感染性心内膜炎70例临床分析

目的 探讨感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床特点、治疗方法及转归。方法 回顾分析北京协和医院自1988年1月～2000年5月间确诊的70例IE临床特点。结果 (1)8例(11．4％)为人工瓣膜心内膜炎(PVE),62例(88．6％)为自然瓣膜心内膜炎(NVE);57例(91．9％)NVE病人存在各种基础心脏病,其中先天性心血管畸形(22例,38．6％)最常见,其次为特发性二尖瓣脱垂(18例,31．6％)和风湿性心脏病(12例,21．1％)。(2)临床主要表现为发热(100％)、贫血(40例,57．1％)和栓塞(33例,47．1％)。(3)60％(42例)病例细菌培养阳性,23例致病菌为链球菌。(4)39／51例IE经过单纯抗感染治疗痊愈,17／19例经过抗感染治疗联合外科手术治愈。死亡14例,其中包括5例PVE和2例起搏器植入术后IE;顽固性充血性心力衰竭是最常见的死亡原因(9／14)。结论 IE最常见的基础心脏病前3位是先天性心血管畸形、二尖瓣脱垂和风湿性心脏病。不明原因长期发热患者应想到心内膜炎的可能,血培养和超声心动图检查有助于IE的诊断。PVE、起搏器植入术后合并IE以及并发顽固性充血性心力衰竭则预后不良。     

长期发热的感染性心内膜炎35例临床分析

目的:分析感染性心内膜炎的临床特征,提高感染性心内膜炎的诊断意识.方法:回顾分析我院近13年35例感染性心内膜炎的患者的临床特征及诊断.结果:①35例患者中33例为自体心脏瓣膜心内膜炎,2例为人工瓣膜心内膜炎.33例自体瓣膜心内膜炎中,基础心脏病占78.8%(26/33),其中先天性心脏病占53.8%(14/26)、原发性二尖瓣脱垂占26.9%(7/26)、风湿性心脏病占19.2%(5/26).②35例患者临床表现包括发热100%(35/35),寒颤40.0%(14/35),贫血65.7%(23/35).脾大54.3%(19/35),脏器栓塞17.1%(6/35).③血培养阳性率为65.7%(23/35),其中13例为链球菌属.④35例患者中28例(80.0%)患者经单纯抗感染治疗后治愈,6例(17.1%)患者经手术联合药物抗感染治疗后治愈,有1例(2.9%)真菌感染患者死亡.⑤35例感染性心内膜炎患者中,无基础心脏病患者7例,有基础心脏病患者28例.7例无基础心脏病患者中有明确感染途径的占6例,28例有基础心脏病患者中有明确感染途径的占7例,两者感染途径阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.006).结论:感染性心内膜炎常见的基础心脏病是先天性心脏病、风湿性瓣膜病,二尖瓣脱垂;对于长期不明原因发热,应想到感染性心内膜炎的可能,尤其对于无基础心脏病、但有明确感染途径而长期发热者应高度怀疑感染性心内膜炎.超声心动图有助于感染性心内膜炎的诊断.     

感染性心内膜炎应用人工瓣膜和自体瓣膜的病原菌及赘生物附着的临床分析

目的:研究感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床特点及病原菌的变迁,比较人工瓣膜心内膜炎(PVE)及自体瓣膜心内膜炎(NVE)在致病微生物及赘生物附着部位方面的特点.方法:检索我院2003-05到2008-05符合Duke标准的266例住院治疗的IE患者,进行回顾性分析,并分为PVE(n=37)及NVE(n=229)两组进行比较.结果:91.4%(243/266)的IE患者存在基础心脏疾病,包括先天性心脏病101例,非风湿性瓣膜病77例,风湿性心脏病62例,肥厚型梗阻性心肌病3例.82.0%(218/266)发现赘生物,常见附着部位依次为主动脉瓣、二尖瓣、主动脉瓣合并二尖瓣.血培养阳性率49.5%(103/208).致病菌中革兰氏阴性杆菌及真菌呈增长趋势.PVE组常见致病菌依次为革兰氏阴性杆菌,葡萄球菌及真菌;NVE组为链球菌,葡萄球菌及革兰氏阴性杆菌.PVE组与NVE组相比赘生物检出率低(P<0.01),但血培养阳性率高(P<0.01).链球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌及革兰氏阴性杆菌,在两组培养致病菌间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).早期和晚期PVE细菌谱不同.PVE组的住院总病死率高于NVE组.结论:IE患者的疾病谱及致病菌与既往报道相比均有较明显改变,PVE与NVE常见致病菌及赘生物检出率不同,应及时行血培养及经食管超声心动图检查,根据药物敏感试验结果应用有效的抗生素,同时应积极预防医源性感染.     

