腹膜转移的结肠癌患者MDT诊治二例

本文描述了2例异时性腹膜转移的结肠癌病例的多学科诊治过程。1例多发转移,1例单发转移。这两例患者经MDT讨论后都首先采用了肿瘤减灭术联合腹腔热灌注化疗的治疗模式（cytoreductive surgery,CRS/hyperthermic intraperitoneal peroperative chemotherapy,HIPEC）,单发转移的患者目前获得了12个月的无病生存期（disease-free survival,DFS）,而多发转移的患者也获得了12个多月的总生存期（overall survival,OS）。目前发现与结直肠癌腹膜转移患者OS相关的因素包括肿瘤减灭术（CRS）完全程度和肿瘤累及的范围（腹膜转移癌指数）等。因此,对于结直肠癌的腹膜转移患者,评估病变范围极其重要,对于较局限的腹膜转移,多学科的综合诊治和积极的治疗手段能改善这部分患者的生存时间和生存质量。     

Successful surgical treatment of peritoneal dissemination of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma rarely disseminates intraperitoneally. When it does, it usually is considered a terminal event. The successful treatment of complications of peritoneal metastases by surgical resection in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma is reported. A 63-year-old man with hepatocellular carcinoma in the anterior segment underwent transarterial and portal embolization followed by extended radical hepatectomy. Five years and 8 months later, he presented with an ileus that was secondary to multiple peritoneal metastases that were resected to the extent possible. Eight months later, the patient presented with a second episode of ileus and underwent another operation that included bowel resection. However, pelvic tumors that were unresectable also were present. The patient survived for another 9 months before dying with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Although surgical treatment of peritoneal dissemination of hepatocellular carcinoma is not curative, surgery may improve survival and provide a good quality of life in selected cases.     

Peritoneal sarcoidosis: case report and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to report a patient with peritoneal sarcoidosis and review the literature for similar cases. METHODS: We described the clinical presentation, course, and outcome of the patient, and reviewed the medical literature from 1966 till 1997 using MEDLINE and the key words sarcoidosis, scar, and peritoneum. RESULTS: Our patient presented with a rapidly growing tumor-like mass at the site of an old appendectomy scar. Laparoscopy showed a large peritoneal mass and multiple small peritoneal nodules that were found to be noncaseating granulomas by pathology. The MEDLINE search uncovered only 16 cases of peritoneal sarcoidosis, most of which presented with ascites. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates the need to consider sarcoidosis, in addition to infections and neoplasms, in the differential diagnosis of peritoneal nodules and exudative ascites.     

Removal of methotrexate by peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis in a single patient with end-stage renal disease

BACKGROUND: Although methotrexate is highly bound to albumin, it is thought to be removed by hemodialysis and not by peritoneal dialysis. We are not aware of any direct comparison in the same patient. CASE REPORT/METHODS: A 60-year-old patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was admitted to the East Alabama Medical Center for stomatitis and pancytopenia after being given 10 mg of methotrexate for his rheumatoid arthritis. Measurements of total methotrexate levels were made before, during, and after sequential peritoneal and hemodialysis treatments. RESULTS: We found that the clearance of methotrexate measured in the dialysate was equal in the first hour of dialysis for both types of dialysis, although serum levels were markedly lower in hemodialysis compared to peritoneal dialysis. CONCLUSION: Methotrexate was cleared by peritoneal dialysis in the first hour of an exchange and was not associated with a rebound in serum levels. Hemodialysis was associated with lower serum levels; however, there was also a significant rebound 2 hours after the procedure ended. Since neither procedure was able to preclude the death of the patient, other more effective means of methotrexate elimination should be employed.     

Abdominal pain during the course of lung cancer

INTRODUCTION: Metastatic involvement of the peritoneum from a lung cancer is infrequently encountered. METHODS: We present the case report of a patient with bronchial adenocarcinoma whose course is complicated by the occurrence of a peritoneal carcinomatosis, as documented by FDG-PET. CONCLUSION: Unexplained abdominal pain in a lung cancer patient may be a peritoneal carcinomatosis. The diagnosis can be helped by PET-scan. However, the therapeutic opportunities are very limited.     

