Effects of Incubation Time and Organism Density on the Bioaccumulation of Soil-Borne p,p′-DDE by the Earthworm, Eisenia fetida

The effect of endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide), an organochlorine pesticide, was evaluated on phagocytic (phagocytic index and percentage of active cells) and hematological parameters in Nile tilapia. Experimental data showed that an acute exposure to endosulfan (4.0 and 7.0 μg/L) induces a significant decrease in the phagocytic index and the percentage of active cells in peripherical blood of Nile tilapia. However, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hto), red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were not significantly altered in fish exposed to endosulfan compared with control group.     

红细胞参数的变化对铅中毒患儿的临床诊断意义

目的探讨红细胞参数的变化对慢性铅中毒患儿的临床诊断意义。方法根据临床诊断将375例儿童分为3组,其中正常对照组152例,高铅血症组131例,慢性铅中毒组92例。对比分析上述3组儿童的红细胞参数。结果 3组儿童红细胞计数（RBC）、血红蛋白浓度（Hb）、红细胞压积（Hct）、平均红细胞体积（MCV）、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量（MCH）、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）的均数不全相等;正常对照组的RBC、Hb、Hct显著高于高铅血症组（P〈0.05）,高铅血症组的RBC、Hb、Hct显著高于慢性铅中毒组（P〈0.05）;正常对照组与高铅血症组的MCV、MCH、MCHC相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,慢性铅中毒组的MCV、MCH、MCHC显著低于正常对照组与高铅血症组（P〈0.05）。结论慢性铅中毒可以导致患儿的红细胞参数包括RBC、Hb、Hct、MCV、MCH、MCHC等不同程度降低,MCV、MCH、MCHC的测定有助于鉴别诊断高铅血症与慢性铅中毒。     

Radioactive Contamination in Lichens Collected from Trabzon and Rize in the Eastern Black Sea Region,Turkey, and a Comparison with that of 1995

The aim of the study was to evaluate subchronic toxic effects of the preparation LASSO MTX (alachlor 42% W/V) on hematological indices and histology of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). In carp exposed for 28 days to LASSO MTX in the concentration of 2,400 microg L(-1), significant differences (p < 0.05), were detected in all indices of the erythrocyte profiles tested except hematocrit (PCV) when compared to controls. At a lower exposure (240 microg L(-1)) concentration of blood hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were significantly reduced. In contrast, no influence of the preparation on leucopoiesis was demonstrated, and only slight changes were observed in histopathological indices.     

Effect of Flubendiamide,Lead and Their Combined Exposure on Erythrocytic Indices in Water Buffalo Calves

This study evaluated the effect of flubendiamide, lead and their combined oral administration on erythrocytic indices in water buffalo calves. Exposure to flubendiamide alone resulted in non-significant decreases in Hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). Lead acetate exposure resulted in significant declines in Hb, PCV and TEC. Combined exposure to flubendiamide and lead resulted in declines in Hb, TEC and PCV, but values did not differ significantly from corresponding values in the group treated with lead alone. Changes in MCV, MCHC and MCH were inconsistent. Plasma calcium concentration declined on day 90 in lead-exposed animals, but increased again on day 30 post-treatment. Results of the present study indicated that flubendiamide exposure results in marginal alterations in erythrocytic indices, but lead exposure caused significant declines in Hb, PCV and TEC. No interactive effects were observed for flubendiamide and lead on changes in erythrocytic indices.     

Onset of mercury toxicity in young chickens

Five groups of 4-week-old male chickens were exposed to 0 or 500 mg/L (ppm) of mercury (Hg⁺²) as HgCl₂ in their drinking water for 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days. Rates of growth and feed and water consumption decreased within three days of Hg⁺² treatment. Mortality increased in the groups receiving Hg⁺². Red blood cell numbers, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and hemoglobin level increased within three days of treatment with Hg⁺², while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration decreased within the same treatment period. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin level was not influenced by Hg⁺² treatment.Abbreviations (Hg+2) Mercury - RBC red blood cell - HCT hematocrit - MCV mean corpuscular volume - Hb hemoglobin - MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin - MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Paper No. 8884 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service of the products named, nor criticism of similar products not mentioned.This paper is a portion of the PhD dissertation presented by the senior author to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University.     

