48）d,亦较对照组的（14.12&#177;2.63）d明显缩短（P=0.000）。结论腹部手术切口腹膜外放置U型乳胶引流条,可有效降低切口感染率,促进切口一期愈合。     

微创小切口和常规切口全髋关节置换术的疗效比较

目的比较微创小切口和常规切口全髋关节置换术的临床疗效。方法2004年6月至2008年6月,采用全髋关节置换术治疗98例患者。其中48例行单侧后路微创小切口全髋关节置换术,男26例,女22例;年龄45～85岁,平均66.8岁;股骨颈骨折19例,股骨头坏死19例,骨关节炎10例。另50例接受常规切口全髋关节置换术,男23例,女27例;年龄46～86岁,平均66.6岁;股骨颈骨折15例,股骨头坏死17例,骨关节炎8例,髋臼发育不良6例,类风湿关节炎4例。比较术中和术后各相关指标及并发症的发病率。结果全部获得随访,随访时间为6～15个月,平均8个月。微创组的手术切口长度、手术时间、术后2d C反应蛋白水平、术后2d红细胞沉降率、术后2d后大腿周径增加值均明显优于常规组,两组比较均有统计学差异（P〈0.01）。两组的术中失血量、输血量、术后4周Harris评分均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。微创组的皮肤损伤8例,常规组19例,有统计学差异（P〈0.01）,两组的异位骨化、深静脉血栓、血肿等术后并发症均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。两组均无一例发生神经损伤、血管损伤、脱位及感染。结论微创小切口与常规切口全髋关节置换术比较,具有创伤小、手术时间短、感染概率低、人工关节稳定性强、患者恢复时间短等优势,手术切实可行。     

微创全膝关节置换术的早期临床疗效分析

目的比较不干扰股四头肌（QS）微创全膝置换术与标准全膝关节置换术的早期临床结果。方法2005年3月至2006年3月,采用QS微创全膝置换术完成26例单侧全膝关节置换术（QS组）,观察切口长度、手术时间、出血量、关节屈曲活动度,视觉模拟（VAS）疼痛评分、膝关节协会评分（KSS）、下肢胫股角和直腿抬高时间等,并与同期33例标准髌旁内侧入路TKA比较（标准组）。结果术后平均随访17个月（12～23个月）。平均切口长度QS组为（9．5±1．5）cm,标准组为（14．0±2．3）cm（P〈0．05）。止血带时间QS组为（83±16）min,标准组为（55±11）min（P〈0．05）。平均胫股角QS组为外翻（5．7±1．5）°,标准组为（6．0±1．4）°（P〉0．05）。VAS评分术后1、3和7dQS组明显低于标准组,术后6周VAS评分无差异。膝关节主动屈曲活动度术后1周QS组可达到（107±12）°,标准组为（95±11）°（P〈0．05）,术后6周和3个月组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,术后12个月平均屈曲度组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。直腿抬高术后1周QS组为23例（88％）,而标准组为21例（64％）（P〈0．05）。术后6周膝关节评分QS组为78±15,标准组为71±20（P〈0．05）。QS组1例出现有症状的深静脉血栓,标准组3例;QS组1例伤口愈合不良。所有病例未发现深部感染,神经血管损伤等并发症。结论采用QS微创全膝置换,术后疼痛轻,有利于早期伸膝功能和活动度的恢复,但手术技术要求高,应严格掌握手术适应证。     

关节镜辅助小切口肩袖修复术治疗肩袖撕裂

目的 探讨关节镜辅助小切口修复术治疗肩袖撕裂的临床效果. 方法 1999年3月～2004年3月应用关节镜辅助小切口修复术治疗肩袖撕裂22例.13例行关节镜检查,小切口肩峰下间隙减压及肩袖修复术;9例行关节镜下肩峰下间隙减压及小切口肩袖修复术.采用UCLA肩评分标准进行评价. 结果 22例随访12～72个月,平均47个月,UCLA评分由术前（14.8±3.8）分升至术后（32.0±4.7）分（t=15.086,P=0.000）.优7例,良13例,可1例,差1例;20例满意. 结论 关节镜辅助小切口修复术是治疗肩袖撕裂的有效方法,操作简单,创伤小.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.