大鼠脑卒中相关基因的抑制性差减杂交文库构建

目的建立寒冷加高盐刺激大鼠脑卒中的大脑组织差异cDNA文库。 方法正常Wistar大鼠随机分为寒冷加高盐刺激的实验组和不予任何处理的对照组。取实验组发生脑卒中和对照组的大脑组织。提取两组组织的mRNA，按照抑制性差减杂交试剂盒说明进行实验。在三个水平设定了检验差减效率的实验。首先是使用试剂盒提供的骨骼肌mRNA加入外源性PhiX174（HaeⅢ）作为阳性实验组与我们的实验样品进行平行差减，用来证明系统正常。其次是采用PCR扩增看家基因GPDH的方法观察本次实验的差减效果。最后在两库随机各挑取288个克隆测序，比较相同序列的重复情况。 结果差减各过程符合理论质量要求，分别得到一个脑卒中特异表达基因的片段库和一个正常特异表达基因片段库。卒中库的理论容量是7.1×10     

应激引起大鼠脑卒中时细胞与机体防御基因的表达差异及其在发病学中的意义

目的　探讨应激引起大鼠脑卒中时细胞与机体防御基因的表达差异以及其在发病学中的意义。方法　制备大鼠高血压脑卒中模型,应用抑制性差减克隆技术对卒中样发作鼠(刺激因素组)和正常对照鼠脑(正常对照组)的差异基因进行筛选。经过两轮杂交后,产生的克隆均为脑卒中鼠脑组织特异表达的序列。每组随机挑取2 88个克隆,进行测序及GenBankBlast生物信息分析。结果　两组共有4 5 6个可用序列,我们对每个与已知基因高度同源的序列以功能为参照进行了分类,发现大鼠卒中后脑组织细胞与机体防御基因表达明显下调(P <0 .0 1) ,2 88个克隆中未发现运输蛋白/膜转运及应激反应相关基因的表达。结论　脑组织运输蛋白/膜转运及应激反应相关基因的表达发生改变,可能是脑卒中发生的分子机制之一。     

两个标准化cNDA差减文库的构建

目的 构建2个标准化cDNA差减文库,方法 以淡色库蚊对溴氰菊酯抗药性品系为Tester、敏感性品系为Driver,进行正向抑制性差减杂交;以敏感吕系为Tester、抗性品系为Driver,进行反向抑制性差减杂交,分别将获取的2组抑制性差减杂交产物克隆入质粒表达载体（Pin-Point^TMXa-1TVector),并以PCR扩增鉴定插入片段。结果 获得2个标准化cDAN差减文库,其中抗性相关基因（抗性品系高表达或特异表达）文库含523个重组子,敏感相关基因（敏感品系高表达或特异表达）文库含286个重组子,插入片段大小平均约360bp。结论 所建的2个差减文库适合做进一步研究。     

RNA指纹法分离血管性痴呆大鼠海马内的差异表达基因

目的：分离血管性痴呆（VD）大鼠海马内疾病相关基因，方法：用改良的Pulsinelli-4血管阻断全脑缺血法4－VO法建立VD模型，Morris水迷宫检测其痴呆，以RNA指纹法对比正常老龄大鼠和血管性痴呆大鼠海马组织基因表达，并分离疾病情况下表达差异的基因。结果：在成功建立VD大鼠模型的基础上，分离、筛选、克隆到32条VD海马内疾病相关差异表达基因片段，选取2条VD特异表达的片段进行Northern杂交验证，通过测序与GenBank比较证均为新基因片段，登录号为BG937392、BG937393，结论：RNA指纹法是快速、简便，有效的分离差异基因的方法，本实验分离的差异表达基因可能是直接参与疾病发生，发展过程的致病基因或保护基因。     

糖尿病大鼠瘦素受体OB-Ra表达的研究

目的 探讨瘦素受体0B-RamRNA在糖尿病(DM)大鼠多个组织中的表达及胰岛素(Ins)分泌减少对其表达的影响。方法 从大鼠脾组织中提取总RNA，采用逆转录PCR技术扩增了约1．44kb的0B-Ra基因片段；以四氧嘧啶诱导DM模型大鼠；检测和比较正常和DM大鼠多个组织中0B-Ra mRNA的表达。结果 0B-RamRNA在大鼠体内广泛表达，脾、睾丸、腹部白色脂肪(简称脂肪)及大脑等组织中表达水平较高，而心、肺中几乎未见表达；DM大鼠的胰腺、脂肪和睾丸等组织0B-RamRNA的表达量与正常大鼠相比，分别减少了62％、15％和11％。结论 DM大鼠体内胰腺、脂肪和睾丸等组织中0B-RamRNA表达量的降低与Ins分泌减少及由此引起的代谢改变有关。     

脑卒中后抑郁大鼠额前皮质神经生长因子的表达变化

目的观察脑卒中后抑郁(PSD)大鼠额前皮质神经生长因子(NGF)及其高亲和力酪氨酸激酶受体A(Trk A)mRNA的表达变化。方法将32只健康成年雌性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、抑郁组、卒中组、PSD组,每组8只。卒中组采用线栓法制备局灶性脑缺血模型;抑郁组采用慢性不可预见的中等应激刺激结合孤养法制备大鼠慢性应激抑郁模型;PSD组采用线栓法制备局灶性脑缺血模型,术后1周加以中等应激刺激及孤养方法制备PSD模型。于造模后第29天各组取0.5 cm厚的大脑额前皮质约100 mg,采用RT-PCR法检测额前皮质组织NGF及Trk A mRNA的表达。结果各组额前皮质组织中均有NGF、Trk A的表达。PSD组NGF mRNA表达低于正常组(P<0.05),其余各组相比NGF mRNA表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各组Trk A mRNA表达差异无统计学意义。结论 PSD大鼠额前皮质NGF mRNA的表达减少,可能与PSD发病有关。     

