厄贝沙坦与氯沙坦治疗轻、中度高血压病的比较

目的比较厄贝沙坦与氯沙坦对轻中度高血压病患者的降压疗效.方法采用随机、双盲研究方法.经2周的单盲、安慰剂导入期,72例坐位舒张压在95～115mmHg之间的高血压患者被随机分入厄贝沙坦75mg/天组(n=36)或氯沙坦50mg/天组(n=36).4周末,如坐位舒张压仍≥90mmHg,每日剂量加倍(厄贝沙坦150mg/天或氯沙坦100mg/天),总疗程8周.结果两组患者服药后血压均显著降低(P<0.01).经8周治疗,厄贝沙坦组平均坐位收缩压与舒张压分别降低15.0%与13.3%,在氯沙坦组分别为13.7%与14.0%.两药的有效率无显著性差别(厄贝沙坦75.0%,氯沙坦71.4%,P>0.05).与厄贝沙坦不同,氯沙坦组血尿酸水平显著降低.结论在轻中度高血压的治疗中,厄贝沙坦与氯沙坦一样有效与安全.     

厄贝沙坦与科素亚治疗轻中度原发性高血压的疗交对比

目的评价厄贝沙坦治疗轻中度原发性高血压的疗效和不良反应.方法采用随机双盲法将50例轻中度原发性高血压患者分为厄贝沙坦组和科素亚组,分别接受厄贝沙坦150mg/d或科素亚50mg/d,4周后若舒张压≥90mmHg,接受厄贝沙坦300mg/d或科素亚100g/d.治疗前后测量坐位血压,记录所有不良反应.结果厄贝沙坦与科素亚均能有效降低血压,治疗总有效率分别为85.6%和82.6%(P＞0.05),两组降压程度无统计学意义(14.1±7.2mmHg对15.9±9.4mmHg,P＞0.05).厄贝沙坦组具有良好的耐受性.结论厄贝沙坦(150～300mg,每日一次)是治疗轻中度原发性高血压的安全有效药物.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂干预高血压患者尿酸代谢的对比研究

目的观察血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂（ARB）氯沙坦与伊贝沙坦治疗对伴高尿酸血症的原发性高血压患者血清尿酸水平的影响并评价其降压疗效。方法采用多中心、随机、双盲、平行对照设计。伴高尿酸血症（血清尿酸浓度男性≥390μmo]／L,女性≥310μmo]／L）的1～2级原发性高血压患者,经2周安慰剂洗脱期后,随机分入氯沙坦组（50mg／d）或伊贝沙坦组（150mg／d）,治疗4周,如血压得到控制[收缩压〈140mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）和舒张压〈90mmHg],继续原剂量治疗4周;如血压未得到控制[收缩压≥140mmHg和（或）舒张压≥90mmHg],将上述药物剂量加倍,继续治疗4周,观察血清尿酸浓度及血压的变化。结果随机入选351例患者,325例完成试验,氯沙坦组162例,伊贝沙坦组163例。与治疗前比较,氯沙坦组治疗4周末、8周末血清尿酸浓度明显降低（P〈0．0001）,伊贝沙坦组则无明显降低（P〉0．05）;两组之间比较,治疗4周、8周血清尿酸浓度氯沙坦组明显低于伊贝沙坦组（P〈0．0001）。与治疗前比较,两组治疗4周、8周末收缩压和舒张压均有明显下降（P〈0．0001）;两组之间比较,治疗4周、8周末收缩压和舒张压差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论氯沙坦治疗能显著降低伴高尿酸血症的原发性高血压患者的血清尿酸水平,伊贝沙坦无明显降低血清尿酸作用;两种ARB均能有效控制血压。因此,氯沙坦是治疗伴高尿酸血症的轻中度高血压患者的理想选择。     

