低HDL-C者外周血白细胞胆固醇流出调节基因表达及相关研究

目的 研究低HDL-C患者外周血白细胞ABCA1和ABCG1 mRNA的表达状态.方法 采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,测定外周血白细胞ABCA1和ABCG1 mRNA表达水平.结果 低HDL-C患者ABCA1表达水平较对照组显著降低（0.23±0.09比1.18±0.49,P=0.042）,ABCG1 mRNA表达差异无统计学意义（3.09±1.08比3.94±1.48,P=0.355）;低HDL-C者高敏CRP（hs-CR P）水平明显高于对照组（2.34±1.68比1.15±0.48,P=0.008）;血清hsCRP水平与ABCA1 mRNA表达呈负相关（r=-0.330,P=0.043）,与血清HDL-C水平无相关性（r=0.19,P=0.254）.多因素线性回归分析表明,ABCA1mRNA表达水平与血清hs-CRP水平呈边缘性相关（β=-0.330,P=0.079）.结论 低HDL-C患者外周血ABCA1 mRNA表达水平降低,炎症因素或许是其机制之一.这可能是低HDL-C者心血管病风险增高的一个因素.     

Molecular interaction between caveolin-1 and ABCA1 on high-density lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux in aortic endothelial cells

OBJECTIVE: Caveolin-1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) are proteins that are involved in cellular cholesterol efflux. In this study, we analyzed the relationships between caveolin-1 and ABCA1 on high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated cholesterol efflux in rat aortic endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: Overexpression of caveolin-1 by transfection with caveolin-1 cDNA in aortic endothelial cells up-regulated ABCA1 expression and enhanced cholesterol efflux. Suppression of caveolin-1 by siRNA decreased ABCA1 expression and reduced cholesterol efflux. The number of caveolae increased after transfection with caveolin-1 into cells. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed a molecular interaction between caveolin-1 and ABCA1 in the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm after HDL incubation. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that caveolin-1 colocalized with ABCA1 in the caveolae and in the cytoplasmic vesicles; it was also found that caveolin-1 and ABCA1 colocalized with cellular cholesterol by immunofluorescence microscopy. Blocking of intracellular lipid transport by inhibitors disrupted the interaction between caveolin-1 and ABCA1 and reduced cholesterol to methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and HDL. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular interaction between caveolin-1 and ABCA1 is associated with the HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux pathway in aortic endothelial cells.     

Liver X receptor activation controls intracellular cholesterol trafficking and esterification in human macrophages

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that regulate macrophage cholesterol efflux by inducing ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1/ABCG4 gene expression. The Niemann-Pick C (NPC) proteins NPC1 and NPC2 are located in the late endosome, where they control cholesterol trafficking to the plasma membrane. The mobilization of cholesterol from intracellular pools to the plasma membrane is a determinant governing its availability for efflux to extracellular acceptors. Here we investigated the influence of LXR activation on intracellular cholesterol trafficking in primary human macrophages. Synthetic LXR activators increase the amount of free cholesterol in the plasma membrane by inducing NPC1 and NPC2 gene expression. Moreover, ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux induced by LXR activators was drastically decreased in the presence of progesterone, which blocks postlysosomal cholesterol trafficking, and reduced when NPC1 and NPC2 mRNA expression was depleted using small interfering RNA. The stimulation of cholesterol mobilization to the plasma membrane by LXRs led to a decrease in cholesteryl ester formation and Acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase-1 activity. These data indicate that LXR activation enhances cholesterol trafficking to the plasma membrane, where it becomes available for efflux, at the expense of esterification, thus contributing to the overall effects of LXR agonists in the control of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis.     

Leukocyte ABCA1 gene expression is associated with fasting glucose concentration in normoglycemic men

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediates the efflux of cholesterol to apolipoprotein A1, a process necessary for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) formation and reverse cholesterol transport. In patients with Tangier disease, mutations in ABCA1 result in low circulating HDL-cholesterol and predisposition to coronary heart disease (CHD). ABCA1 gene expression is decreased in diabetic mice. In humans, glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) predicted future CHD events, even within the normal range. We hypothesised that leukocyte ABCA1 gene expression would be inversely associated with indices of glycemia in normoglycemic men. Fasting blood samples were taken from 32 healthy, nonsmoking, normoglycemic men (age 23 to 46 years). ABCA1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) gene expressions in circulating leukocytes were measured using TaqMan technology. Significant inverse associations between ABCA1 gene expression and both fasting glucose concentration (r = -0.49, P =.008) and age (r = -0.39, P =.043) were found. There was no association with HbA(1c) (r = -0.23, P =.238) or HDL-cholesterol concentration (r = 0.02, P =.904). In a multiple regression model, fasting glucose remained a significant independent predictor (P =.037), whereas age did not (P =.226). Mechanisms underlying the association were explored; there were no significant associations between fasting glucose concentration and leukocyte PPARgamma gene expression, or between fasting glucose concentration and leukocyte LXRalpha gene expression. This is the first demonstration of an association between ABCA1 gene expression and fasting glucose concentration in vivo.     

