耐信Nexium

[通用名称] esomeprazole magnesium,埃索美拉唑镁 [化学名称] 双-S-5-甲氧基-2-{[(4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基-2-吡啶基)甲基]亚磺酸基}-1H-苯并咪唑镁三水合物     

世界畅销药埃索美拉唑的开发应用进展

埃索美拉唑中文又名：艾司奥美拉唑;为5-甲氧基-2-((S)-((4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基-2-吡啶基)甲基)亚硫酰基)-1H-苯并咪唑【1】。英文名：Esomeprazole ,分子式：C17H19N3O3S。分子结构。     

埃索美拉唑钠的合成

目的制备埃索美拉唑钠。方法以4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基-2-羟甲基吡啶为原料,经氯化后与5-甲氧基-2-巯基苯并咪唑反应合成奥美拉唑硫醚物,奥美拉唑硫醚物在以(1S,2S)-(-)-1,2-环己二胺-D-酒石酸盐为手性配体、环烷酸钴为催化剂、过氧化钠为氧化剂的条件下进行不对称氧化合成高光学纯度埃索美拉唑钠。结果与结论目标化合物的结构经IR、1H-NMR、13C-NMR和MS确证。该法操作简便,收率较高(45%),产品光学纯度≥99%,含量≥98%,适于工业化生产。     

奥美拉唑产品中二种杂质的制备

为对奥美拉唑产品中的杂质进行定量控制,以2-巯基-5-甲氧基-IH-苯并咪唑和2-氯甲基-3,5-二甲基-4-甲氧基吡啶经缩合、氧化制得2个奥美拉唑杂质--5-甲氧基-2-[(4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基吡啶-2-基)甲磺酰基]-1H-苯并咪唑和5-甲氧基-2-[(4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基吡啶-2-基-1-氧化物)甲磺酰基]-1H-苯并咪唑,并经核磁共振和质谱确证结构.     

艾司奥美拉唑钠两种砜类杂质的一锅法合成研究

目的合成艾司奥美拉唑钠两个砜杂质,加强其质量控制。方法以2-氯甲基-3,5-二甲基-4-甲氧基吡啶盐酸盐和2-巯基-5-甲氧基苯并咪唑为起始原料,通过一锅法同时合成艾司奥美拉唑钠的两个砜类杂质:5-甲氧基-2-[[(4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基-2-吡啶基)甲基]磺酰基]-1H-苯并咪唑(收率为49%)和5-甲氧基-2-[[(4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基-1-氧代-2-吡啶基)甲基]磺酰基]-1H-苯并咪唑(收率为46%),总收率为95%。结果与结论两个杂质的结构经质谱、核磁共振氢谱确证,纯度均高于99.8%,可作为艾司奥美拉唑钠原料药和制剂研究质量控制的标准品。本工艺采用一锅法同时合成两种砜类杂质,该法操作简单、条件温和、纯度高、收率高、成本低。     

泰妥拉唑的合成

2,3-二氨基-6-甲氧基吡啶和乙氧基荒酸钾经闭环得到5-甲氧基-1H-咪唑并[4，5-自]吡啶-2-硫醇，再与2-氯甲基-3,5-二甲基-4-甲氧基吡啶缩合后氧化得到抗溃疡药泰妥拉唑，总收率48％。     

奥美拉唑杂质的合成

目的研究奥美拉唑杂质:2-[(5-甲氧基-1 H-苯并咪唑-2-亚磺酰基)甲基]-3,5-二甲基-4-羟基吡啶的合成方法。方法以2-氯甲基-4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基吡啶盐酸盐(CMML)为原料,通过脱甲基、缩合、氧化三步反应制得2-[(5-甲氧基-1 H-苯并咪唑-2-亚磺酰基)甲基]-3,5]二甲基-4-羟基吡啶。结果合成的目标化合物经核磁共振氢谱、核磁共振碳谱及质谱确证。结论该合成通过三步得到目标化合物,收率约为23%。     

S-泮托拉唑钠的合成工艺改进

用2-甲基-3、4-二甲氧基吡啶为原料,经氯化亚砜氯化后得2-氯甲基-3、4-二甲氧基吡啶盐酸盐,再和5-二氟甲氧基-2-硫基-1H-苯并咪唑进行缩合反应,再经不对称氧化得S-泮托拉唑,再经氢氧化钠成盐后得S-泮托拉唑钠。     

H~+、K~+-ATP酶抑制剂Pantoprazole Sodium

合成反应是由3-甲氧基-2-甲基-4硝基吡啶-N-氧化物(Ⅰ)或4-氯-3-甲氧基-2-甲基吡啶-N-氧化物(Ⅱ)在热的甲醇中和甲醇钠反应产生3,4-二甲氧基-2-甲基吡啶-N-氧化物(Ⅲ),Ⅲ在90℃酸酐中异构化,并用NaOH水解转化为2-羟甲基-3,4-二甲氧基吡啶(Ⅳ),Ⅳ和SOCl_2在CH_2Cl_2起反应生成相应的2-氯甲基-3,4-二甲氧基吡啶鎓盐(Ⅴ);Ⅴ和5-二氟甲氧基-2-巯基苯并咪唑(Ⅵ),在热甲醇中通过NaOH缩合产生5-(二氟甲氧基)-2[[(3,4-二甲氧基-2-吡啶     

埃索美拉唑合成路线图解

埃索美拉唑(esomeprazole,l),化学名为(S)-5-甲氧基一2-[[(4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基-2-毗啶基)甲基]亚硫酞基]-1H-苯并咪哇,是奥美拉哇的左旋异构体,为第一个上市的光学纯质子泵抑制剂,其钠盐可作为注射制剂,2003年在欧洲上市;镁盐则可用作口服制剂,2000年在欧洲上市.与奥     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.