STABILITY OF ACID PHOSPHATASE OF FETAL RED BLOOD CELLS DURING INCUBATION WITH ACETYLPHENYLHYDRAZINE

Incubation of red blood cells (RBC) in vitro with acetylphenylhydrazine and without glucose produced an inactivation of acid phosphatase which was more marked in the fetal RBC than in the RBC from maternal blood. The fall in reduced glutathione (GSH) during incubation was more rapid in fetal than in maternal RBC. In each instance the fall in GSH preceded that in acid phosphatase and the two phenomena were very well correlated. The faster inactivation of acid phosphatase in the fetal RBC could be due to the higher total concentration of GSH and to its decreased stability in fetal RBC. The stability of acid phosphatase seemed to increase in red blood cells from infants 3 days old. This finding could indicate a certain degree of heterogeneity in the fetal RBC population at birth and a rapid selection in favor of those RBC which are more fit for the new biochemical environment after birth.     

人胎儿外周血T淋巴细胞表型分析

应用单克隆抗体，采用间接免疫荧光法对计划生育引产的16～32周胎龄胎儿之外周血T淋巴细胞表型进行测定并与成人外周血相比较，结果显示：①16～32周胎儿外用血中cd3+细胞、cd4+细胞和cd8+细胞明显低于成人外周血，cd4+细胞与CD8+之和明显高于CD3+细胞比率，③16～20周胎儿CD8+细胞明显高于CD4+细胞，CD4+细胞／CD8+细胞比值少于1，20～32周胎儿之CD4+细胞与CD8+细胞比率比较接近，CD4+细胞／CD8+细胞比值约为1，与胎龄无明显相关，④16～32周胎儿外周血T淋巴细胞表达高比率的cd38抗原。同时本文并对T淋巴细胞发育的有关问题进行了讨论。     

CHANGES IN BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES DURING THE NEONATAL PERIOD

Abstract. Andersen, V. and Andersen, E. (Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark). Changes in Blood Lymphocytes during the Neonatal Period. Acta Paediat Scand, 63:266, 1973.–Blood lymphocytes were studied in 6 normal neonates during the first 2 weeks after delivery. At birth, the larger lymphocytes constituted 90%; these cells decreased in number until day 3 and then increased again. Small, adult type lymphocytes showed a steady increase in numbers during the observation period. DNA-synthesizing cells were demonstrated by means of ³H-thymidine incorporation followed by autoradiography. At birth, their average concentration was 47 per µl; they decreased in number to 8 per µl on day 3 and rose to a maximum of 76 per µl on day 6. RNA metabolic activity was evaluated by the uptake of ³H-cytidine. Similar but less pronounced findings were obtained, preceding the changes in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells by one or two days. It is hypothesized that the increase from day 2 is due to activated lymphocytes and reflects the stimulation of the immune apparatus through antigenic exposure.     

围产期新生儿脐血与静脉血瘦素水平的动态变化

探讨围产期新生儿脐血与静脉血瘦素水平的变化及其在胎儿、新生儿发育成熟中作用。方法采用放射免疫法(RIA)检测孕母外周静脉血、新生儿脐血与周静脉血瘦素水平,采用weststrate公式[F％=0.8848×SFT     

CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

Abstract. Uhari, M. (Department of Paediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland). Changes in blood pressure during the first year of life. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:613, 1980.—Changes in blood pressure during the first year of life were investigated in a one-year follow-up study. The blood pressures were measured at the age of one day from 245 newborns, at the age of four or five days from 224 infants, at the age of four months from 105 infants, and at the age of one year from 68 infants. Blood pressure increased considerably during the first five days. The increase of mean systolic blood pressure was markedly bigger, from 59 to 90 mmHg, than that of mean diastolic blood pressure, which was from 43 to 55 mmHg. The correlations of blood pressure were calculated with prenatal history, physical measurements and parental blood pressure. Significant correlations were found with physical factors but not with the prenatal history or parental blood pressure. The tracking of the blood pressure was not good. The distribution of the blood pressure values was normal. It is concluded that for the time being there are no reliable predictive factors to hypertension which could be found in early infancy.     

BLOOD GLUCOSE OF THE HUMAN FETUS PRIOR TO AND DURING LABOR

With the technique of scalp capillary blood sampling, the blood glucose levels of human fetuses were studied in normal cases as well as in cases with toxemia, Rh-immunization or prolonged pregnancy. Before the onset of labor the mean level was 61.5 mg/100 ml, and an increase was demonstrated as labor progressed. The maternal concentration was always somewhat higher than that in the fetus, and an analogous increase was observed during labor. No significant differences could be demonstrated between the normal and abnormal cases, either prior to or during labor.     

