Telithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a pooled analysis

The efficacy of telithromycin has been assessed in six Phase III studies involving adults with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with a degree of severity compatible with oral therapy. Patients received telithromycin 800 mg once daily for 7-10 days in three open-label studies (n=870) and three randomized, double-blind, comparator-controlled studies (n=503). Comparator antibacterials were amoxicillin 1000 mg three-times daily, clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily and trovafloxacin 200 mg once daily. Clinical and bacteriological outcomes were assessed 7-14 days post-therapy. Among telithromycin-treated patients, per-protocol clinical cure rates were 93.1 and 91.0% for the open-label and comparative studies, respectively. Telithromycin treatment was as effective as the comparator agents. High eradication and clinical cure rates were observed for infections caused by key pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae including isolates resistant to penicillin G and/or erythromycin A (95.4%), Haemophilus influenzae (89.5%) and Moraxella catarrhalis (90%). Telithromycin was also highly effective in patients with infections caused by atypical and/or intracellular pathogens and those at increased risk of morbidity. Telithromycin was generally well tolerated. Telithromycin 800 mg once daily for 7-10 days offers a convenient and well-tolerated first-line oral therapy for the empirical treatment of mild to moderate CAP.     

肺炎链球菌对红霉素的耐药表型及耐药基因

目的　研究肺炎链球菌对红霉素的耐药表型及耐药基因。方法　根据美国临床实验室标准化委员会标准使用微量肉汤稀释法 ,检测 192株肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素、青霉素、喹诺酮类抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)。应用红霉素、克林霉素、螺旋霉素纸片行三纸片扩散法 ,检测 14 8株红霉素耐药肺炎链球菌的耐药表型。应用PCR检测 14 8株红霉素耐药肺炎链球菌携带的耐药基因。结果　肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率 (中介率 耐药率 )为 4 2 7% ,对红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率分别为 77 6 %、6 6 7%。 14 8株红霉素耐药株中 ,耐药基因以ermB基因 (79 1% )为主 ,耐药表型以内在型耐药 (cMLS) (85 1% )为主。携带ermB基因的肺炎链球菌 ,74 4 %的菌株对红霉素的MIC值 >16 0 μg/ml;而携带mefA基因的肺炎链球菌对红霉素的MIC值在 0 5～ 4 0 μg/ml之间。 结论肺炎链球菌对红霉素的耐药率较高 ;耐药表型以cMLS为主 ,耐药基因以ermB介导的靶位改变多见。     

Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1979-1987. The Pneumococcal Surveillance Working Group

The increasing number of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates identified as relatively or fully resistant to penicillin or fully resistant to other antimicrobials in the United States supports the need to monitor for this resistance. Thus, 5459 S. pneumoniae isolates submitted to the Centers for Disease Control in 1979-1987 by 35 hospitals in a hospital-based pneumococcal surveillance system were evaluated. The MIC to penicillin or ampicillin was greater than or equal to 0.1 micrograms/ml for 274 (5%) isolates; 1 had an MIC of 4.0 micrograms/ml to penicillin. Seventeen (0.3%) were resistant to erythromycin (MIC, greater than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml), 157 (2.9%) were resistant to tetracycline (MIC, greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml), and 34 (0.6%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (MIC, greater than or equal to 76 and 4 micrograms/ml). Isolates relatively resistant to penicillin represented 1.8% of isolates in 1979, 8% in 1982, and 3.6% in 1987. Sixty-five multiply resistant isolates were identified. Pneumococci from the southwestern United States (region 4) were more likely to be relatively resistant to penicillin. Using logistic regression analysis, serotypes 14 and 19A, isolates from region 4, and isolates from middle ear fluid were associated with penicillin resistance (P less than or equal to .008, chi 2. These data confirm that antimicrobial resistance among pneumococcal isolates remained at low levels in the United States through 1987.     

A case of bacteremia due to resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with varying degrees of resistance to penicillin have been described. Strains that are highly resistant to penicillin (MIC, greater than 1 microgram/mL) and that are resistant to multiple antibiotics have been reported primarily in South Africa and Spain. We report a case of an adult patient with bacteremia due to S. pneumoniae that was highly resistant to penicillin (MIC, 4 micrograms/mL) and resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole who was successfully treated with vancomycin.     