Advanced glycation of apolipoprotein A-I impairs its anti-atherogenic properties

Aims/hypothesis AGE contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, including dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis. However, the precise mechanisms remain to be established. In the present study, we examined whether AGE modification of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) affects its functionality, thus altering its cardioprotective profile. Materials and methods The ability of AGE-modified apoA-I to facilitate cholesterol and phospholipid efflux, stabilise ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and inhibit expression of adhesion molecules in human macrophages and monocytes was studied. Results The ability of AGE-modified apoA-I to promote cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophages, isolated human monocytes and from ABCA1-transfected HeLa cells was significantly reduced (>70%) compared with unmodified apoA-I. This effect was reversed by preventing AGE formation with aminoguanidine or reversing AGE modification using the cross-link breaker alagebrium chloride. AGE-modification of HDL also reduced its capacity to promote cholesterol efflux. AGE–apoA-I was also less effective than apoA-I in stabilising ABCA1 in THP-1 cells as well as in inhibiting expression of CD11b in human monocytes. Conclusions/interpretation AGE modification of apoA-I considerably impairs its cardioprotective, antiatherogenic properties, including the ability to promote cholesterol efflux, stabilise ABCA1 and inhibit the expression of adhesion molecules. These findings provide a rationale for targeting AGE in the management of diabetic dyslipidaemia.     

脂联素对泡沫细胞三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1表达及细胞内胆固醇含量的影响

目的通过研究脂联素对细胞内胆固醇外流的影响以及三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运子A1的功能变化,探讨其抗动脉粥样硬化作用的可能机制。方法以THP-1来源的泡沫细胞模型为研究对象,用脂联素进行体外干预;采用逆转录聚合酶链反应、酶联免疫吸附试验和高效液相色谱等方法测定干预前后三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运子A1表达和细胞内胆固醇含量的变化。结果脂联素在体外上调泡沫细胞三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运子A1mRNA和蛋白的表达,与载脂蛋白A1联合作用还能进一步增加细胞内胆固醇的流出。脂联素单独作用促进细胞内胆固醇酯转化为游离胆固醇。结论脂联素上调泡沫细胞三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运子A1表达,并促进其介导的细胞内游离胆固醇的外流;脂联素还能促进细胞内胆固醇酯的水解。     

Ubiquitination is associated with lysosomal degradation of cell surface-resident ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) through the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway

ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays an essential role in the biogenesis of high-density lipoprotein in liver and in the prevention of foam cell formation in macrophages by mediating the efflux of cellular cholesterol and phospholipids to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). Our current study investigated the mechanism of degradation of cell surface-resident ABCA1, focusing on ubiquitination. A coimmunoprecipitation study indicated the presence of ubiquitinated ABCA1 in the plasma membrane of the human hepatoma cell line, HuH-7, of cells from mouse liver, and of macrophages differentiated from the human acute monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1 (THP-1 macrophages). In HuH-7 cells, degradation of cell surface-resident ABCA1 was inhibited by the overexpression of a dominant-negative form of ubiquitin. Moreover, the disruption of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway, a dominant mechanism for ubiquitination-mediated lysosomal degradation, by the knockdown of hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS), significantly delayed the degradation of cell surface-resident ABCA1. This was accompanied by an increase in ABCA1 expression as well as in apoA-I-mediated [3H]-cholesterol efflux function. The effect of HRS knockdown was also observed after calpain inhibitor treatment, which is reported to retard ABCA1 degradation. The induction of ABCA1 by HRS knockdown was confirmed in THP-1 macrophages. CONCLUSION: Together with the fact that lysosomal inhibitor treatments increased ABCA1 expression in HuH-7 and THP-1 macrophages, these results suggest that ubiquitination mediates the lysosomal degradation of cell surface-resident ABCA1 through the ESCRT pathway, and thereby controls the expression and cholesterol efflux function of ABCA1. This mechanism seems to mediate ABCA1 degradation independently of the calpain-involving pathway. The modulation of ABCA1 ubiquitination could thus be a potential new therapeutic target for antiatherogenic drugs.     