伊贝沙坦治疗轻中度高血压疗效和安全性的临床研究

目的为评价新一代血管紧张素Ⅱ AT1受体拮抗剂伊贝沙坦(安博维)降压疗效及安全性,并与氯沙坦相比较.方法采用随机分组平行对照方法,将120例轻、中度高血压患者分成伊贝沙坦组(60例),口服150mg*d-1和氯沙坦组(60例),口服50 mg*d-1.观察8周.每2周一次上午延迟1～4小时用药并测诊室谷值坐位血压、心率,并观察不良反应.用药前及治疗第4周和第8周检测血液生化.第4周谷值坐位血压仍大于90 mmHg者加用双氢克尿噻12.5 mg*d-1.结果第4周伊贝沙坦与氯沙坦正常化率分别为40%和35%,第8周伊贝沙坦与氯沙坦组血压有效反应率分别为78.3%和66.7%,(P＞0.05) .两组治疗前、后平均谷值坐位舒张压有显著性差异P＜0.01.伊贝沙坦组不良反应发生率6.6%,氯沙坦组为8.3% (P>0.05).两组部分病例加用小剂量双氢克尿噻后,谷值坐位舒张压进一步下降.谷值坐位舒张压下降幅度,伊贝沙坦组优于氯沙坦组,P＜0.05.结论伊贝沙坦与氯沙坦不良反应发生率均较低,伊贝沙坦降低谷值坐位舒张压更有效.建议生产伊贝沙坦与小剂量双氢克尿噻的复方制剂.     

氯沙坦及氯沙坦与双氢克尿噻合剂对原发性高血压患者肾素活性影响的比较

目的比较血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂氯沙坦及氯沙坦与双氢克尿噻合剂对原发性高血压患者的降压疗效和肾素活性水平的影响。 方法坐位舒张压95～115mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)的76例原发性高血压患者,经1周药物洗脱期,2周安慰剂期后,随机服用氯沙坦50mg(氯沙坦组,n=37),每日1次或氯沙坦50mg与双氢克尿噻12.5mg合剂(氯沙坦+双氢克尿噻合剂组,n=39),每日1次。4周末坐位舒张压≥90mmHg者,剂量分别加倍,继续服用4周。于安慰剂期末及服药8周末测量诊室坐位血压和测定立位血浆肾素活性水平。 结果服药8周末平均坐位舒张压氯沙坦组(n=35)下降10.1±9.1mmHg;氯沙坦+双氢克尿噻合剂组(n=33)下降14.6±7.5mmHg(组间比较P＜0.05);同时服用末次药24小时后氯沙坦组的平均血浆肾素活性从1.6ng/(ml*h)增加至5.4ng/(ml     

动态血压监测评价复方厄贝沙坦的降压作用

目的：评价厄贝沙坦／氢氯噻嗪(复方厄贝沙坦，商品名安博诺)降压谷／峰比值及降压效果。方法：开放试验。28例轻中度高血压患者日服一次复方厄贝沙坦(厄贝沙坦150mg／氢氯噻嗪12、5mg)、共8周，治疗前后行24h动态血压监测。结果：收缩压、舒张压谷／峰比值分别为56．1％、55．3％，24h、昼、夜平均血压分别下降22．2／13．3mmHg、23．8／14．1mmHg、15．0／9．1mmHg。结论：复方厄贝沙坦日服一次，降压作用可维持24h。     

替米沙坦治疗轻中度高血压的临床疗效和安全性--多中心随机对照临床试验

目的：（1）比较替米沙坦40mg或80mg与氯沙坦50mg或100mg每天一次口服治疗轻中度高血压的疗效和安全性；（2）评价替米沙坦40mg每天一次口服治疗轻中度高血压的24h降压效果及谷／峰比值。方法：（1）多中心、随机、双盲、双模拟平行分组试验。330例轻中度高血压（95mm Hg≤舒张压＜110mm Hg，收缩压＜180mm Hg,1mm Hg=0.133kPa)患被随机分入替米沙坦组（164例）和氯沙坦组（166例），分别每天一次口服替米沙坦40mg或氯沙坦50mg。4周后如坐位舒张压≥90mm Hg，则改为替米沙坦80mg或氯沙坦100mg每天一次口服。（2）开放试验。同样条件的20例患服用替米沙坦40mg共6周，于替米沙坦治疗前后各进行24h动态血压监测。结果：（1）治疗8周末，替米沙坦组的坐位收缩压及舒张压下降幅度大于氯沙坦组（12．5mm Hg vs 9.4mm Hg,P=0.037及10.9mm Hg vs 9.3mm Hg,P=0.030);(2)替米沙坦降低轻中度高血压的总有效率高于氯沙坦（70．1％ vs 58.7%,P=0.020);(3)替米沙坦级瑟氯沙坦组的不良事件发生率相似（23．2％ vs 22.9%,P=0.952);(4)替米沙坦40mg每天一次口服，其收缩压的谷／峰比值为66．5％，舒张压的谷／峰比值为76．8％；24h平均血压下降10．2／7．8mm Hg，用药末6h的平均血压下降10.0/9.2mm Hg。结论：（1）替米沙坦40mg或80mg每天一次口服治疗轻中度高血压安全有效；（2）替米沙坦适合每天一次服用，其降压作用可维持24h。     