感染性心内膜炎的临床特点分析（附104例报告）

目的 分析感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床表现、基础心脏病因、致病微生物、受累瓣膜等临床特点以及治疗效果,提高IE的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析1999-01-2008-12共104例经外科手术治疗的IE患者的临床资料.结果＞60岁者有13例(12.5%);发热89例(85.58%),贫血75例(72.12%),消瘦、乏力61例(58.63%),心脏杂音101例(97.12%);先天性心脏病45例(43.7%)、风湿性心脏病33例(31.73%),静脉药瘾者7例(6.73%);87例患者进行了血培养,阳性52例(59.77%),其中链球菌25例(48.08%),葡萄球菌17例(32.69%),真菌2例(3.85%);83例(79.81%)经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查发现赘生物,主动脉瓣36例(34.62%),二尖瓣17例(16.35%),三尖瓣11例(10.58%),联合瓣膜9例(8.65%).术后早期死亡4例(3.85%).随访89例(85.6%),随访时间1～112个月,无心内膜炎复发,心功能恢复至Ⅰ级66例(74.16%),Ⅱ级23例(25.84%).结论 IE的平均发病年龄有增大趋势;发热和心脏杂音是最常见的临床表现;风湿性心脏病和先天性心脏病是IE常见的基础心脏疾病,且先天性心脏病比例已超过风湿性心脏病;草绿色链球菌仍是IE最常见的致病菌;IE常累及主动脉瓣;IE的确诊主要依靠血培养和TTE检查;及时外科手术治疗,疗效确切.     

小儿及少年感染性心内膜炎20例临床分析

目的 :为少儿感染性心内膜炎 (IE)的诊治及预防寻找对策。方法 :对 2 0例少儿 IE的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 :IE2 0例中 ,非青紫型先天性心脏病 1 0例 ,均为室间隔缺损 (VSD) ,其中 5例合并主动脉瓣关闭不全 (AI) ;青紫型先天性心脏病 2例 ;风湿性心脏病 6例 ;心脏结构正常 2例。部分患者伴有明显的免疫功能紊乱。血培养阳性 1 0例。超声心动图检查发现瓣膜赘生物1 7例。治疗主要用青霉素等。死亡 5例。结论 :1心脏结构异常是 IE的主要基础病因 ;2先天性心脏病 VSD合并 AI、风湿性心脏病有二尖瓣脱垂和联合病变者为发生 IE的高危儿 ,对这些患儿应定期用抗生素积极预防 ;3超声心动图检查对 IE的诊断有重要价值。4对确诊或高度疑诊的 IE患儿 ,首先应内科治疗。     

感染性心内膜炎67例分析

目的:探讨感染性心内膜炎(IE)的致病菌、临床特点.方法:回顾性分析67例IE的临床资料.结果:草绿色链球菌占36.8% ,金黄色葡萄球菌占31.6%.器质性心脏病59例占88.1%,其中风湿性心脏病22例(37.2%),包括人工瓣膜2例,先天性心脏病25例(42.3%).超声技术在心脏赘生物的检出率(83.5%)56例,阳性率远高于血培养.结论:随着抗生素的广泛使用和病原微生物的变化,IE的临床特征发生了显著变化,超声心动图检查和血培养有助于IE的诊断;基础心脏病是IE常见病因.     

215例感染性心内膜炎临床分析

目的探讨感染性心内膜炎的临床特征,提高感染性心内膜炎的诊治水平.方法回顾性分析了215例感染性心内膜炎的基础病因、临床表现及并发症等.结果感染性心内膜炎基础病因中风湿性心脏病比例(30.2%)有所下降,而先天性心脏病比例(34.9%)相对升高,无基础心脏病比例(16.7%)比以往报道明显增加.发热(占87.9%)为感染性心内膜炎常见临床表现及首发症状,其次是贫血(61.9%)及脏器栓塞(21.9%).血培养阳性率为57.7%,其中主要致病菌是草绿色链球菌(32.4%)和表皮葡萄球菌(15.5%).134例(62.3%)超声心动图检查发现赘生物.17例早期人工瓣膜心内膜炎有8例死亡,占47.1%.住院期间死亡率为10.6%,死亡原因主要是心力衰竭和脑血管意外.结论感染性心内膜炎基础病因和致病菌发生较明显变化,早期人工瓣膜心内膜炎死亡率高,应尽早手术治疗.     

