哮喘儿童瘦素与神经肽Y对心率变异性的影响

目的探讨哮喘儿童血清瘦素、神经肽Y(NPY)水平及其对心率变异性(HRV)的影响。方法选择哮喘儿童(哮喘组)35例与健康儿童(对照组)40例,测定其空腹血清瘦素、NPY水平,同时做24h动态心电图并进行HRV分析。结果(1)HRV中反映迷走神经张力指标的高能谱(HF)、正常相邻R-R间期差值的均方根(rMSSD)和一定时间内相邻R-R间期差值>50ms的次数占所有心动周期次数的百分比(pNN50)在哮喘组明显高于对照组(P<0.01),而反映交感神经的主要指标低能谱(LF)、24h正常R-R间期的标准差(SDNN)和24h每5min节段平均正常R-R间期标准差(SDANN)则明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。(2)哮喘组血清NPY明显升高(P<0.01),NPY与rMSSD(r=0.71)、pNN5(0r=0.76)呈正相关。(3)瘦素在哮喘组与对照组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),瘦素与rMSSD(r=0.103)、pNN5(0r=0.086)无相关性。结论哮喘儿童血清NPY与HRV密切相关,而瘦素与HRV无相关性。     

哮喘患儿心率变异性的临床分析

目的将支气管哮喘患儿和正常儿童的心率变异性（HRV）进行对比分析，从而了解哮喘患儿自主神经功能的变化。方法应用24h动态心电图分别对35例哮喘患儿（其中哮喘急性发作期患儿20例，非发作期患儿15例）及健康正常儿童40例（对照）进行检查，并对两组儿童的HRV进行时域和频域分析。结果HRV中反映迷走神经张力指标的高频（HF）、正常相邻R—R间期差值的均方根（rMSSD）和一定时间内相邻R—R间期差值〉50ms的次数占所有心动周期次数的百分比（pNN50）在哮喘组明显高于对照组（P〈0．01），而反映交感神经张力的主要指标低频（LF）、24h正常R—RI司期的标准差（SDNN）和24h每5min节段平均正常R—R间期标准差（SDANN）则明显低于对照组，且此变化在哮喘发作期更为明显。结论哮喘患儿的自主神经功能无论是在哮喘发作期还是非发作期均受到损害。     

高血压合并糖耐量减低患者的心率变异性

【摘要】目的观察原发性高血压（EH）及EH合并糖耐量减低（IGT）患者心率变异性（HRV）的变化,探讨EH、EH合并IGT患者自主神经功能的改变。方法从门诊体检人群中筛选病例166例,其中EH组62例,EH合并IGT组56例,健康对照组48例,测定HRV及相关生化指标。结果EH组与健康对照组比较,R-R间期的标准差（SDNN）、5min窦性R-R间期平均值的标准差（SDANN）、每5min窦性R-R间期标准差的平方根（SDNNi）、窦性相邻R-R间期差值〉50ms的心搏数占窦性总搏数的百分比（PNN50）均下降,C肽、高敏C反应蛋白（hs．CRP）升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。EH合并IGT组与健康对照组比较,SDNN、SDANN、SDNNi、相邻R．R间期之差的均方根（rMSSD）、PNN50均下降,C肽、胰岛素、hs-CRP升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。EH合并IGT组与EH组比较,rMSSD、PNN50下降明显,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．叭）;C肽、胰岛素、hs—CRP升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05或〈0．01）。结论EH、EH合并IGT者HRV指标均下降,提示存在自主神经功能损害,且后者更严重,可能与胰岛素抵抗、hs—CRP升高相关。     

代谢综合征患者胰岛素抵抗与心率变异性关系的研究

目的探讨代谢综合征患者胰岛素抵抗（IR）与心率变异性（HRv）之间的关系。方法代谢综合征（MS）患者71例，经葡萄糖耐量及胰岛素释放实验分为IR组（37例）和非IR组（34例），并设门诊健康体检者为健康对照组（30例）。三组均测定空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖及空腹胰岛素，并计算出胰岛素敏感指数（ISI），在测定胰岛素抵抗当天行24h动态心电图监测，由计算机计算出24h平均RR间期标准差（SDNN）、相邻RR间期差值均方根（rMSSD）、相邻RR间期大于50ms的百分比（PNN50）、连续5min节段平均RR间期标准差（SDANN）、平均RR间期标准差指数（SDNNI）。结果代谢综合征IR患者与非IR患者及健康对照组比较，空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、ISI的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。ISI下降，HRV明显降低。ISI与HRV（SDNN）存在高度的正直线相关（r=0．89，P〈0．01）。结论代谢综合征患者IR和HRV（特别是SDNN）之间存在正相关，及时进行IR的治疗，对于改善迷走神经功能有重要意义。     

冠心病患者心率变异性分析

目的分析冠心病患者的心率变异性（HRV），研究冠心病患者自主神经变化的临床意义。方法测定、比较、分析冠心病患者和健康对照者心电图的时域和频域指标。结果冠心腐患者中的心率变异指标24h平均R—R间期标准差（SDNN）、24h连续记录每5min时段的正常R—R间期标准差（SDANN）、24h内相邻两正常R—R间期差值〉50ms的个数所占百分比（pNN50）均低于健康对照组（P〈0．05）。结论冠心病患者存在心血管自主神经系统功能紊乱现象，以交感神经活动占优势。     