Antibiotic-resistant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from clinical specimens: a cluster of serotype 19A organisms in Brooklyn, New York

Ten of 294 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from patients enrolled in a Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies Program trial of pneumococcal vaccine efficacy were moderately resistant or resistant to penicillin. Nine of these organisms were serotype 19A isolated from patients at the Brooklyn (New York) V.A. Medical Center over an 18-month period (March 1983-November 1984). The minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin for these pneumococci ranged from 1.0 to 2.0 micrograms/ml by the agar dilution technique and from 4.0 to 8.0 micrograms/ml by tube dilution. These organisms were resistant also to other beta-lactam antibiotics and to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. They were sensitive to erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and rifampin. The epidemiological source of these isolates was not discovered. However, it is possible that a focus of multiple antibiotic-resistant serotype 19A S. pneumoniae is present in Brooklyn.     

Etiologies and treatment outcomes for out-patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Most patients with community-acquired pneumonia are treated as out-patients with empirical therapy, since initially the etiologic agent is unknown. We prospectively assessed the etiologies and treatment outcomes of pneumonia from February 2003 to 2004 at ambulatory clinics. Forty-four patients were included with a mean age of 49.2 (SD 18.2) years. The male to female ratio was 1:1.4. The incubation period was 6.9 (SD 4.4) days. Half of the patients were healthy. Asthma and COPD were common in patients with underlying diseases. The etiologic diagnosis was determined by a sputum culture and a serology test of paired serum samples. Hemo-culture produced no growth in any patients. Atypical pathogens and H. influenzae were the most common finding, each occurring in 31.8% of the patients followed by S. pneumoniae and H. parainfluenzae (27.3% each). Twenty-two patients were infected with multiple pathogens. C. pneumoniae was the most common co-infecting pathogen. Two of 12 S. pneumoniae isolates were penicillin resistant. Nine of 14 H. influenzae isolates were cotrimoxazole resistant and 8 of 14 were not sensitive to erythromycin. For H. parainfluenzae, 11 of 12 isolates were not sensitive to erythromycin, and 7 of 12 were not sensitive to cotrimoxazole. Oral antibiotics were prescribed as out-patient treatment. Forty patients (90.9%) improved, with symptoms-score improvement averaging 6.4 days. Four patients got worse and needed a change of antibiotics, the symptoms usually worsen within 3-5 days. We conclude that, antibiotics for CAP out-patients should cover atypical pathogens, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and H. parainfluenzae. If the clinical symptoms do not respond after 3-5 days of out-patient treatment, resistance or an unusual organism (eg B. pseudomallei) should be considered.     

Efficacy of short-course therapy with the ketolide telithromycin compared with 10 days of penicillin V for the treatment of pharyngitis/tonsillitis

This randomized, double-blind study compared the efficacy and safety of a 5-d course of the new ketolide antimicrobial, telithromycin, with those of a standard 10-d course of penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin) in patients with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Patients aged 15-65 y (n = 395) with clinical signs and symptoms of pharyngitis/tonsillitis and a positive streptococcal antigen test or throat culture for GABHS were randomized to receive either telithromycin 800 mg once daily for 5 d (n = 198) or penicillin V 500 mg three times daily for 10 d (n = 197). Clinical and bacteriologic outcomes were assessed at post-therapy, test-of-cure (Days 16-20) and late post-therapy (Days 38-45) visits. Telithromycin for 5 d was equivalent to 10 d of penicillin V in terms of bacteriologic and clinical outcome (per-protocol): at post-therapy, test-of-cure visit, bacteriologic outcome was satisfactory in 84.3% and 89.1% of patients in the telithromycin and penicillin V groups, respectively, while clinical cure was achieved in 94.8% and 94.1% of patients, respectively. At late post-therapy, 82.4% of patients treated with telithromycin achieved a satisfactory bacteriologic outcome, compared with 84.7% of penicillin V recipients. The GABHS eradication rates for telithromycin and penicillin post-therapy were 85.2% and 89.1%, respectively, and 86.1% and 86.5%, respectively at late post-therapy. Both treatments were well tolerated, with a similar overall incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events. Short-course (5 d) therapy with telithromycin 800 mg once daily is comparable to a standard 10 d course of penicillin V for the treatment of GABHS pharyngitis/tonsillitis in adults and adolescents.     