接触低浓度TNT对外周血象的影响

本文对48名接触低浓度(0.85mg/m~3)三硝基甲苯(TNT)工人的外周血象进行了检查,发现平均红细胞体积(MCV)非常显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)和平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC),分别显著和非常显著低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。本研究显示,低浓度TNT对红细胞仍有一定影响。据此,作者对TNT现行卫生标准提出了一些看法和建议。     

419名铅中毒儿童贫血发生率的调查

目的 :进行儿童铅中毒患儿贫血发生率的调查 ,了解铅对儿童血液系统的影响。方法 :测定 5 4 0名儿童的血铅水平(BPb) ,根据血铅水平分成非铅中毒组 (BPb<10 0μg/ L )和铅中毒组 (BPb≥ 10 0μg/ L ) ,同时对两组儿童进行血细胞分析 ,测定红细胞 (RBC)、血红蛋白 (HGB)、红细胞平均容积 (MCV)、红细胞平均血红蛋白量 (MCH)、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度 (HCHC)水平。结果 :两组的 RBC、HGB、MCV、MCH、MCHC的水平差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论 :较低水平铅中毒患儿贫血发生率无显著升高。     

Acute and subchronic oral toxicity of fluoranthene in F-344 rats

We have studied the acute and subchronic oral toxicity of fluoranthene (FLA) in male and female F-344 rats. Single acute FLA doses of 0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg/kg body weight (BW) dissolved in peanut oil were administered daily by oral gavage. Subchronic doses of 0, 150, 750, and 1500 mg FLA/kg BW/day were administered for 90 days in the rats' diet. The toxicological endpoints examined included rat body and organ weights, as well as histopathological examinations of liver, kidney, stomach, prostate, testes, and ovaries; hematological parameters including red blood cell (RBC) counts, white blood cell (WBC) counts, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, hematocrit (Hct) concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC); blood chemistry including alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN); and urine chemistry including glucose, bilirubin, specific gravity, pH, protein, urobilinogen, nitrite, occult blood, and leukocytes. In acute toxicity studies, WBC counts were significantly decreased and MCHC was significantly increased in both males and females at all doses. In the subchronic study, several of the blood cell parameters were significantly decreased in males and females after 90 days; RBCs (< or = 10877;12%), WBCs (< or = 10877;40%), Hct (< or = 10877;9%), and Hgb (< or = 10877;12%). Only BUN in males was significantly increased in the high-dose group (1500 mg FLA/kg BW/day) at the 90-day time point. None of the other clinical chemistry parameters were affected. The histopathological examinations showed significant abnormalities (tubular casts) only in the male kidney at the two highest doses after 90 days. We propose a subchronic oral no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 150 mg/kg BW/day for FLA in rats, based on the hematological and renal changes. Overall, our findings indicate that FLA affects specific hematological parameters and kidneys, and has a greater effect on males than females.     

Anemia among female college students attending the University of Sharjah, UAE: prevalence and classification

Anemia remains a public health challenge worldwide. Very few studies have been conducted on anemia in the United Arab Emirates and they have focused on children and pregnant women. Little is known about anemia among college female students from a preliminary study of iron deficiency anemia that was conducted on medical college students. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of anemia among female college students attending the University of Sharjah (UoS) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A secondary analysis of the records of 258 complete blood cell count results from consented female college students. Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were used to determine the prevalence of and classify anemia according to RBC indices and disease severity. Emirati students represented 50.8% of the studied population. The overall prevalence of anemia (Hb <12g/dL) was 26.7% and the majority (88.4%) of the 69 anemic students had mild anemia, whereas 7.2% were moderately anemic and 2.3% Emirati students were severely anemic (hemoglobin <7g/dL). About 15.9% of the anemia cases were microcytic (MCV <80fL) and 1.6% were macrocytic (MCV >96fL). The results showed that anemia constitutes a health problem among female college students in the UAE, and most of the detected anemia was microcytic with mild severity. This warrants further study on a larger sample of healthy college students to validate these findings and eventually encourage the development of directed educational and nutritional programs to safeguard the health of these future mothers.     