冠心病患者巨噬细胞胆固醇流出的变化

目的研究冠心病患者血液中单核细胞分化为巨噬细胞并荷脂后胆固醇流出的影响机制。方法分离冠心病患者(试验组)和正常人群(对照组)外周静脉血中单核细胞,并用佛波酯诱导为巨噬细胞,收集分离血清,检测各项血脂指标并备用。细胞用[3H]胆固醇处理24 h使其荷脂,然后分为四组:对照组+正常血清、对照组+高脂血清、试验组+正常血清及试验组+高脂血清。分别检测ABCA1、ABCG1表达及胆固醇流出率。结果与对照组比较,试验组单核/巨噬细胞胆固醇流出能力受损,油红O染色显示细胞内脂质蓄积增加,细胞内胆固醇流出减少,但ABCA1和ABCG1的表达改变不明显。与正常血清比较,试验组及对照组中高脂血清明显影响胆固醇流出能力,细胞内脂质蓄积增加,细胞内胆固醇流出减少,但不影响ABCA1和ABCG1的表达。结论冠心病患者巨噬细胞胆固醇流出能力受损,可能与动脉粥样硬化性血管疾病的发生相关。     

Regulation and mechanisms of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux

ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays a major role in cholesterol homeostasis and HDL metabolism. ABCA1 mediates cellular cholesterol and phospholipid efflux to lipid-poor apolipoproteins, and upregulation of ABCA1 activity is antiatherogenic. ApoA-I, the major apolipoprotein component of HDL, promotes ABCA1-mediated cholesterol and phospholipid efflux, probably by directly binding to ABCA1. ABCA1 gene expression is markedly increased in cholesterol-loaded cells as a result of activation of LXR/RXR. ABCA1 protein turnover is rapid. ABCA1 contains a PEST--proline (P), glutamate (E), serine (S), and threonine (T)--sequence in the intracellular segment that mediates ABCA1 degradation by a thiol protease, calpain. ApoA-I and apoE stabilize ABCA1 in a novel mode of regulation by decreasing PEST sequence-mediated calpain proteolysis. ABCA1-mediated cholesterol and phospholipid efflux are distinctly regulated and affected by the activity of other gene products. Stearyol CoA desaturase decreases ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux but not phospholipid efflux, likely by decreasing the cholesterol pool available to ABCA1. This and other evidence suggest that ABCA1 promotes cholesterol and phospholipid efflux, probably by directly transporting both lipids as substrates.     

Lipoprotein enhancement of ovarian theca-interstitial cell steroidogenesis: relative contribution of scavenger receptor class B (type I) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate- binding cassette (type A1) transporter in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol transport and androgen synthesis

The theca-interstitial cells take up plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)- and low-density-lipoprotein-derived cholesterol to convert into steroid hormones. The uptake of HDL-derived cholesterol is mediated by the scavenger receptor, class B, type I (SR-BI). In nonsteroidogenic cells, HDL-stimulated efflux of cholesterol has been shown to be mediated by the ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) transporter. Its expression has not been documented in steroidogenic cells. The goal of the present study was to determine: 1) the role of SR-BI in theca-interstitial cell androgen production; 2) whether theca-interstitial cells express ABCA1 transporter mRNA; and 3) the relative roles of SR-BI and ABCA1 transporter in androgen production. The ABCA1 transporter mRNA expression in rat theca-interstitial cells was shown using RT-PCR and Northern blot analyses. The role of SR-BI and ABCA1 in androstenedione production was also examined by treating cells with anti-SR-BI and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in the presence and absence of human chorionic gonadotropin and/or human HDL(3). The treatment of theca-interstitial cells with anti-SR-BI antibody blocked more than 90% of HDL plus human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated androstenedione production, and selective HDL-CE uptake. On the other hand, the use of inhibitors of ABCA1 transporter function had no discernible effect on HDL-supported androgen production. These data demonstrate that, although theca-interstitial cells express both SR-BI and ABCA1 transporter mRNA, the SR-BI pathway supplies the majority of the cholesterol required for androgen production. Furthermore, the present study presents evidence for a crucial role for SR-BI in HDL-mediated androgen production.     