Nasopharyngeal carriage of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in institutionalized HIV-infected and HIV-negative children in northeastern Romania.

OBJECTIVES: The study compared nasopharyngeal carriage of resistant pneumoniae in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and -seronegative children. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae was investigated during May 1996 in 162 HIV-negative infants and children (age range, 1-38 mo) and 40 HIV-infected children (age range, 39-106 mo) living in an orphanage in Iasi, northeastern Romania. The HIV-infected children lived separated from the other children and were cared for by a different staff. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from 12 of 40 (30%) HIV-infected and from 81 of 160 (50%) HIV-negative children. Antimicrobial susceptibility to penicillin and ceftriaxone was determined by E-test, and to another five antibiotics by disk diffusion. Serotyping was performed by the Quellung method on 81 of 93 (87%) isolates. RESULTS: Serotypes 6A, 6B, 19A, and 23F together represented 98% of all isolates. Ninety-nine percent of S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to penicillin, and 74% were highly resistant to penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] > 1 mg/mL); MIC50 and MIC90 to penicillin of the isolates were 2 mg/mL and 8 mg/mL, respectively. Eighty-nine of ninety-one isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone; 99%, 87%, 87%, 48%, and 21% of the isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, respectively. Eighty-two (89%) isolates were multidrug resistant (resistant to =/>3 antibiotic classes); 37 of 92 (40%) isolates were resistant to 5 or more antibiotic classes, and 16 of these 37 (43%) belonged to serotype 19A. All serotype 19 isolates were highly resistant to penicillin. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were observed in the resistance rates of S. pneumoniae in HIV-infected children compared to HIV-negative children. Multidrug-resistant pneumococci were highly prevalent in this Romanian orphanage in both HIV-negative and older HIV-infected children. The observed high prevalence of multidrug-resistant pneumococci (coupled with high penicillin resistance) with a limited number of circulating serotypes emphasizes the need to further evaluate the conjugate vaccines in children at risk for invasive pneumococcal infection.     

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Japan

Background and objective:   Streptococcus pneumoniae ( S. pneumoniae ) is the most common pathogen associated with community-acquired pneumonia and its resistance to antimicrobials is a worldwide problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the current drug susceptibilities of S. pneumoniae isolated from adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Japan.
Methods:   S. pneumoniae strains isolated from adult patients with pneumococcal pneumonia from 10 institutions were collected prospectively between May 2003 and October 2004 and tested for drug susceptibilities. Clinical data were analysed and the risk factors for drug resistance investigated.
Results:   A total of 141 isolates of S. pneumoniae were analysed. Of these S. pneumoniae isolates, 46.1% had intermediate penicillin resistance and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) occurring in the greatest number of isolates and MIC90 value was 2 μg/mL. The prevalence of resistance to macrolides was 80%, with the MIC90 values being greater than or equal to 16 μg/mL. Approximately 40% of the strains were resistant to oral third-generation cephems. Penicillin and erythromycin resistance were both associated with the pre-existing chronic disease states.
Conclusions:   The cephem and macrolide resistance of S. pneumoniae was higher than penicillin resistance in adult patients with community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia in Japan. We recommend that bacterial identification and sensitivities are determined in areas where the macrolide resistance to S. pneumoniae is high.     

呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌分离株的耐药性分析

目的研究呼吸道感染患者肺炎链球菌分离株的耐药情况。方法通过细菌培养获得肺炎链球菌，对获得的肺炎链球菌进行药敏实验。结果呼吸道分离肺炎链球菌中青霉素耐药(PRSP)占39．3％，对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、头孢克洛、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、红霉素、克林霉素、复方新诺明、万古霉素、利福霉素的耐药率分别为39．3％，13．8％，36．6％，17．2％，35．9％，16．6％，40．0％，36．6％．51．7％，38．6％，60．0％，0和17．2％。结论吉林省肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率已经处于较高水平，耐青霉素菌株对其他抗生素普遍耐药．已经发现对三代头孢菌素耐药菌株，未发现万古霉素耐药菌株。     