感染性心内膜炎97例临床分析

目的 了解近年来感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床特点变化.方法 回顾性分析华山医院近10年收治的97例IE患者的临床资料,包括发病年龄、易感因素、临床表现、血培养及超声心动图检查.计量数值如患者发病年龄等以算术平均数±标准差表示,病例阳性数以百分比表示,对比分析采用Fisher确切概率法.结果 97例IE患者平均年龄(49±17)岁,有基础心脏病73例,占75.3％;前三位是风湿性心脏病27例(27.8％)、先天性心脏病23例(23.7％)、特发性二尖瓣脱垂18例(18.6％).临床表现为发热96例(99.0％)、心脏杂音93例(95.9％)、贫血82例(84.5％).血液细菌培养阳性66例(68.0％),其中草绿色链球菌28株(42.4％),仍为主要致病菌,且全部发生于自然瓣膜心内膜炎患者中;葡萄球菌18株(27.3％),金黄色葡萄球菌10株(15.2％),有3株为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌8株(12.1％),有2株为耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS);鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌等耐药性强的病原菌各1株.超声心动图赘生物检出79例,占81.4％,其中右心赘生物9例,病原主要为葡萄球菌.结论 IE患者临床表现、易感因素、致病菌发生了变化,多次血培养及超声心动图检查有助于诊断.     

成人感染性心内膜炎基础心脏损害的改变

近年来随着人群中风湿性心脏病减少,其占据感染性心内膜炎(IE)基础心脏损害的突出地位业已改变,二尖瓣脱垂、二尖瓣与主动脉瓣的退行性变相对地占据了较重要位置。既往依靠物理检查诊断IE基础心脏病相当困难,且不准确,超声心动图和其它诊断技术改善提高了IE基础心脏病诊     

122例感染性心内膜炎临床特征分析

目的 探讨感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床特征.方法 回顾性分析122例IE患者的临床资料、辅助检查结果、治疗情况及预后并进行分析.结果 122例IE患者男女比为2.59:1,平均年龄为(48.74±19.81)岁.83例(68.03％)患者存在基础心脏病,先天性心脏病(CHD)最多(26例,21.31％),风湿性心脏病(...     

The changing pattern of infective endocarditis in childhood

Forty-eight cases of infective endocarditis (IE) that occurred in 42 patients with congenital heart disease were reviewed from 1970 through 1990 and were compared with a 20-year review of 108 cases diagnosed between 1953 and 1972. The review demonstrates that the natural history of IE in children has changed over the last 2 decades, with half of the cases occurring after surgery for congenital heart disease. In the postoperative group, 46% of patients had undergone valve replacement and 7 of these (29%) had a right ventricular to pulmonary artery valved conduit as the site for IE, suggesting significant additional risk in this setting. Among patients with nonsurgically treated congenital heart disease and IE, mitral valve prolapse has emerged as an important underlying heart lesion occurring in 29% of patients. The bacterial spectrum has shifted, with a significant increase in the incidence of uncommon causative organisms. Mortality has continued to decline with survivorship of 90% in this series.     

44例感染性心内膜炎回顾性分析

目的　探讨感染性心内膜炎 (IE)的病因、致病微生物的变迁、手术时机的选择等因素。方法　对 1994年 9月至 2 0 0 1年 9月间住院的 4 4例IE患者进行分析。男 2 9例 ,女 12例 ,平均年龄 31岁 ,病因包括先天性心脏病、风湿性心脏瓣膜病、心脏病术后、瓣膜脱垂等。手术治疗 30例 ,手术指征主要为进行性慢性心力衰竭和超声心动图发现赘生物 ,绝大多数患者进行了瓣膜置换术。结果　分析显示 ,IE有逐年增加的趋势 ,呼吸道感染为主要的诱因 ,IE最常见的并发症是心力衰竭和脑血管意外。 77%患者分离出病原菌 ,其中组织培养阳性率明显高于血培养 (89%和 4 4 % ,P <0 0 5 )。最常见的致病菌为葡萄球菌 ,其次为草绿色链球菌和嗜麦芽假单胞菌。结论　对进行性心力衰竭 ,超声心动图发现赘生物 ,耐抗生素及持续性脓毒血症和非致命性栓塞的IE患者应尽早手术治疗 ,并应重视心脏手术患者组织的微生物检查和心脏病患者呼吸道感染的强化治疗     