ABCA1 and atherosclerosis

ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediates the cellular efflux of phospholipids and cholesterol to lipid-poor apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) and plays a significant role in high density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. ABCA1's role in the causation of Tangier disease, characterized by absent HDL and premature atherosclerosis, has implicated this transporter and its regulators liver-X-receptoralpha (LXRalpha) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptorgamma (PPARgamma) as new candidates potentially influencing the progression of atherosclerosis. In addition to lipid regulation, these genes are involved in apoptosis and inflammation, processes thought to be central to atherosclerotic plaque progression. A Medline-based review of the literature was carried out. Tangier disease and human heterozygotes with ABCA1 mutations provide good evidence that ABCA1 is a major candidate influencing atherosclerosis. Animal and in vitro experiments suggest that ABCA1 not only mediates cholesterol and phospholipid efflux, but is also involved in the regulation of apoptosis and inflammation. The complex and beneficial interactions between apoA1 and ABCA1 seem to be pivotal for cholesterol efflux. The expression of the ABCA1 is tightly regulated. Furthermore the plaque microenvironment could potentially promote ABCA1 protein degradation thus compromising cholesterol efflux. PPAR-LXR-ABCA1 interactions are integral to cholesterol homeostasis and these nuclear receptors have proven anti-inflammatory and anti-matrix metalloproteinase activity. Therapeutic manipulation of the ABCA1 transporter is feasible using PPAR and LXR agonists. PPAR agonists like glitazones and ABCA1 protein stabilization could potentially modify the clinical progression of atherosclerotic lesions.     

A soluble PC-1 circulates in human plasma: relationship with insulin resistance and associated abnormalities.

An increased tissue content of PC-1, an inhibitor of insulin receptor signaling, may play a role in insulin resistance. Large scale prospective studies to test this hypothesis are difficult to carry out because of the need for tissue biopsies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PC-1 is measurable in human plasma and whether its concentration is related to insulin sensitivity. A soluble PC-1, with mol wt and enzymatic activity similar to those of tissue PC-1, was measurable in human plasma by a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and was inversely correlated to skeletal muscle PC-1 content (r = -0.5; P < 0.01). The plasma PC-1 concentration was decreased (P < 0.05) in insulin-resistant (22.7 +/- 3.0 ng/mL; n = 25) compared to insulin-sensitive (36.7 +/- 4.5; n = 25) nondiabetic subjects and was correlated negatively with the waist/hip ratio (r = -0.48; P < 0.001) and mean blood pressure (r = -0.3; P < 0.05) and positively with high density lipoprotein/total cholesterol (r = 0.38; P < 0.01) and both the M value and the plasma free fatty acid level decrement at clamp studies (r = 0.28; n = 50; P = 0.05 and r = 0.43; n = 22; P < 0.05, respectively). A plasma PC-1 concentration of 19 ng/mL or less identified a cluster of insulin resistance-related alterations with 75% accuracy. In conclusion, PC-1 circulates in human plasma, and its concentration is related to insulin sensitivity. This may help to plan studies aimed at understanding the role of PC-1 in insulin resistance.     

Determinants of leukocyte adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter G1 gene expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Cellular cholesterol efflux is regulated by cholesterol transporters including adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ABCG1, and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). We have investigated whether the expression of these transporters is affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the association with glycemic indexes and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Messenger RNA of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI in peripheral monocytes was measured in 30 diabetic patients and 30 matched controls. Plasma oxLDL and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cellular cholesterol efflux from monocytes to serum was determined in a subgroup chosen randomly. The expression of ABCG1 was decreased in diabetic patients (P < .05), whereas the levels of ABCA1 and SR-BI were comparable between the 2 groups. Fasting glucose, hemoglobin A_1c, AGEs, and oxLDL were all significantly increased in diabetic patients. There was an inverse correlation between serum AGEs and ABCG1 (r = −0.44, P < .05) that remained significant after adjusting for potential confounding factors. No associations between fasting glucose, hemoglobin A_1c, plasma lipids, or oxLDL and the expression of ABCG1, ABCA1, or SR-BI were found. Cholesterol efflux from monocytes to standard serum or autologous serum was significantly impaired in diabetic patients, and the reduction in efflux to autologous serum correlated with the expression of ABCG1 (r = 0.60, P < .05). The expression of ABCG1 in monocytes is reduced in type 2 diabetes mellitus and is partly related to serum AGEs concentration. The reduction in ABCG1 is associated with impairment in cholesterol efflux and may contribute to accelerated foam cell formation in diabetic patients.     