前列地尔对2型糖尿病患者心率变异性影响的临床观察

目的观察前列地尔（凯时）对糖尿病患者心率变异性的影响。方法将确诊为2型糖尿病合并周围神经病变的84例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗前均接受12导联常规心电图和24h动态心电图检查。治疗组42例给予凯时治疗，10μg／d，连续14d；对照组42例，不用凯时，其余治疗与治疗组相同，比较两组疗效。结果治疗组患者治疗后较治疗前正常R—R间期标准差（SDNN）、每5min R—R间期均值标准差（SDANN）、每5min正常R—R间期均值标准差（SDNN—index）、相邻正常R—R间期差值的均方根值（rMSSD）、相邻正常R—R间期〉50瞄的百分比（PNN50）增加，QT离散度（QT—d）下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。对照组患者治疗后较治疗前SDNN、SDANN、SDNN—index增加，QT—d下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组患者治疗前心率变异性各项指标及QT—d之间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），治疗后SDNN—index、rMSSD、PNN。之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论凯时治疗糖尿病心血管自主神经病变是有效且安全的。     

哮喘患儿心率变异性的临床分析

目的将支气管哮喘患儿和正常儿童的心率变异性(HRV)进行对比分析,从而了解哮喘患儿自主神经功能的变化。方法应用24h动态心电图分别对35例哮喘患儿(其中哮喘急性发作期患儿20例,非发作期患儿15例)及健康正常儿童40例(对照)进行检查,并对两组儿童的HRV进行时域和频域分析。结果HRV中反映迷走神经张力指标的高频(HF)、正常相邻R-R间期差值的均方根(rMSSD)和一定时间内相邻R-R间期差值>50ms的次数占所有心动周期次数的百分比(pNN50)在哮喘组明显高于对照组(P<0.01),而反映交感神经张力的主要指标低频(LF)、24h正常R-R间期的标准差(SDNN)和24h每5min节段平均正常R-R间期标准差(SDANN)则明显低于对照组,且此变化在哮喘发作期更为明显。结论哮喘患儿的自主神经功能无论是在哮喘发作期还是非发作期均受到损害。     

青春期儿童瘦素等激素水平的变化及相互关系研究

目的研究儿童青春期发育中瘦素等激素水平的变化特点及相互关系，为儿童青春期保健提供理论依据。方法对10～15岁健康儿童180名的血清瘦素、性激素和胰岛素水平进行放射免疫检测。结果随着年龄的增长，男孩瘦素水平呈现由低到高再低的变化规律，女孩则呈现逐渐增高趋势；性激素水平在男女儿童中呈现增高趋势，但增高时间不同，男孩睾酮与瘦素呈显著负相关（r=-0．93，P〈0．01），女孩雌二醇与瘦素呈显著正相关（r=0．95，P〈0．01）；女孩胰岛素与瘦素呈正相关（r=0．54，P〈0．05）。结论瘦素可能对儿童青春期的启动具有重要作用，其在女孩青春期发育中可能比男孩发挥更为重要的作用；瘦素与性激素相关关系的两性差异可能是造成男女生长突增时间不同的原因之一。     

Clara细胞分泌蛋白、白介素-18在哮喘儿童外周血清中检测的意义

目的探讨哮喘患儿血清Clara细胞分泌蛋白（CCSP）、白介素-18（IL-18）的变化和临床意义。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法检测40例哮喘急性发作期儿童血清CCSP、IL-18水平,经治疗后于缓解期采血复查,并与28例健康儿童作对照。结果哮喘急性发作期、缓解期儿童血清CCSP水平均较健康对照组儿童低（P〈0．01）。哮喘急性发作期儿童血清IL-18明显高于对照组和缓解组（P〈0．01）。无论是急性发作期还是缓解期血清CCSP与IL-18无相关性（P〉0．05）,发作期IL-18与IgE呈正相关（r=0．947,P〈0．01）。结论CCSP具有抗炎作用,CCSP的减少可诱导或加重哮喘儿童的呼吸道炎症。IL-18在哮喘发病过程中起重要作用。     

血尿酸、高敏C反应蛋白及同型半胱氨酸与冠心病相关性研究

目的探讨冠心病患者不同临床类型之间血清尿酸、高敏C反应蛋白（high-sensitivitv C—reactiveprotein，hs—CRP）和同型半胱氧酸（homocysteicacid，Hcy）的关系，方法选择年龄≥60岁老年冠心病患者134例分为3组：稳定型心绞痛（SAP）组54例、不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）组42例、急性心肌梗死（AMI）组38例。另选年龄≥60岁未患冠心病者114例作为对照组，分析各组血清尿酸、hs—CRP和Hey含量及三者的关系。结果AMI组及UAP组血清尿酸、hs-CRP和Hcv含量高于对照组和SAP组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；AMI组血清尿酸、hs—CRP与Hcy含量呈正相关（r=0．73．P〈0．01：r=0．71，P〈0．01），血清尿酸与hs—CRP亦呈正相关（r=0．71，P〈0．01）；UAP组血清尿酸、hs—CRP与Hcv含量呈正相关（r=0．63，P〈0．01；r=0．70，P〈0．01），血清尿酸与hs—CRP亦呈正相关（r=0．48，P〈0．01）。结论在老年冠心病患者中，血尿酸、hs-CRP和Hcv可能联合参与了急性冠状动脉事件的发病过程．     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.