PRESSURE PASSIVE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND BREAKDOWN OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER IN EXPERIMENTAL FETAL ASPHYXIA

Abstract. Lou, H. C., Lassen, N. A., Tweed, W. A., Johnson, G., Jones, M. and Palahniuk, R. J. (Departments of Anaesthesia, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada). Pressure passive cerebral blood flow and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in experimental fetal asphyxia. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 57, 1979.—Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied in non-exteriorized near-term sheep fetuses using the radioactive microsphere technique. By partially occluding the umbilical vessels for a period of 1–1 1/2 hours a progressive and severe asphyxia with a final arterial pH of 6.90 was achieved. Varying the mean arterial blood pressure in the fetuses by blood withdrawal or infusion in this state, CBF was measured at different perfusion pressures (mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) minus central venous pressure (CVP)). A passive flow/pressure relationship—loss of autoregulation—was found, with hyperemia reaching CBF values up to 6 times normal at normal MABP of about 60 to 70 mmHg, and severe ischemia reaching CBF values close to zero in large cortical areas at MABP of 30 mmHg. CVP remained essentially unchanged at 10–15 mmHg. The severe and prolonged asphyxia rendered the blood-brain barrier leaky to the albumin tracer Evans blue. In four other fetuses umbilical cord clamping was omitted. However, only in one of these cases was acidosis completely avoided, and CBF autoregulation maintained. The three other fetuses were acidotic at the end of the surgical procedure and had impaired autoregulation.     

FETAL RISKS DUE TO WARFARIN THERAPY DURING PREGNANCY

Abstract. Two mothers with heart valve prosthesis were treated with warfarin during pregnancy. In the first case a caesarean section was done one week after replacement of warfarin with heparin. The baby died of cerebral and pulmonary hemorrhage. The second mother had a male infant by caesarean section. The baby showed warfarin-induced embryopathy with nasal hypopiasia and stippled epiphyses (chondrodysplasia punctata). Nasal hypopiasia with or without stippled epiphyses has now been reported in 11 infants born to mothers treated with warfarin during the first trimester, and a causal association is probable. In view of the risks to both mother and fetus in women with prosthetic cardiac valves it is recommended that therapeutic abortion be advised as the first alternative.     

PHOTOSENSITIZED SHIFT IN THE O2 DISSOCIATION CURVE OF FETAL BLOOD

Abstract. Ostrea, E. Jr., and Odell, G. (Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA). Photosensitized shift in the O₂ dissociation curve of fetal blood. Acta Paediatr Scand, 63: 341, 1974.–The exposure of fetal erythrocytes to blue light in the presence of bilirubin was associated with a significant decrease in the affinity of fetal cells for O₂, (δP₅₀) at pH 7.4=+3.17± 0.68 mmHg. This change was not observed with either adult erythrocytes or hemolysates of fetal and adult red cells. Associated with the shift in P₅₀, there was a decrease in the Na⁺, K+ -ATP'ase of the irradiated erythrocytes and no electrophoretic evidence of alteration in the fetal hemoglobin. The results suggest that the shift in the O₂ dissociation curve represents an additional manifestation of photodynamic membrane injury and the stroma of fetal erythrocytes influence their oxygen affinity.     

HbF与儿童急性白血病的预后

本文用抗硷血红蛋白法测定了３９例急性白血病患儿胎儿血红蛋白（ＨＢＦ）含量。结果示：２９例急性淋巴细胞白血病（Ａｌｌ）ＨｂＦ平均值为３．１５％，１０例急性非淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＮＬＬ）ＨｂＦ平均值为５．２１％，均有轻度增高，且经统计学处理，ＡＮＬＬ较ＡＬＬ为高，差异有显著性意义；相关分析示ＨｂＦ含量与缓解后初次复发的时间的负相关关系有显著意义；发病危险度的估计表明ＨｂＦ水平与急性白血病复发或死亡之间存在非常显著性关系。     

ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE ELEVATIONS DURING MOTOR ACTIVITY AND EPILEPTIC SEIZURES IN THE NEWBORN

Abstract. In nine distressed newborn infants, mean aortic blood pressure and motor activity were recorded continuously during the first two or three days of life. Six of the infants had been asphyxiated at birth, the remainder having idiopathic respiratory distress only. The results showed that mean arterial blood pressure varies synchronously with motor activity, reaching maximum values much higher than previously suspected: about 90 or 100 mmHg were recorded in several infants. In three cases focal and/or generalized epileptic seizures occurred during the recording. It was found that in these circumstances too blood pressure increases dramatically, even if the motor component of the seizure is insignificant.     

LOW URINARY ESTRIOL DURING PREGNANCY CAUSED BY ISOLATED FETAL ACTH-DEFICIENCY

Abstract. Zachmann, M., Girard, J., Duc, G., Illig, R. and Prader, A. (Departments of Pediatrics, Universities of Zurich and Basel, Switzerland). Low urinary estriol during pregnancy caused by isolated fetal ACTH-deficiency. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 277: 26, 1979.—In a 34-year-old pregnant woman, serum HPL and urinary HCG were normal, but urinary estriol was repeatedly low. A normal boy was delivered after 38 weeks gestation. During the neonatal period, he had hypoglycemia, muscular hypotonia and transient hyperbilirubinemia. The ACTH-test was normal, but the THS-response to metyrapone was low. Serum ACTH did not respond to insulin and metyrapone. Growth hormone, TSH and gonadotropin responses to stimuli were normal. Treatment with hydrocortisone resulted in disappearance of the symptoms. It is concluded that fetal ACTH-deficiency is one of the specific endocrine causes of low maternal estriol.     

DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN FETAL TESTIS

We describe the histological features of the fetal testis, utilizing 68 fetuses ranging in gestational age from 10 to 41 weeks. During fetal life, the tunica albuginea progressively increases in thickness, and between 29 and 32 weeks it develops two layers. Beyond 25 to 28 weeks, septa are invariably present. Tubules begin as straight structures and become maximally coiled by 30 weeks. Tubular diameter reaches its maximum by 16 weeks and remains constant throughout the rest of gestation. Germ cell and Sertoli cell numbers per tubular diameter have a wide range, but the median number for each cell type remains constant after 13 to 16 weeks. Leydig cells are most numerous between 17 and 19 weeks and decline thereafter. They are infrequent but still present at term. Interstitial lipochrome pigment accumulates during the latter half of gestation and may represent breakdown products from Leydig cell degeneration.     

叶酸缺乏孕鼠子代血细胞形态学改变及脑额区皮层超微结构表现

探讨叶酸缺乏对胎鼠宫内脑发育的影响、研究叶酸缺乏孕鼠子代胎鼠脑组织超微结构的改变及为叶酸缺乏造成脑发育障碍提供细胞水平的依据 ,及采用雌性SD大鼠实验组 30只、对照组 2 0只 ,分别饲以不含叶酸和含 2mg叶酸 kg的纯合饲料 ,两周后与雄鼠交配 ,于怀孕第 2 0天对孕鼠剖腹取胎 ,对模型进行评价并观察叶酸缺乏对胎鼠发育的影响 ,应用透射电镜观察胎鼠额区皮层超微结构的改变。结果显示 :1 .实验组孕鼠交配前及妊娠晚期末血清叶酸均明显低于对照组 ,外周血出现多分叶核粒细胞。实验组胎鼠血清叶酸也明显低于对照组 ,出现巨幼红细胞 ,RBC和HB均低于对照组 ,且伴有宫内生长限制。 2 .实验组胎鼠额区皮层超微结构观察示 :神经元出现核切迹、局灶性核周腔扩张、异染色质减少、胞质内细胞器肿胀、核糖体减少 ;某些胶质细胞亦见类似改变 ;神经毡膜性结构不完整。结论 :1 .交配前两周开始限食叶酸直至妊娠期结束 ,所建立的叶酸缺乏孕鼠动物模型处于叶酸缺乏第三阶段 ,其胎鼠宫内生长限制 ,红细胞出现巨幼变 ,但没有产生神经管闭合的异常。这是较理想的妊娠中晚期叶酸缺乏的孕鼠动物模型。 2 .母体叶酸缺乏能造成胎鼠皮层脑组织超微结构的改变 ,可能导致神经元功能的紊乱和丧失 ,以致防碍脑结构和脑功能的正?     

PLASMA FERRITIN CONCENTRATIONS IN PRETERM INFANTS IN CORD BLOOD AND DURING THE EARLY ANAEMIA OF PREMATURITY

Abstract. Hågå, P. (Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Research Institute, National Hospital of Norway, and Department of Paediatrics, Oslo City Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway). Plasma ferritin concentrations in preterm infants in cord blood and during the early anaemia of prematurity. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 637, 1980.—Ferritin concentrations in cord blood were determined in 22 normal term and 32 preterm infants (birth weights 600–2000 g). Eight of the preterms were SGA infants. AGA preterm infants had significantly lower concentrations than term infants, and the SGA preterm newborn had even lower levels. Plasma ferritin in cord blood of the term and AGA preterm infants correlated positively with plasma iron and transferrin saturations, but not with the transferrin level, while plasma iron and transferrin concentrations correlated positively. In a longitudinal study, 17 AGA preterm infants (birth wights 850–1500 g) were followed during the early anaemia of prematurity. Iron was supplemented from 4 weeks of age. Plasma ferritin rose rapidly during the first days after birth, peak levels being reached at 1–4 weeks. Thereafter linear falls (semilog) occurred with similar slopes in different infants. Transferrin concentrations showed a slow progressive increase from 0–8 weeks. Plasma ferritin, after reaching the peak value, correlated negatively with weight gain. No infant had low ferritin values indicating iron deficiency during the early anaemia.     

BLOOD VISCOSITY AND PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION IN NEWBORN INFANTS: A Study on Resting Flow

ABSTRACT. Bergqvist, G. and Zetterström, R. (Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, St Göran's Hospital for Children, Stockholm, Sweden). Blood viscosity and peripheral circulation in newborn infants. A study on resting flow. Acta Paediat Scand, 63: 865, 1974.—Whole blood viscosity, hernatocrit and peripheral resting flow have been measured in 18 one to three days old newborn infants. There was no correlation between viscosity and blood flow or between viscosity and peripheral resistance. In seven infants isovolemic hernodilution was performed. This procedure did not alter the resting blood flow.