双腔中心静脉导管治疗胸腔积液24例疗效分析

目的探讨使用双腔中心静脉导管治疗胸腔积液的疗效。方法将48例胸腔积液患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各24例。在B超引导下定位,使用同型号的双腔、单腔中心静脉导管穿刺置管接引流袋。结果在治疗胸腔积液时采用双腔中心静脉导管,效果明显优于单腔中心静脉导管。结论使用双腔中心静脉导管穿刺引流胸腔积液可明显减少导管堵塞,可使限制性通气不足得到明显改善,增加了肺泡的氧合,方法简便、舒适,减少了患者痛苦,成为有效的治疗措施。     

中心静脉导管置管引流治疗手术后胸腔积液

<正>肝胆胰外科手术后常遇到患者合并胸腔积液,中等量以上的胸腔积液可出现压迫症状,应及时给予恰当的处理,使疾病早日康复。以往最常见的处理方法是反复胸穿或胸腔闭式引流。鉴于引流管口径     

心包穿刺中心静脉导管置管引流术治疗心包积液的疗效观察

目的观察应用心包穿刺中心静脉导管置管引流术治疗心包积液的效果。方法对23例心包积液患者实施经皮心包穿刺中心静脉导管置管引流术。回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 23例患者均一次置管成功,留置时间6~15 d,均未发生恶性心律失常、心包内继发感染、气胸及腹部器官损伤等并发症。除1例发生导管堵塞,经肝素生理盐水冲洗后再通外,其他患者术后引流通畅,症状均获明显改善。复查B超或X线胸片,证实心包积液基本吸收后予以拔管。结论经皮心包穿刺中心静脉导管置管引流术治疗心包积液,创伤小,安全性高,疗效可靠。     

中心静脉导管用于肺癌心包积液引流及腔内化疗的护理

目的 探讨中心静脉导管用于肺癌心包积液引流及腔内灌注化疗的护理。方法 对15例肺癌并心包积液的患者在床边B超定位下进行心包腔内留置中心静脉导管，间断；1流心包积液及腔内灌注化疗药物。做好心理护理．严密观察病情变化。协助患者变换体位．严格无菌操作，保持导管固定通畅。并给予相应的护理措施预防化疗毒副反应。结果 14例顺利完成治疗，1例导管脱落．无严重并发症。结论熟练掌握护理要点，及时防治并发症是治疗成功的关键。     

超声定位穿刺中心静脉导管置入治疗心包积液的探讨

为缓解大量心包积液引起的心包压塞症状，2000年2月至2006年2月本院开展超声定位置入中心静脉留置管治疗大量心包积液19例，效果较好。现将治疗情况报道如下。     

结核性心包积液行Seldinger法心包穿刺置管术的护理

对11例结核性心包积液患者在结核化疗和激素治疗的基础上．采用Seldinger法心包穿刺置管间断抽液。结果11例均一次性穿刺置管成功．心包压塞解除，患者胸闷、气促、呼吸困难消失。提出做好置管前物品、患音准备，加强置管配合，保证导管通畅．及时健康指导是其护理要点。     

超声引导经锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术的应用

目的探讨超声实时监视下经锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术的应用价值。方法将278例行锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术患者随机分为对照组（148例）和观察组（130例）。观察组于超声引导下置管，对照组采用传统盲穿法置管a比较两组置管一次成功率及并发症发生率。结果观察组一次成功率（100．0％）显著高于对照组为（90．5％），（P〈0.01）；观察组并发症发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论超声引导下行锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术可同步动态观察局部解剖结构及操作过程，其效果显著优于传统盲插法。     

超声引导经锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术的应用

目的探讨超声实时监视下经锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术的应用价值.方法将 278例行锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术患者随机分为对照组(148例)和观察组(130例).观察组于超声引导下置管,对照组采用传统盲穿法置管.比较两组置管一次成功率及并发症发生率.结果观察组一次成功率(100.0%)显著高于对照组为(90.5%),(P<0.01);观察组并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05).结论超声引导下行锁骨下静脉穿刺中心静脉置管术可同步动态观察局部解剖结构及操作过程,其效果显著优于传统盲插法.     

中心静脉导管引流胸腔积液时导管阻塞的原因分析及对策

回顾性分析32例中心静脉导管引流胸腔积液时导管阻塞的原因，认为导管移位、打折，膈肌堵塞导管口或管口上抬高出液面，多房性、粘稠性胸水及血块、纤维素膜阻塞导管是主要原因，提出相应的护理对策为妥善固定，经常巡视和做好对症处理。     