Ten years’ disease-free survival of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer treated by cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: A case report and literature review

Rationale:One of the most distinctive features of epithelial ovarian cancer is tendency to disseminate into peritoneal cavity to form peritoneal carcinomatosis, indicating advanced disease with poor prognosis.Patient concerns:A fifty-year-old patient had a chief complaint of an abdominal distension lasting 1 month.Diagnoses:The patient was diagnosed with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis by computed tomography scan, tumor markers, endoscopy examination, and pathology.Interventions:The patient was treated with cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy followed by 8 cycles of systemic chemotherapy.Outcomes:Till March 9, 2020, the patient has disease-free survival over 10 years.Lessons:The application of cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy combined with systematic chemotherapy may improve survival dramatically for the patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and peritoneal carcinomatosis and should be considered as an option of a relatively new regime.     

Effectiveness of intraperitoneal hyperthermo-chemotherapy for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma and estimation of its effect by repeated FDG-PET: a case report

Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare neoplasm derived from the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity. Here, we report on a case of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma that expanded aggressively after initial surgery, followed by successful treatment with cytoreductive surgery, intra-abdominal hyperthermo-chemotherapy, to allow the patient to perform daily activities with reduced symptoms. The therapeutic effects were monitored by FDG-PET/CT. The patient, a 55-year-old female, was referred to our hospital with a diagnosis of pelvic tumor. Laparotomy and cytoreductive surgery revealed the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. The tumor progressed rapidly in the abdominal cavity, so cytoreduction and intra-abdominal hyperthermo-chemotherapy were performed as strong local therapies. In addition, monthly hyperthermo-chemotherapy was performed. The patient lived for 21 months after the first surgery. Severe bowel obstruction and malignant ascites did not appear. Cancerous pain was controllable throughout this portion of her life. In conclusion, we experienced a case of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma and treated it with hyperthermo-chemotherapy. This treatment helped the patient to maintain daily activities throughout the remainder of her life. Thus, hyperthermo-chemotherapy can be considered an option in the treatment of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma.     

Recurrent peritoneal mesothelioma with long-delayed recurrence

Peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. Etiology is unclear and presentation of this disease is often atypical. There are very few cases of long-term survival in patients with peritoneal mesothelioma. We report the case of a patient with peritoneal mesothelioma of 19 years' duration. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of recurrent peritoneal mesothelioma with such long-delayed recurrence and survival. Recurrent peritoneal mesothelioma in the current patient was confirmed by comparing the biopsies of omentum taken in 1979 with that taken in 1997. An extensive literature search was undertaken to look for previous reports of recurrent peritoneal mesothelioma. Aggressive and intensive chemotherapy appeared to provide a longer survival time. Our patient had paraneoplastic manifestations that included paraneoplastic hepatopathy and a wasting syndrome. Peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare malignancy with one to two cases per million in the United States. It is known to exhibit unusual paraneoplastic manifestations, including paraneoplastic hepatopathy. Treatment is often unsuccessful, with a median survival time of approximately 18 months from diagnosis. A better understanding and aggressive management of this disease appear to help prolong survival.     

Hemoglobin A1c in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis: How Should We Interpret It?

Almost half the patients on peritoneal dialysis are diabetic and glycemic control is essential to improve both patient and technique survival. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is widely used in the general population for diabetes diagnosis and monitoring as it highly correlates with blood glucose levels and outcomes. Its use has been extrapolated to the peritoneal dialysis population, despite HbA1c being commonly underestimated. In renal failure patients, HbA1c is influenced by variables affecting not only glycemia but also hemoglobin and the time of interaction between the two. Importantly, the impact of these variables differs in peritoneal dialysis compared to non‐dialysis chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients. Although HbA1c in peritoneal dialysis patients is less directly associated with blood glucose levels than in the general population, studies have confirmed its association with patient mortality. In this paper we review the variables that can influence HbA1c value emphasizing their impact in peritoneal dialysis patients. By providing clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of HbA1c results, we provide them with tools for a better patient management care and potential improved outcomes of peritoneal dialysis patients.     