蚊媒感染疟原虫后应答性表达增高基因的富集和筛选

目的　分离和识别蚊媒疟原虫感染相关基因并探讨其机制。方法　以斯氏按蚊 约氏疟原虫为实验模型 ,分别将刺叮约氏疟原虫感染鼠血和正常鼠血后 2 4h的饱血斯氏按蚊作为T组和D组 ,经抑制性差减杂交和选择性PCR扩增 ,建立一个T组表达特异增高基因的差减cDNA库。将此差减库分别与T组和D组的cDNAs混合探针作斑点杂交 ,筛选出差异表达基因 ,测定其序列并做基因库BLAST搜索。结果　T组相对于D组的差异表达基因得到有效富集 ,5 8个重组克隆中有 2 4个表达增高 ,阳性率为 4 1.4 %。所代表的 2 3个基因搜索结果显示 ,12个与功能已知的基因同源 ,4个与功能未知的基因同源 ,7个为新发现的基因 ;其中 9个与LPS诱导的冈比亚按蚊免疫反应性细胞系EST同源 ,占 39.1% (9/ 2 3)。结论　建立了蚊媒感染疟原虫早期 (2 4h)直接导致的全基因组应答性表达增高cDNA库 ,筛选结果显示蚊虫对疟原虫感染的反应涉及多种生化途径及机制 ,尤其与天然免疫系统和能量代谢关系密切     

甘氨酸在肝硬化发生发展过程中对肝组织CD14基因及蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察甘氨酸在肝硬化形成过程中对肝组织表达CD14基因和CD14蛋白的影响。方法 采用复合因素建立肝硬化动物模型的同时，实验组分别用甘氨酸液（1g/d)给大鼠灌胃，或用含5%甘氨酸食物喂养大鼠，并于实验的2周末、4周末和8周末以逆转录多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）和western blot法检测大鼠肝组织CD14 mRNA和CD14蛋白的表达。结果 在用含甘氨酸食物喂养的脂肪肝和肝硬化大鼠中，其肝组织CD14 mRNA及CD14蛋白的表达较对照组大鼠明显减弱，其中用含甘氨酸食物喂养8周末的肝硬化大鼠肝组织的CD14 mRNA及CD14蛋白表达最弱。结论 甘氨酸可下调肝组织CD14基因和CD14蛋白的表达。     

大蒜素对心肌缺血大鼠心肌组织CGRP及其受体mRNA表达水平的影响

目的研究大蒜素对心肌缺血大鼠心肌组织降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)及其受体mRNA表达水平的影响,旨在探讨心肌缺血的发病机制及大蒜素的作用机制。方法腹腔注射异丙肾上腺素建立大鼠心肌缺血模型,将建模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组、大蒜素高剂量组、大蒜素中剂量组、大蒜素低剂量组,另选取正常大鼠作为正常对照组,每组12只。大蒜素各剂量组分别灌胃大豆油配制的高、中、低浓度的大蒜素,模型组和正常对照组灌胃等容量的大豆油,均灌胃30 d。酶联免疫吸附法测定各组大鼠心肌组织CGRP水平,实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测CGRP受体mRNA的表达情况。结果与正常对照组比较,大蒜素各剂量组和模型组心肌组织CGRP受体mRNA表达水平均降低(P0.05)。与模型组比较,大蒜素低、中剂量组心肌组织CGRP受体mRNA表达水平均增高(P0.05)。结论心肌缺血大鼠心肌组织CGRP受体mRNA表达水平降低,一定剂量的大蒜素可使大鼠心肌组织CGRP受体mRNA表达水平升高,增强心肌组织中CGRP的扩血管作用,缓解心肌缺血症状,对心肌具有保护作用。     

脑卒中后抑郁大鼠海马、丘脑组织中BNDF、TrkB的表达变化及意义

目的观察脑卒中后抑郁(PSD)大鼠海马、丘脑组织中BDNF及其高亲和力受体原肌球蛋白受体激酶B(TrkB)的表达变化,并探讨其意义。方法将32只大鼠随机分为正常组、抑郁组、卒中组及PSD组各8只。正常组不干预;抑郁组采用孤养法制作抑郁模型;卒中组及PSD组采用线栓法致局灶性脑缺血(卒中);PSD组加慢性不可预见的中等应激刺激和孤养法制作PSD模型。采用RT-PCR法检测各组大脑海马及丘脑组织中的BNDF mRNA和TrkB mRNA。结果 PSD组海马BNDF mRNA、丘脑TrkB mRNA表达均明显低于对照组(P均<0.05);其余各组海马BNDF mRNA表达、丘脑TrkB mRNA表达比较均无统计学差异。结论 PSD大鼠海马、丘脑组织中BDNF及TrkB表达降低,二者可能参与了PSD的发病。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.