Nosocomial endocarditis in a tertiary hospital: an increasing trend in native valve cases

INTRODUCTION: Changes in the etiology, epidemiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) have been observed in recent years. Newer invasive therapeutic interventions have increased the risk of bacteremia and nosocomial endocarditis in the population at risk. A retrospective analysis of hospital-acquired IE cases was performed in a tertiary hospital during 1985 to 1999. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cases included were those classified as "probable" or "definite" by the IE diagnostic criteria of Durack. Nosocomial acquisition was considered if diagnosis was made > 72 h after hospital admission and there was no evidence that IE was present at the time of admission. Patients receiving a diagnosis within 60 days of a previous hospital admission were also classified as nosocomial, when a risk procedure for bacteremia was performed, or when any predisposing factor for IE was present during hospitalization. Early prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) cases (< 1 year) were excluded from the analysis. Clinical characteristics, etiology, predisposing cardiac condition, source of infection, and outcome were analyzed. Results were compared with those obtained in community-acquired cases. RESULTS: Of 493 cases of IE diagnosed over 15 years, 38 were considered to be hospital acquired. Twenty-eight cases were native valve endocarditis (NVE) in non-IV drug user patients, and 10 cases were late PVE. Overall, the most frequent microorganisms involved were staphylococci (58%). The main sources of infection were intravascular procedures or catheter-related infections (55%). When nosocomial NVE cases were compared with community-acquired cases, mortality was greater (29% vs 9.7%) in hospital-acquired endocarditis. Analysis of time trends showed an increased rate of nosocomial cases in NVE throughout the years of the study. CONCLUSIONS: In NVE, the number of cases that are hospital acquired has been increasing during the last 15 years. These cases are frequently associated with invasive intravascular procedures or IV catheter-related infections. Most patients have a previous valvulopathy that predisposes to IE. The spectrum of microorganisms involved is different from the community-acquired cases. Also, the outcome of endocarditis is worse in nosocomial NVE patients.     

感染性心内膜炎的临床变迁

分析了１９８３～１９９２年我院确诊的感染性心内膜炎（ＩＥ）６６例，并与１９４８～１９６３年北京地区确诊的ＩＥ患者３２０例进行了系统的比较。结果表明：近１０年来，①ＩＥ的基础心脏病中，风湿性心瓣膜病所占比例较过去明显减少；而先天性心脏病增加，特发性二尖瓣脱垂及老年性瓣膜退行性变也占有一定比例；②心脏导管或手术作为ＩＥ的诱因较以往增多，而口腔内感染所诱发的ＩＥ较过去减少；③皮肤病变明显减少，使ＩＥ的临床表现常不典型；④住院病死率明显下降。提高对ＩＥ的认识，对于早期诊断及治疗，改善预后有重要意义。     

Active infective endocarditis observed in an Indian hospital 1981-1991.

Clinical data from 186 patients (133 males and 53 females) with 190 episodes of infective endocarditis (IE) occurring between January 1981 and July 1991 were studied retrospectively at a large referral hospital in Northern India with the intention of highlighting certain essential differences from those reported in the West. The mean age was much lower (25 +/- SD 12 years, range 2 to 75 years). Rheumatic heart disease was the most frequent underlying heart lesion accounting for 79 patients (42%). This was followed by congenital heart disease in 62 (33%) and normal valve endocarditis in 17 (9%). Twenty-four patients had either aortic regurgitation (n = 15) or mitral regurgitation (n = 9) of uncertain etiology. Prosthetic valve infection and mitral valve prolapse were present in only 2 patients each. A definite predisposing factor could be identified in only 28 patients (15%). Postabortal sepsis and sepsis related to childbirth accounted for 6 and 5 cases, respectively. Only 1 patient had history of intravenous drug abuse. Two-dimensional echocardiography showed vegetations in 121 patients (64%). Blood cultures were positive in only 87 (47%), with a total of 90 microbial isolates. Commonest infecting organisms were staphylococci (37 cases) and streptococci (34 cases). Except for a significantly higher number of patients with neurologic complications in the culture-negative group, there were no differences between patients with culture-positive and culture-negative IE. Of the 190 episodes of IE, the patients had received antibiotics before admission in 110 (58%) instances. A significantly greater number of culture-negative patients had received antibiotics than did culture-positive patients (87 vs 23, p < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Underlying cardiac lesions in adults with infective endocarditis. The changing spectrum