Long-term survival following resection of peritoneal implantation from hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report

This study presents a rare case of long-term survival following the resection of peritoneal implantation from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A 33-year-old female patient with hepatitis B infection presented with a huge pedunculated HCC and underwent left lateral segmentectomy in 1995. She received regular follow-up and peritoneal implantation was diagnosed 30 months after hepatic resection using abdominal computed tomography due to elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Subsequently, the patient received segmental resection of jejunum and a solitary peritoneal implantation from HCC in the mesentery of the jejunum. No peritoneal carcinomatosis, direct invasion of the surrounding tissue, or lymph node involvement existed and the postoperative course was uneventful. Meanwhile, histopathological examination of the resected nodule revealed metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. With regular follow-up with AFP, abdominal ultrasonography, and or computed tomography, no intrahepatic tumor recurrence or extrahepatic metastasis was observed. The patient survived for 90 months following hepatic resection, and survived disease free for 60 months after resection of peritoneal implantation from HCC.     

Peritoneal dialysis and its modification in the treatment of chronic renal failure

Three methods can be used to treat chronic renal failure - haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplantation (from a living donor or transplantation of a cadaver kidney). In 2009, 5,763 patients were treated with haemodialysis in the Czech Republic, while peritoneal dialysis was used in just 8% (458) of patients. This low number of peritoneal dialyses may be due to the still high number of chronic renal failure patients who come to dialysis centres "offthe street". Following acute initiation of haemodialysis, these patients are usually retained on haemodialysis. Poor awareness of peritoneal dialysis among patients as well as health care professionals is another reason for the low number of peritoneal dialysis patients. Peritoneal dialysis is suitable for home treatment. Peritoneum serves as the dialysis membrane, peritoneal cavity is filled with dialysis solution and the metabolism waste products and water are excreted into this solution. A base to correct metabolic acidosis then passes from dialysis solution into the body. Permanent catheter is inserted into the abdominal cavity to enable infusion of the dialysis solution. The dialysis is continual and this ensures stability of the inner environment and thus most closely resembles own kidney function. The advantages of peritoneal dialysis include longer preservation of residual renal function, inner environment stability and no need for venous access. Peritoneal dialysis is associated with a lower risk of infections. Peritoneal dialysis is contraindicated in patients after an extensive intraabdominal surgery and in patients with a stoma. Peritoneal damage is a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis; the risk increases with the treatment duration and thus peritoneal dialysis is not a long-term treatment choice. With the traditional CAPD (continual ambulatory peritoneal dialysis), the patient performs an exchange ofdialysis solution him/herself4 to 5 times a day. With APD (automated peritoneal dialysis) a machine performs dialysis solution exchanges, dialysis is performed at night and the patient may engage in other activities during a day. From the perspective of log-term survival of patients with chronic renal failure, peritoneal dialysis appears to be the method of choice. The patient is first treated with peritoneal dialysis and subsequently receives a transplant. Should the renal allograft be rejected, the patient returns to the dialysis programme, either peritoneal or haemodialysis. Patients should be provided with true and objective information about their disease and be informed about all treatment options for chronic renal failure. The choice of method has to be tailored to the overall health status of the patient as well as his/her lifestyle.     

Peritonitis caused by Paracoccidioides spp. in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis – A case report

Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis found mainly in South America and is the most prevalent endemic and systemic mycosis in Brazil. The purpose of this paper was to report the case of a male patient who developed peritonitis caused by Paracoccidioides spp. Forty-eight-year-old, male patient, with type I Diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease who was undergoing a Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) program. After eighteen months of peritoneal dialysis, the patient developed turbidity of the peritoneal fluid and was diagnosed with peritonitis. Direct mycological examination of the peritoneal fluid revealed yeasts with morphology suggestive of Paracoccidioides spp. The patient was treated with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (1,600 mg/320 mg dose/day) for 61 days, but he died because a bacterial septic shock. The diagnosis of opportunistic PCM peritonitis was later confirmed by autopsy and Paracoccidioides spp. isolation. This is the first reported case of a patient on CAPD who experienced complications due peritonitis caused by opportunistic PCM.     