Usefulness of a central venous catheter during hepatic surgery

Aim: Central venous catheter (CVC) is often inserted during liver resection because a low central venous pressure (CVP) reduces blood loss and the procedure may be associated with circulatory impairment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of a CVC besides the measurements of CVP, and whether peripheral venous pressure (PVP) measurement could be used reliably in place of CVP.
Methods: We conducted an observational study during a 16-month period. Number of CVC inserted, expected surgical difficulties, and intraoperative complications which could lead to treatment involving a CVC were prospectively recorded and analysed. Measurements of CVP and PVP were simultaneously obtained at different times during surgery. Bias and limits of agreement with their 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated.
Results: Of the 101 patients included, 28 had expected surgical difficulties. Of the 75 CVCs inserted, only six (8%) were used for another purpose that CVP measurement in patients with expected surgical difficulties. A total of 124 measurements in 23 patients were recorded. Mean CVP was 4.8 ± 2.9 mmHg and mean PVP was 6.9 ± 3.1 mmHg ( P <0.0001). The bias was −2.1 ± 1.1 mmHg (95% CI: −2.3 to −1.9). When adjusted by the average bias of −2 mmHg, PVP predicted a CVP≤5 mmHg with a sensitivity and a specificity of 93% and 87%, respectively.
Conclusion: Routine insertion of a CVC should be discussed in patients without expected surgical difficulties. Thus, PVP monitoring may suffice to estimate CVP in uncomplicated cases.     

血栓弹力图指导下肝硬化患者三腔中心静脉置管的临床应用

目的观察肝硬化合并肾功能衰竭、伴凝血异常的患者应用血栓弹力图（TEG）监测在中心静脉置管中的临床应用。方法选择肝硬化合并肾功能衰竭、伴凝血功能异常的患者共40例,经颈内静脉穿刺置入三腔静脉导管,随机分成两组,每组各20例。对照组（A组）患者根据实验室凝血检测结果常规输注血浆和血小板;治疗组（B组）患者根据TEG监测结果输注血浆和血小板。同时观察两组病例穿刺后TEG的变化、伤口渗血以及感染情况。结果两组患者穿刺后TEG测定反应时间（R）、凝血酶形成时间（K）、最大振幅（MA）和α角值差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）,采用TEG监测治疗的患者伤口出血减少,且局部感染率降低。结论肝硬化患者通过TEG监测数据及时纠正血液低凝状态,可减少伤口出血和感染,同时可对肝硬化患者进行有创诊治提供帮助。     

An unusual complication of a central venous catheter in a neonate

The use of central venous catheters in neonates is associated with early and late complications. It is recognized that catheter tip migration and perforation of a viscus can occur at any time with a potentially fatal outcome. We present a case in which the successful placement of a central line was followed 2 weeks later by a sudden respiratory deterioration necessitating intubation and ventilation. The catheter tip had eroded through the wall of a pulmonary artery and a bronchus into the bronchial tree. The report highlights the serious morbidity arising from the use of central venous lines in neonates and stresses the importance of X-rays in establishing the correct position of all catheters. A sudden change in the condition of a patient should raise the suspicion of a catheter-related problem.     

血液透析患者中心静脉导管感染的危险因素

目的 探讨中心静脉导管(central venous catheter,CVC)相关感染的发病率和高危因素.方法 以历史性队列研究的方法进行调查.结果 患者感染率为18.83/1 000导管日.单因素相关分析显示,使用非隧道导管(non-tenneled catheter,NTC)导致的导管相关血流感染(catheter related blood stream infection,CRBSI)的危险因素有糖尿病、导管留置时间、白细胞计数、血红蛋白浓度及中性粒细胞计数;NTC外口感染的危险因素为年龄、糖尿病、中性粒细胞计数及血清白蛋白水平,而导管留置部位和时间都不是外口感染的危险因素.多因素相关分析表明,使用NTC的患者发生CRBSI的危险因素为糖尿病、导管留置时间和中性粒细胞计数;使用NTC的患者外口感染的危险因素是年龄、血清白蛋白水平及中性粒细胞计数.结论 应控制感染发生的危险因素,降低感染发生率.     

Depth of a central venous catheter tip: length of insertion guideline for pediatric patients

BACKGROUND: In pediatric patients, several studies have been undertaken to establish central venous catheter (CVC) tip optimal depth. Assessments of catheter tip position using chest radiographs may be misleading, whereas transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been shown to accurately monitor catheter tip placement at the superior vena cava-right atrial (SVC-RA) junction. The aim of this study was to issue a guideline for ideal catheter insertion depth, from the right internal jugular vein (IJV) using TEE to confirm the position of the catheter tip at the SVC-RA junction. METHODS: Over a 6-month period, we studied 60 right internal jugular vein catheterizations in infants and children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. Positions of CVC tips were confirmed to be at the SVC-RA junction by TEE. Distance from the skin puncture site to the SVC-RA junction, height, weight, and age were recorded. RESULTS: Distances measured were found to be highly correlated with patient height. The following guideline allows the CVC tip to be positioned above the RA in 97.5% of patients with an accuracy of 95%: optimal depth of insertion (cm) = 1.7 + (0.07 x height) in patients whose height is between 40 and 140 cm. CONCLUSION: The model proposed for the insertion of the CVC tip in pediatric patients could be used to prevent inadvertent catheter tip placement into the atrium.     

Malposition of central venous catheter

Key words  central venous catheter - malposition     

Modified central venous catheter for pneumothorax

Pneumothorax frequently requires drainage, and many thoracic surgeons continue to use the traditional rigid chest tubes. Traditional tube thoracostomy using a large-bore tube is an essential technique for thoracic surgeons, but it is associated with significant pain at the time of insertion and during continued drainage. We have found a new small-bore, flexible thoracostomy method using a modified central venous catheter that is simple, less painful, and safe.