Risk factors and clinical outcomes of penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia in Khon Kaen, Thailand

To determine the prevalence, risk factors and clinical outcomes of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), a cross-sectional study was conducted between January 1995 and December 2004 at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Patients hospitalized with CAP and culture proved to be S. pneumoniae were included. PRSP was found in 22 of 64 (34.4%) patients. The MIC levels of penicillin non-susceptible strains ranged between 0.25 and 0.75 microg/ml. Resistance to other antibiotics ranked: cotrimoxazole (51.6%), tetracycline (26.6%), erythromycin (20.6%), lincomycin (18.7%), chloramphenicol (12.5%) and ampicillin (1.6%). None of the isolates was resistant to cephalothin. The significant risk factors for PRSP infection were previous antibiotic use within 3 months (Adjusted OR 40.83, 95% CI 3.71 to 449.41) and alcoholism (Adjusted OR 8.82, 95% 1.25 to 62.46). Bacteremia and empyema thoracis were found more commonly in PRSP than PSSP infection, but not statistically significant. Pneumonia-related mortality was nearly the same, PRSP 9.1% vs PSSP 9.5% (p = 0.96). The reason why the clinical outcomes of these two groups were not different may be the patients were infected with mildly resistant organisms. Thus, pneumonia caused by intermediate-level penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae appears to be adequately treated with beta-lactams or aminopenicillin antibiotics. The MIC levels of penicillin resistance should be monitored further. The need for antibiotics active against drug-resistant S. pneumoniae was required if high-level penicillin resistance was detected.     

获得性肺炎患者血流感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析获得性肺炎患者血流感染病原菌分布及耐药性。 方法选取2017年3月至2021年7月北京积水潭医院收治的305例医院获得性肺炎患者为对象,采集年龄、性别、住院时间、合并基础疾病、气管插管例数、原发感染灶、血培养及药敏试验结果。 结果305例获得性肺炎患者中并发血流感染174例(57.05%),分离出186株病原菌,其中G^－ 137株(73.66%),G^－中肺炎克雷伯菌32例(17.20%),鲍曼不动杆菌29例(15.59%)、铜绿假单胞菌24例(12.90%);G⁺ 46株(24.73%),其中金黄色葡萄球菌19例(10.22%);真菌3株(1.61%)。肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢曲松、氨苄西林耐药性高,对氨曲南、妥布霉素耐药性低;鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢曲松、呋喃妥因耐药性高,对氨曲南、庆大霉素耐药性低;铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、呋喃妥因耐药性高,对丁胺卡那霉素、复方新诺明、氨曲南耐药性低。金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G、红霉素耐药性高,对万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药性低;肺炎链球菌对青霉素G、红霉素、庆大霉素耐药性高,对万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药性低。 结论获得性肺炎患者血流感染病原菌分布以G^－多见,其中肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌感染常见,对氨苄西林、呋喃妥因及头孢耐药性高;G⁺感染中金黄色葡萄球菌常见,对阿奇霉素、红霉素、青霉素耐药性高。     

PROTEKT 1999-2000: a multicentre study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens in Japan.

DESIGN: A six-centre study in Japan during the winter of 1999-2000 assessed the in vitro activity of >20 antimicrobial agents against the common respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of each antimicrobial was determined against these isolates using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) methodology. RESULTS: Among S. pneumoniae isolates, 44.5% were penicillin resistant. The macrolide resistance rate was 77.9% with 90.5% of penicillin-resistant strains also being macrolide resistant. Resistance mechanisms in macrolide-resistant isolates were identified as mef(A) or erm(B) in 42.5% and 52.5%, respectively. Of the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates (1.3%), most were also penicillin and macrolide resistant. All strains were inhibited by telithromycin at 相似文献   

Prevalence and clinical significance of community-acquired penicillin-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia in Thailand