腹膜透析患者长期生存及相关因素分析——单中心登记系统数据分析

目的：分析南京军区南京总医院全军肾脏病研究所腹膜透析(PD)中心长期PD患者临床数据，探讨当前PD患者临床特点、远期预后及影响因素。方法：分析2002年2月至2010年11月登记的681例PD患者的临床资料。采用Kaplan-Meier方法计算患者生存率及技术存活率，并以多因素COX回归模型计算风险比值(hazard ratios，HR)，进一步明确影响预后的独立因素。结果：男性398例(58.5％)，女性283例(41.5％)，平均年龄(45.68±15.69)岁。原发病以慢性肾小球肾炎(77.1％)和糖尿病肾病(11.8％)为主。患者平均透程(13.94±16.40)月，其中日间不卧床腹膜透析(DAPD)604例(88.7％)，持续不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)77例(11.3％)。1年、3年、5年及8年的技术存活率为87％、74.4％、61.85％及53％，患者生存率为94.2％、80.8％、75.3％及64.5％。除因经济因素放弃治疗及肾移植外，近三年导致患者退出PD的主要因素分别是透析超滤失败(35.2％)、心血管系统并发症(33.8％)和腹膜炎(12.6％)。此外，少数患者因导管(8.5％)及胸腔积液(4.2％)等因素退出。导致患者死亡的主要因素为心血管事件(37.7％)、感染(10.4％)和脑血管事件(7.8％)。通过单因素COX回归分析显示低血浆白蛋白血症、严重贫血等与营养不良相关的并发症以及透析不充分是导致PD患者掉队的独立风险因素。结论：本中心PD患者有较好的生存率和技术存活率，影响PD患者预后的主要因素为心、脑血管并发症及透析不充分。     

Long-term survival of a patient with primary papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum treated by subtotal peritonectomy plus intraoperative chemohyperthermia

We report the long-term survival of a patient with primary papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum, treated by subtotal peritonectomy combined with continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion. After subtotal peritonectomy and continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion, early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cisplatin and three cycles of cisplatin-based intravenous chemotherapy were administered. The patient currently remains alive 23 months after surgery. This long-term survival suggests that treatment of primary papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum requires aggressive cytoreduction surgery followed by chemotherapy using adequate methods to enhance chemosensitivity.     

Peritoneal amyloidosis: unusual localization of gastrointestinal amyloidosis

Amyloidosis is a rare disease that results from the extracellular deposition of amorphous fibrillar protein. It is usually observed in a systemic form. Gastrointestinal involvement is frequent but peritoneal localization is unusual. A 43-year-old male was investigated for nephritic colic. Morphologic explorations revealed small intestine agglomerans in the periumbilical region, infiltration of peritoneal fat and multiple coelio-mesenteric lymph nodes. There were no clinical or biological abnormalities and endoscopic examinations were normal. The patient then underwent an exploratory laparoscopy. Macroscopically false membranes were seen throughout the peritoneum and small bowel without ascites. Anatomopathologic examination diagnosed peritoneal amyloidosis. After several investigations a diagnosis of a primary peritoneal amyloidosis was confirmed. The patient was treated with melphalan and prednisone with a favorable outcome. Our case illustrates a particular presentation of peritoneal amyloidosis. Despite improved imaging methods, peritoneal biopsy remains essential for diagnosis.     

Peritoneal coccidioidomycosis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Peritoneal coccidioidomycosis is extremely rare. This report describes a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus who presented with unexplained ascites and was found to have peritoneal coccidioidomycosis. The ascites had a low serum-ascites albumin gradient, and laparoscopy showed peritoneal implants that grew Coccidioides immitis. This case is unique in several ways; this is the first case in which a patient's acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining illness was peritoneal coccidioidomycosis, and the serum-ascites albumin gradient determination as well as laparoscopy provided information critical to the diagnosis. This patient's dramatic response to systemic antifungal therapy, as evidenced by resolution of ascites and constitutional symptoms, underscores the importance of timely diagnosis and prompt therapy. In summary, this report reviews the previous cases of coccidioidal peritonitis and reports the first case in which localized peritoneal coccidioidomycosis was the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining illness in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient.     

A case of rapidly progressive IgA nephropathy in a patient with exacerbation of Crohn’s disease

Background

The inevitable post-inflammatory fibrosis and adhesion often compromises future treatment in peritoneal dialysis patients. Here, we describe a patient who experienced an unusual form of peritoneal adhesion that made her give up peritoneal dialysis. However, its unique pattern also saved her from infection caused by bowel perforation.