The first application of a new polysaccharide from Acanthophyllum bracteatum for the health improvement of Atlantic salmon exposed to mercury chloride

Polysaccharides are biopolymers that play key roles as therapeutic agents. The current study examined the efficiency of a polysaccharide newly derived from a plant resource for detection of sub-acute mercury (Hg) exposure on blood characteristics of Atlantic salmon. The polysaccharide was extracted from the roots of Acanthophyllum bracteatum, and the Atlantic salmon were divided into three groups and placed in fiberglass tanks: one with no Hg as a control, one filled with 60 μg l(-1) of Hg solution, and one with 60 μg l(-1) Hg solution plus 1% weight/weight (w/w) of polysaccharide, which had been added 24 hours before the addition of Hg solution. Serum hematological and biochemical parameters were analysed. Results of the study showed that the blood factors were significantly adjusted in the group that had been exposed to the polysaccharide and Hg compared to the group that had been exposed only to Hg. The polysaccharide had an adjustment effect on lymphocytes, granulocytes, red blood cells (RBCs), Hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), protein, chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), and glucose. It did not have a significant effect on hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), potassium (K), and monocytes. Finally, the results confirmed that the new polysaccharide has useful effects on the host, possibly acting as a probiotic by selectively motivating the activity of some useful bacteria, which can improve the host health. This is the first report on application of this polysaccharide for the health improvement of Atlantic salmon exposed to mercury chloride.     

Haematological Alterations Induced by Oral Subacute Exposure to Fenvalerate,Nitrate and Their Combination in Domestic Buffalo,Bubalus bubalis

The present study investigated haematological alterations induced by oral subacute exposure to fenvalerate, nitrate and their combination in the domestic buffalo, Bubalus bubalis. Fenvalerate exposure produced significant declines in haemoglobin (Hb), total leukocyte count (TLC), total erythrocyte count (TEC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and a corresponding elevation in mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Following oral exposure to sodium nitrate, significant declines in blood Hb, TLC, TEC, MCH and MCHC, and a significant elevation in MCV occurred. Combined exposure to fenvalerate and sodium nitrate produced severe effects with an appreciably more prominent decline in Hb, TLC, TEC and MCHC and a significant elevation in MCV. The percentage of methaemoglobin was observed to follow an elevating trend in animals exposed to sodium nitrate alone (0.69 %–13.8 %) and in combination with fenvalerate (0.75 %–13.7 %).     

Effects of dietary Pb(II) and tributyltin on neotropical fish, Hoplias malabaricus: histopathological and biochemical findings

Trahira (Hoplias malabaricus) used to investigate the effects of successive Pb(II) or tributyltin (TBT) dietary doses. After 70 days of acclimation, individuals were exposed to 21 microg Pbg(-1) or 0.3 microg TBTg(-1) (5-day intervals, 14 doses). Two experiments were conducted to investigate the histopathological effects (liver and kidney) and measure the cholinesterase activity (muscle and brain) after Pb(II) or TBT dietary doses. A number of morphological effects were observed in liver, including cytoskeleton disturbance, microautophagy of mitochondria, nuclear damage, and cell death. In kidney, necrosis area, increasing of the neutrophils cell number, changes in melano-macrophage centers, and free macrophages were frequently registered after both Pb(II) and TBT exposures. The cholinesterase activity was inhibited in muscle after 14 doses of Pb(II), but no effects were found in individuals exposed to TBT. In summary, this work is the first to report detailed in vivo toxic effects in tropical fish, H. malabaricus, after dietary sublethal exposure to Pb(II) and TBT.     