三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1在泡沫细胞胆固醇流出中的作用

以THB-1细胞源泡沫细胞为研究对象，观察三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1在单核-巨噬细胞源泡沫细胞胆固醇流出中的作用。实验采用流式细胞术检测的方法，来判断三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1激动荆22(R)-羟基胆固醇和抑制剂4，4-二异硫氰酸二丙乙烯2，2-二磺酸(4，4’-diisothiocyanostilbene-2，2’-disulfonic acid,DIDS)对THP-1细胞源泡沫细胞三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1表达的影响。实验结果发现，22(R)-羟基胆固醇作用THP-l细胞源泡沫细胞不同时间后，能明显增加细胞三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1的蛋白表达，流式细胞术检测三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1表达的平均荧光强度从0h的31．1增加到24h的45．2；而DIDS作用THP-1细胞源泡沫细胞不同时间后，能明显降低细胞三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1的蛋白表达，平均荧光强度从0h的29．4降低到24h的10．4。胆固醇流出实验发现，22(R)-羟基胆固醇作用THP-1细胞源泡沫细胞不同时问后，能明显增加细胞胆固醇流出：而DIDS作用THP-1细胞源泡沫细胞不同时间后，能明显降低细胞胆固醇流出。这些结果表明，三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1在THP-1细胞源泡沫细胞胆固醇流出中起着重要的作用。     

ATP结合盒转运蛋白A1研究进展

动脉粥样硬化是心脑血管疾病的重要基础病理改变,而胆固醇在巨噬细胞内聚集和泡沫细胞形成是动脉粥样硬化的始动环节。ATP结合盒转运蛋白Al（ABCAl）是一种重要的胆固醇流出调节蛋白,能介导细胞内胆固醇逆向转运到细胞外,使之与载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ结合并包装形成高密度脂蛋白（HDL）的膜转运蛋白。因此,ABCAl是调节血浆HDL及细胞内胆固醇水平的重要膜蛋白,ABCAl的表达水平与动脉粥样硬化的发生关系密切。同时,细胞内脂质、核受体PPAR、LXR、RXR和细胞因子等对ABCAl蛋白表达具有凋控作用。本文将ABCAl研究进展作一综述。     

Cholesterol efflux pathways and other potential mechanisms involved in the athero-protective effect of high density lipoproteins

Plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels bear a strong independent inverse relationship with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although HDL has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilating and anti-thrombotic properties, the central anti-atherogenic activity of HDL is likely to be its ability to remove cholesterol and oxysterols from macrophage foam cells, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells in the arterial wall. To some extent, the pleotropic athero-protective properties of HDL may be related to its ability to promote sterol and oxysterol efflux from arterial wall cells, as well as to detoxify oxidized phospholipids. In cholesterol-loaded macrophages, activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) leads to increased expression of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassetter transporter (ABCA1), ATP binding cassetter transporter gene (ABCG1) and apoE and promotes cholesterol efflux. ABCA1 stimulates cholesterol efflux to lipid-poor apolipoproteins, whilst ABCG1 promotes efflux of cholesterol and oxysterols to HDL. Despite some recent setbacks in the clinical arena, there is still intense interest in therapeutically targeting HDL and macrophage cholesterol efflux pathways, via treatments with niacin, cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors, LXR activators and infusions of apoA-1, phospholipids and peptides.     

脂多糖通过上调SSAO活性抑制泡沫细胞ABCA1表达和促进细胞内脂质蓄积

目的探讨脂多糖(LPS)是否通过调节氨基脲敏感性胺氧化酶(SSAO)活性改变血管平滑肌细胞源性泡沫细胞三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)蛋白质的表达和脂质蓄积。方法氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)孵育小鼠主动脉平滑肌原代细胞使其泡沫化,不同浓度LPS和SSAO抑制剂氨基脲(SEM)处理细胞6 h后,高效液相色谱分析细胞SSAO活性、总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量,葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化物酶法检测培养基葡萄糖含量,荧光分光光度计检测过氧化氢(H2O2)含量,液体闪烁计数器检测细胞内胆固醇流出,Western blot检测ABCA1蛋白质表达的变化。结果 LPS增加泡沫细胞SSAO活性,促进葡萄糖消耗,增加H2O2生成,SEM作用后完全抑制此作用;LPS抑制细胞ABCA1蛋白质的表达,细胞内胆固醇流出减少,细胞总胆固醇、游胆固醇与胆固醇酯增加;SEM作用后部分抑制LPS的这种作用。结论 LPS下调ABCA1蛋白质表达而促进细胞内脂质蓄积与SSAO活性增加相关。