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, clinical significance and outcome of community-acquired penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP) pneumonia in Thailand. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a prospective study in culture-proven pneumococcal pneumonia. Pneumococci were defined as susceptible, intermediate resistance and high resistance according to the definitions of the United States National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). RESULTS: Forty-six consecutive patients were enrolled. Of the S. pneumoniae isolates collected, 41.3% were resistant to penicillin (37% intermediate resistance and 4.3% high resistance). Resistance to other antibiotics was 13% to ceftriaxone (8.7% intermediate resistance and 4.3% high resistance), 34.8% to erythromycin, 39.1% to tetracycline, 26.1% to chloramphenicol, and 43.5% to trimethoprim -sulfamethoxazole. Prior antibiotic use within 3 months was significantly associated with resistance to penicillin. The overall mortality of pneumococcal pneumonia was 26.1%. Multilobar involvement and requirement for mechanical ventilation proved to be associated with mortality. However, resistance to penicillin or ceftriaxone was not associated with death. CONCLUSIONS: According to the US NCCLS guidelines, we found a high prevalence of drug-resistant S. pneumoniae in Thai patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Prior antibiotic use was significantly associated with penicillin resistance. However, the outcome was not related to in vitro penicillin susceptibility of S. pneumoniae isolated from the patients.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the oropharynx of healthy preschool children and identification of risk factors

To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the oropharynx of healthy children, throat swabs were obtained from 683 children and cultured. The disk diffusion method and the E test were used to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated organisms. Twenty-nine children (4.2%) harbored S. pneumoniae in their oropharynx. Fifteen (51.7%) of the isolates showed intermediate resistance to penicillin and 14 (48.3%) were susceptible. All strains were susceptible to rifampicin and moxifloxacin. One was resistant to telithromycin. The rates of resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline were 41.3, 44.8, 34.4, and 44.8%, respectively. Risk factors for S. pneumoniae carriage were also assessed.     

Antibiotic susceptibility, serotype distribution and vaccine coverage of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae in a day-care centre in St. Petersburg, Russia

The objectives were to study serotypes and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae carried by healthy children attending a day-care centre in St. Petersburg. S. pneumoniae colonization was investigated in 125 children aged 16-70 months. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by E-test and disk diffusion. 83 S. pneumoniae cases were isolated in 75/125 (60%) children: 36/75 (48%) in the nasopharynx, 12/75 (16%) in the oropharynx and 27/75 (36%) in both. Carriage rates were 100%, 68%, 72%, 46% and 54% in children aged 12-23, 24-35, 36-47, 48-59 and >or=60 months, respectively. 97.6% of isolates were susceptible to penicillin. 61.4%, 32.5%, 19.3%, 16.7% and 6% isolates were non-susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, clindamycin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol, respectively. 20.5% of isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). 45% of isolates were of serotypes included in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7V-PCV); 64.9%, 56.8%, 32.4% and 27% of 7V-PCV serotypes were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, clindamycin and erythromycin, respectively. The respective figures for MDR isolates were 100%, 94.1%, 70.6% and 76.5%; 76.5% of all MDR isolates were covered by 7V-PCV. In conclusion: 1) resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline was high; 2) resistance to macrolides was higher than in other Russian regions; 3) 7V-PCV coverage was modest, but the vaccine may potentially reduce MDR-S. pneumoniae.     

肺炎链球菌对红霉素的耐药性及耐药表型

目的 调查上海地区肺炎链球菌对红霉素，克林霉素的耐药率及红霉素耐药菌的耐药表型。方法 以琼脂稀释法测定345株肺炎链球菌对红霉素，克林霉素的最低抑菌浓度，以双纸片法测定红霉素耐药菌的耐药表型。结果 肺炎链球菌对红霉素及克林霉素及克林霉素的耐药率分别为53.0%（183/345）及49.6%(171/345)。对红霉素耐药菌中，内在型耐药（cMLS)占90.3%(159/176)，诱导型耐药（iMLS)占5.7%(10/176)，M型耐药占4.0%(7/176)。结论 上海地区肺炎链球菌对红霉素的耐药率高，其耐药表型以cMLS为主。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in the USA: data from PROTEKT US 2000-01