厄贝沙坦和氢氯噻嗪治疗原发性高血压33例临床观察

目的观察厄贝沙坦联合氢氯噻嗪治疗原发性高血压的疗效及安全性。方法65例轻中度原发性高血压患者,停药1～2周后,随机分为两组,治疗组33例,予厄贝沙坦150mg／d晨服,氢氯噻嗪12．5mg/d晨服。对照组32例仅予厄贝沙坦150mg／d晨服。疗程8周。观察两组治疗前后的血压、心率及不良反应。结果治疗组总有效率90．9％,对照组总有效率71．9％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ^2=3．910,P=0．048）;两组收缩压、舒张压均明显下降,但治疗组优于对照组（t’=7．0367。P〈0．05;t=3．6552,P=0．0005）。结论厄贝沙坦和氢氯噻嗪联用能有效控制血压,且耐受性好。     

伊贝沙坦治疗轻中度高血压疗效和安全性的临床研究

目的　为评价新一代血管紧张素ⅡAT1受体拮抗剂伊贝沙坦 (安博维 )降压疗效及安全性 ,并与氯沙坦相比较。方法　采用随机分组平行对照方法 ,将 12 0例轻、中度高血压患者分成伊贝沙坦组(6 0例 ) ,口服 15 0mg·d- 1和氯沙坦组 (6 0例 ) ,口服 5 0mg·d- 1。观察 8周。每 2周一次上午延迟 1～ 4小时用药并测诊室谷值坐位血压、心率 ,并观察不良反应。用药前及治疗第 4周和第 8周检测血液生化。第 4周谷值坐位血压仍大于 90mmHg者加用双氢克尿噻 12 5mg·d- 1。结果　第 4周伊贝沙坦与氯沙坦正常化率分别为 4 0 %和 35 % ,第 8周伊贝沙坦与氯沙坦组血压有效反应率分别为 78 3%和6 6 7% ,(P >0 0 5 )。两组治疗前、后平均谷值坐位舒张压有显著性差异P <0 0 1。伊贝沙坦组不良反应发生率 6 6 % ,氯沙坦组为 8 3% (P >0 0 5 )。两组部分病例加用小剂量双氢克尿噻后 ,谷值坐位舒张压进一步下降。谷值坐位舒张压下降幅度 ,伊贝沙坦组优于氯沙坦组 ,P <0 0 5。结论　伊贝沙坦与氯沙坦不良反应发生率均较低 ,伊贝沙坦降低谷值坐位舒张压更有效。建议生产伊贝沙坦与小剂量双氢克尿噻的复方制剂     

厄贝沙坦和依那普利治疗原发性高血压的对比研究

目的对比观察厄贝沙坦与依那普利治疗轻中度原发性高血压的疗效和安全性。方法随机观察厄贝沙坦(41例,150mg～300mg)与依那普利(42例,10～20mg)治疗高血压患者4周和8周的有效率,并分两组进行比较。结果两组治疗第2周后开始平均收缩压、舒张压较治疗前明显降低(P<0.01),在整个治疗期间血压持续平稳下降;厄贝沙坦与依那普利治疗4周降低舒张压总有效率分别为90.2%(37/41)和83.3%(35/42),8周降低舒张压总有效率分别为95.1%(39/41)和90.5%(38/42),两组比较P>0.05。结论厄贝沙坦是一安全、有效、长效,耐受性好,不良反应轻的降压药物。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.