短期苯暴露对工人外周血象及淋巴细胞染色体的损伤

[目的]探讨短期苯暴露对鞋厂工人外周血象及淋巴细胞染色体的损伤。[方法]测定作业场所空气中苯浓度,检查203名苯暴露工人（暴露组）与当地未暴露苯和其他有毒有害物质的178名健康工人（对照组）的血常规指标。应用外周血淋巴细胞胞质分裂阻滞微核（CBMN）试验结果评价研究对象外周血淋巴细胞染色体损伤。[结果]暴露组外周血红细胞计数（RBC）、血细胞比（HCT）、血小板计数（PLT）、红细胞分布活力（RDW）降低的阳性率和平均红细胞血红蛋白含量（MCH）、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）异常率与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义,χ2值分别为38．21、21．37、18．02、22．17、36．59、41．23,P均〈0．01;将暴露组按接苯工龄分为≤8个月、9～15个月和16～24个月3组,中性粒细胞（GRAN）减少的阳性率随着工龄的增长而有增高的趋势,且差异具有统计学意义（F=7．47,P〈0．05）;进一步按性别分类,发现暴露组女工HCT、平均红细胞体积（MCV）、PLT、血红蛋白含量（HGB）、RDW异常率明显高于男工,矿值分别为21．04、36．26、6．94、71．62、12．91,P均〈0．01。暴露组CBMN率[（2．98±1．49）‰]明显高于对照组[（0．39±0．72）‰],P〈0．001。[结论]短期苯暴露对作业工人的血液系统及染色体损伤有一定影响,并且上述指标的改变早于白细胞的异常,在职业性苯中毒的早期诊断中具有一定意义。     

MCV、MCH、RBC计数和血红蛋白电泳在地中海贫血筛查中的诊断价值

目的:探讨MCV、MCH、RBC计数和血红蛋白电泳在地中海贫血筛查中的诊断价值,为轻型地贫的筛查开展寻找合适的检验方法。方法:对2007年4月～2009年11月在婚检中地贫筛查试验阳性并进行了地贫基因确诊试验的84人,回顾性分析血液五分类检查和血红蛋白检查结果,分别对目前常用的5种筛查方法进行比较(①典型地贫血像RBC↑并且MCV↓及MCH↓;②MCV↓或MCH↓;③RBC异常联合MCV↓或MCH↓;④单纯血红蛋白电泳异常;⑤血红蛋白电泳异常联合血细胞五分类),分别比较各种筛查方法的检验敏感性、特异性、准确性,阳性和阴性预测值。结果:以血细胞五分类中典型地贫表现进行地贫筛查及特异性100%,检验准确性79%。以血红蛋白电泳联合血细胞五分类中MCV、MCH、RBC计数进行地贫筛查,敏感利用血细胞五分类中RBC计数、MCV、MCH异常进行地贫筛查敏感度高,联合使用血红蛋白电泳和血细胞五分类方法筛查轻型患者漏诊率低。结论:目前没有理想的地贫筛查方法,应根据病人不同的情况选择不同的地贫筛查方法。     

Hemopoietic system in traffic police exposed to urban stressors

The aim of the study is to evaluate if occupational exposure to urban stressors could cause alterations in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCHC) in traffic police compared to a control group. 694 subjects were included in the study: 347 traffic police and 347 controls matched by sex, age and length of service after excluding the subjects with the principal confounding factors. The levels of RBC, HGB, HCT were significantly higher in male (respectively p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.01) and in female (respectively p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.01) traffic police than in controls. The authors hypothesise that occupational exposure to urban stressors in traffic police can alter hemopoietic system.     

血液学指标和Hb电泳及RBC脆性对地中海贫血与缺铁性贫血的诊断价值

目的:探讨红细胞的MCV、MCH、MCHC、RDW等血液学指标及红细胞脆性、Hb电泳对地中海贫血及缺铁性贫血的诊断价值。方法:正常对照组30例,地中海贫血患者100例(其中α-地中海贫血60例,β-地中海贫血40例),缺铁性贫血患者30例。全部样本进行血细胞计数仪血常规测定、红细胞脆性检测、血红蛋白电泳仪进行血红蛋白电泳分析、地贫基因检测和血清铁蛋白检测。结果:病人组血红蛋白电泳HbA、HbA2、HbF异常,MCV、红细胞脆性均降低,与正常对照组比较有显著差异(P<0.05),MCV、红细胞脆性对地贫的灵敏度和特异度分别为98%、93%及77%、80%。HbA2对α-地贫、β-地贫灵敏度分别为83.3%,95.0%,而RDW基本正常,灵敏度为73%,缺铁性贫血的RDW升高,灵敏度为70%。结论:MCV、血红蛋白电泳、红细胞脆性对地贫有诊断意义,可作为简单、方便、快速、较准确的筛查方法;对于缺铁性贫血,RDW可作为先于血清铁蛋白的初筛试验,值得推广应用。     