Case presentation

The female patient discontinued peritoneal dialysis due to gradual dialysis inadequacy. Two months after shifting to hemodialysis with generally improved sense of well-being and no sign of abdominal illness, she was admitted to remove the Tenckhoff catheter. The procedure was smooth, but fever and abdominal pain not at the site of operation developed the next day. Abdominal ultrasound showed the presence of ascites and aspiration revealed slimy, green-yellowish pus that gave a negative result on bacterial culture. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) with oral contrast medium was performed, but failed to demonstrate the suspected bowel perforation. The examination, however, did show accumulation of pus inside the abdomen but outside the peritoneal cavity. We drained the pus with two 14-F Pig-tail catheters and the total amount of drainage approached 4000 ml. The second CT was performed with double dose of the contrast medium and found a leak of the contrast from the jejunum. She then received laparotomy and had the perforation site closed.

Conclusions

In summary, this uremic patient suffered from pus accumulation inside her abdomen without obvious systemic toxic effect. The bowel perforation and pus formation might be caused by repeated peritonitis, but the peritoneal adhesion itself might also isolate her peritoneal cavity from the anticipated toxic injuries of bowel perforation.     

Lower frequency of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with pancreatic cancer diagnosed by EUS-guided FNA vs. percutaneous FNA

BACKGROUND: Studies have suggested an increased risk of peritoneal seeding in patients with pancreatic cancer diagnosed by percutaneous FNA. EUS-FNA is an alternate method of diagnosis. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of peritoneal carcinomatosis as a treatment failure pattern in patients with pancreatic cancer diagnosed by EUS-FNA vs. percutaneous FNA. METHODS: Retrospective review of patients with non-metastatic pancreatic cancer identified 46 patients in whom the diagnosis was made by EUS-FNA and 43 with the diagnosis established by percutaneous FNA. All had neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Patients underwent restaging CT after completion of therapy, followed by attempted surgical resection if there was no evidence of disease progression. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in tumor characteristics between the two study groups. In the EUS-FNA group, one patient had developed peritoneal carcinomatosis compared with 7 in the percutaneous FNA group (2.2% vs. 16.3%; p<0.025). No patient with a potentially resectable tumor in the EUS-FNA group had developed peritoneal carcinomatosis. CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal carcinomatosis may occur more frequently in patients who undergo percutaneous FNA compared with those who have EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. A concern for peritoneal seeding of pancreatic cancer via percutaneous FNA is warranted. EUS-guided FNA is recommended as the method of choice for diagnosis in patients with potentially resectable pancreatic cancer.     

Extensive peritoneal calcification and small intestinal perforation in a peritoneal dialysis patient: a case report

A 56-year-old woman was maintained on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) for 12 years. The patient presented to our hospital with chief complaints of intermittent abdominal pain and frequent loose stool. Plain radiograph of abdomen revealed extensive peritoneal calcification. Computed tomography confirmed the extensive peritoneal calcification and revealed a large right ovarian cyst. Torsion of the right ovarian cyst was suspected. Right oophorectomy was performed. Small intestinal perforation developed 37 days after the operation. The patient expired because of peritonitis and sepsis. Extensive peritoneal calcification is a rare and serious complication after long-term PD. Intestinal perforation is a rare complication of PD. Pathognomic signs of imaging studies can be important in early diagnosis and treatment.     

Haemoperitoneum post colonoscopy in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patient

We present the case of a patient on peritoneal dialysis (PD) who had an uneventful oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy. His peritoneal dialysis after colonoscopy had bright red peritoneal dialysate. The patient was completely asymptomatic and a CT scan was performed which did not reveal any retroperitoneal haematoma and showed no signs of perforation or splenic tear. His PD dialysate cleared up with time. We do not find any such case in the literature in which a patient has had haemoperitoneum after a colonoscopy without any obvious cause to account for it. Our patient was unique due to his CAPD in combination with his immunosuppression for his kidney transplant which may have predisposed him to the intraperitoneal bleed after colonoscopy or it may just have been a normal phenomenon after colonoscopy. More studies need to be done as the realisation of its pathology can prevent unnecessary testing and avoid patient and healthcare worker’s anxiety.