The spectrum of recognized cardiac lesions underlying infective endocarditis has been changing as a result of the decline in incidence of rheumatic heart disease, the recognition of the entity of mitral valve prolapse, and the improvement in cardiac diagnostic techniques. Sixty-three cases of native valve endocarditis diagnosed in Memphis hospitals between 1980 and 1984 were reviewed. All diagnoses of underlying cardiac lesions were confirmed by two-dimensional echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and/or histopathologic examination of valve tissues. Major categories of underlying lesions were as follows: mitral valve prolapse, 29 percent; no underlying disease, 27 percent; degenerative lesions of the aortic or mitral valve, 21 percent; congenital heart disease, 13 percent; rheumatic heart disease, 6 percent. Thus, mitral valve prolapse and, in the elderly, degenerative lesions have displaced rheumatic and congenital heart diseases as the major conditions underlying endocarditis. Redundancy of the mitral valve leaflets was noted in 17 of 18 patients in whom endocarditis was superimposed upon mitral valve prolapse. The risk of infective endocarditis appears to be substantially increased in the subset of patients with mitral valve prolapse who exhibit valvular redundancy.     

Retrospective study on 100 cases of infective endocarditis, Rabta University Hospital, Tunis, from 1980 to 2004

This retrospective study describes 100 cases of infective endocarditis (IE), collected between 1980 and 2004. Patients were subdivided into 2 groups, according to the use of trans-esophageal echocardiography (TOE) in the institution where the study was performed: group A (GA=55 patients, between 1980 and 1991) and group B (GB=45 patients, between 1992 and 2004). The IE cases of 59 men and 41 women were analyzed. Patients had a mean age of 33 years (range 15-75 years). An underlying heart disease was involved in all cases, mainly rheumatic heart disease (93% of cases). Native valve endocarditis (NVE) was seen in a majority of cases (93%), and the localization of IE was aortic in 36 cases, mitral in 36 cases, mitro-aortic in 26 cases and mitro-aortic-tricuspid in 2 cases. Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) occurred in 12 cases. Blood cultures were positive in 31 cases, with 14 staphylococcal infections (3 in GA and 11 in GB) (p < 0.05), of which 6 were coagulase-negative; 13 were streptococci and 4 were Gram negative bacilli. All patients had a transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and patients in group B also had a TOE. Seventeen patients had a favorable outcome without need of a surgical intervention. Early surgery was necessary in 71 cases (85.5%), and elective surgery in 12 cases (14.5%). Mortality while awaiting surgery was 27%, and has been decreasing for the past decade (41.8% in GA and 8.9% in GB) [p < 0.05]. Postoperative mortality after early surgery intervention was 13.6% (6 among 44 patients), and it was 8.3% (1 among 12 patients) after elective surgery intervention. Overall mortality was 34%: 27 deaths with NVE (30.7% [27/88]), and 7 deaths with PVE (58.3% [7/12]) [NS]. Predictors of mortality in this observational study were positive blood cultures involving staphylococci, the presence of valve mutilations, unstable prostheses, and heart failure.     

Surgical therapy of infective endocarditis

Therapy of infective endocarditis (IE) remains a particular challenge due to a relative high morbidity and mortality. Cardiac surgery is established as a cornerstone in therapy for native valve endocarditis (NVE) as well as for prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) and is required in 30% of patients with active IE. The basic aim of surgery in IE is the radical debridement of infected tissue and reconstruction of valve function either by reconstructive valve surgery or valve replacement. Indication for surgery depends on several clinical variables, the main indication remains heart failure due to severe heart valve defects or prosthetic valve dysfunction. Surgical therapy of NVE can be performed with good clinical results in the early and late follow-up. Surgical therapy of PVE is still associated with quite high mortality up to 80% in some risk groups. This indicates the particular importance of focus evaluation and antibiotic prophylaxis after primary surgery for infective endocarditis.