儿童微量元素铁含量与红细胞参数的相关性分析

目的探讨儿童红细胞参数红细胞平均体积（MCV）、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）与微量元素铁含量的相关性。方法用血细胞分析仪和微量元素机对不同年龄段的儿童和正常成人的血液进行分析。结果儿童红细胞参数（MCV、MCHC）和微量元素铁含量均较成人低（P〈0．05）。结论缺铁是儿童MVC、MCHC比正常成人低的原因之一。     

血小板及红细胞参数联合筛选地中海贫血基因携带者的价值分析

目的分析血小板及红细胞参数联合筛查学龄前儿童地中海贫血(简称地贫)基因携带者的价值。方法选择2018年6月至2019年10月在东莞市樟木头医院体检的3~6岁健康儿童547例作为研究对象,纳入的研究者均排除了缺铁性贫血,所有研究对象均检测血常规、血清铁蛋白和地贫基因,按是否携带地贫基因分为研究组(124例)和对照组(423例)。结果研究组儿童的红细胞压积(HCT)、血红蛋白浓度(HGB)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)均低于对照组,红细胞计数(RBC)、血小板计数(PLT)、血小板分布宽度(PDW)均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为5.312、8.969、16.376、18.351、10.538、14.325、3.932、4.839,均P<0.001)。这些指标筛查地贫基因携带者的曲线下面积(AUC)均>0.600,可用于筛查地贫基因携带者,优越性排序为MCH>MCV>RBC>MCHC>HGB>PDW>HCT>PLT,而联合预测的AUC为0.939,介于MCH和MCV之间。MCV和MCH筛查学龄期儿童地贫基因携带者的最优截断值分别是80.35μL和25.15pg,灵敏度分别为84.70%和86.30%,特异度分别为90.30%和98.10%。结论血小板及红细胞参数均可用于筛查地贫基因携带者,MCV或MCH单独筛查地贫基因携带者的效能较好,与联合预测的效果相似。MCV<80.35μL和MCH<25.15pg可能是更适合于学龄前儿童地贫基因携带者的筛查指标,但是筛选前需要先排除缺铁性贫血。     

Utility of a routine medical surveillance program with benzene exposed workers

BACKGROUND: A medical surveillance program of benzene-exposed workers has to be established in such a way as to observe early signs of benzene-induced cytopenia, pancytopenia, or leukemia. This study evaluates the utility of routine medical survey applied to benzene-exposed workers by analyzing the hematological, immunological, and cytogenetic assay results. METHODS: The results of a previous study of hematological, immunological, and cytogenetic assays in benzene-exposed workers (up to 15 ppm) are used to discuss medical surveillance program by defining the relationship between various benzene exposure concentrations and toxic endpoints. RESULTS: Exposure to benzene concentration lower than 5 ppm does not produce any abnormal hematological measurements. For benzene cumulative exposure above 100 (ppm-years), some blood indices [mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), band neutrophils] show significant differences in comparison to the control group. The incidence of dicentric chromosomes was higher and the level of B-lymphocytes was lower even with workers exposed to 5 ppm of benzene; correlation with exposure indicators was not found. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that peripheral blood indices, although not sensitive enough, are still the most suitable parameters in a health surveillance program applied to benzene-exposed workers. B-lymphocytes could be a promising indicator of the benzene-induced damage. Cytogenetic tests did not prove to be suitable. Further investigation of useful screening tests for health surveillance program of benzene-exposed workers is still required.     

The effect of low-level blood lead on hematologic parameters in children

A health survey of school children living in polluted regions of eastern Germany provided us with data necessary to examine the effects of lead on the blood system at levels below current standards for blood lead content. Data collected for 797 children, aged 5-14 years, with low blood lead levels (GM, 33.3 microg Pb/L; range, 7.5-239 microg Pb/L) allowed us to examine the relationship between blood lead content and hematological parameters. Using linear regression analyses and controlling for a number of potential confounding factors, we found that increasing blood lead levels by 10 microg/L were associated with a small increase in the number of red blood cells and in girls with reduced MCV and MCH. The reasons for our observation, especially the gender difference, are still uncertain. In conclusion the morphology and function of erythrocytes might be sensitive parameters of low dose lead toxicity.