OBJECTIVES: The PROTEKT US surveillance program (Prospective Resistant Organism Tracking and Epidemiology for the Ketolide Telithromycin in the United States) commenced in 2000 to document the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract pathogens in the United States. METHODS: During 2000-2001, 206 centers from 154 cities/metropolitan areas collected 16,727 clinical isolates (Streptococcus pneumoniae, n=10103, Streptococcus pyogenes, n=3918, Haemophilus influenzae, n=2706). RESULTS: Among S. pneumoniae isolates, 38.9% showed decreased susceptibility to penicillin (12.5% intermediate, 26.4% resistant) with marked geographical variability. The erythromycin resistance rate was 31.0% and highly correlated with penicillin resistance. The rate of fluoroquinolone resistance was 0.8%. Telithromycin was nearly uniformly active against S. pneumoniae (MIC(90) 0.5 mg/l). All isolates of S. pyogenes were penicillin-susceptible, 5.5% were resistant to erythromycin. Telithromycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were lower than clindamycin and macrolide MICs against S. pyogenes (MIC(90) 0.03 mg/l versus 0.25 mg/l and 0.12 mg/l, respectively). 28.3% of H. influenzae isolates produced beta-lactamase. Telithromycin activity versus H. influenzae was not affected by beta-lactamase production. CONCLUSIONS: The PROTEKT US study confirms the widespread prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among common bacterial respiratory pathogens in the US, and re-affirms the importance of continued surveillance to guide optimum empiric therapy for patients with Community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTIs). The new ketolide, telithromycin, maintained potent activity against study isolates in vitro and offers promise for the effective treatment of CARTIs.     

Antibiotic susceptibility of upper respiratory tract pathogens in Sweden: a seven year follow-up study including loracarbef. Swedish Respiratory Tract Study Group.

The antibiotic susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae was investigated in five different geographical areas of Sweden in 1990 and compared with results from similar investigations performed in 1983 and 1986. Tests on 100 isolates per species and laboratory were performed by the disk diffusion method, and 10% of the strains plus all resistant ones were sent to the central laboratory for determination of MICs of ampicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, cefaclor, loracarbef, erythromycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Beta-lactamase production was found in 7% of H. influenzae and 71% of M. catarrhalis, and reduced susceptibility to penicillin in 3% of S. pneumoniae. Low frequencies (1-3%) of tetracycline resistance were found in H. influenzae and in the 2 streptococcal species, in which also less than 1% of the strains were resistant to erythromycin. Resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole occurred in 7% (range 3-14%) of H. influenzae and in 3% of S. pneumoniae. Cefaclor was active against all streptococci except against S. pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to penicillin. It was active against beta-lactamase negative strains of M. catarrhalis but had, according to the SIR-system, intermediate activity against H. influenzae. Loracarbef was twice as active as cefaclor against H. influenzae but equally active against the 3 other species tested.     

十堰地区婴幼儿社区获得性肺炎常见病原体致病情况及耐药性变迁分析

目的分析十堰地区婴幼儿社区获得性肺炎(CAP)常见病原体致病情况及耐药性的变迁。 方法选取2018年2月至2019年2月十堰区多家医院收治的1 282例CAP患儿,采集所有患儿深部痰液标本,对痰液中细菌菌种进行鉴定,采用MIC法进行药敏试验,并分析检出细菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。 结果282例CAP患儿中病原体检出阳性者684例(53.35%),其中肺炎链球菌检出146例(21.35%),肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、产气肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌在年龄≤12个月的患儿中检出率明显高于年龄12～36个月的患儿(均P<0.05)。1 282例患儿肺炎支原体检出率为6.16%(79/1282),肺炎衣原体检出率为11.39%(146/1 282),肺炎支原体/衣原体在年龄12～36个月的患儿中检出率分别为13.71%(51/372)、25.81%(96/372)明显高于年龄≤12个月患儿的3.08%(28/910)、5.49%(50/910)(P<0.05)。在革兰氏阳性菌中,肺炎链球菌对红霉素、四环素、克林霉素耐药率均>80%,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、氨苄西林耐药率均>50%;肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺均敏感。在革兰氏阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌均对头孢唑林、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢曲松、氨苄西林、氨曲南耐药率>70%;流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松、头孢替坦均100%耐药;革兰氏阳性菌对哌拉西林及阿米卡星耐药率最低。 结论十堰地区婴幼儿社区获得性肺炎常见病原体为肺炎链球菌,主要对红霉素、四环素、克林霉素耐药率均较高,临床应当使用敏感抗菌素提高治疗效率。