不同剂量奥氮平治疗精神分裂症效应比较

目的：研究不同剂量奥氮平在治疗精神分裂症时的临床效应。方法：单用奥氮平治疗72例精神分裂症患者，其中用高剂量（20mg/d）20例，中剂量（10mg/d）30例，低剂量（5mg/d）22例。疗程8周。疗效和不良反应分别用阳性症状与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、临床疗效总评量表（C GI）和不良反应症状量表（TESS）评定。结果：高、中剂量组临床疗效、PANSS、CGI减分率差异无显著性，均显著好于低剂量组。高剂量组嗜睡和谷丙转氨酶增高显著高于中、低剂量组。结论：奥氮平治疗精神分裂症疗效好、安全性高。服10mg/d时疗效满意。改善阴性症状可能需要较大剂量。     

利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症临床观察

目的：探讨利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效及副反应,方法：以利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症38例,采用PANSS量表,不良反应症状量表（TESS）以及锥外系副反应量表（ESRS）评定疗效副反应。结果：利培酮有效率63．2％,显效率18．4％,副反应轻微。结论：利培酮是一种副反应轻微,安全有效的抗精神病药,可以作为首发精神分裂症的首选药。     

中、小剂量利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症患者的血药浓度与疗效关系的对照研究

目的探讨中、小剂量利培酮治疗精神分裂症患者的血药浓度、临床疗效及不良反应。方法将82例精神分裂症患者随机分为口服利培酮剂量2mg／d组和4nq·g／d组。采用RP—HPLC和LC—MS方法测定利培酮（RSP）和9-羟利培酮（9-OH—RSP）之和的血浆浓度。用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定临床疗效,用不艮反应症状量表（TESS）评定不良反应。结果4mg／d组（RSP4-9-OH—RSP）血浓度均显著高于2mg／d组。2rag,／d组第l周末PANSS平均减分率〈20％,其它各周末PANSS平均减分率〉20％,而4mg／d组各周末PANSS平均减分率〉20％．2mg／d组TESS评分明显低于4mg／d组。结论（RSP＋9-OH—RSP）血浓度能较好地反映其临床效应。2mg／d和4mg／d利培酮治疗精神分裂症患者疗效相当,4mg／d利培酮治疗时起效更快,但易发生不良反应。     

小剂量利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症临床研究

目的：探讨小剂量利培酮对首发精神分裂症的有效性。安全性，可行性。方法：对符合CCMD－2－R诊断，病程≤1年，首次住院治疗的分裂症各型男女各30例病人，进行利培酮≤2mg/d 12周治疗，以PANSS，GAS，CGI评定疗效，TESS，ESRS评定副作用。结果：脱落率为1．67％，有效率96．61％，显效率62．71％，起始剂量79．66％≤1mg/d，最大2mg/d，1周起效率35．59％，治疗量78％≤2mg/d，EPS发生率16．95％，程度轻，大部不需处理。结论：小剂量利培酮治疗首发裂症，有效性好，安全性高，可行性强。     

利培酮合并丁螺环酮治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的探讨利培酮合并丁螺环酮治疗精神分裂症的临床疗效及副反应。方法将72例精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组（利培酮合并丁螺环酮治疗）36例和对照组（利培酮单用治疗）36例,疗程均为8周,采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定疗效,采用副反应量表（TESS）及实验室检查评定各种副反应。结果研究组第1周末PANSS平均减分率较对照组降低更明显（P〈0．05）,其他各周末PANSS平均减分率降低相当。两组的副反应发生率分别为研究组11．11％,对照组22．22％,严重程度大多数为轻度,少数为中度。利培酮总用量研究组较对照组少。结论利培酮合并丁螺环酮治疗精神分裂症起效快,可减少利培酮药物反应,降低其治疗量。     

利培酮治疗精神分裂症36例临床研究

为评价利培酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效和安全性，用利培酮治疗精神分裂症36例，疗程6周。采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评价临床疗效，副反应量表（TESS）评分药物副反应。结果，治疗结束后PANSS总分减分率为51.2%，显效率为72.2%，未见严重不良反应。提示，利培酮是一种疗效好，起效快，副反应少，服用方便、安全的治疗精神分裂症的药物。     

低剂量利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症的临床研究

目的：验证低剂量利培酮（≤２ｍｇ／ｄ）治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效。方法：对１５例符合ＩＣＤ－１０和ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ诊断的门诊首发病人进行８周低剂量利培酮治疗,以阳性症状和阴性症状量表（ＰＡＮＳＳ）等评定疗效和副作用。结果：显效率８０％,有效率９３．３％,起效时间一周,结论：低剂量利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症是可行的和有效的,且安全性更好。     

利培酮治疗首发儿童精神分裂症的临床观察

目的探讨利培酮治疗儿童精神分裂症疗效及不良反应。方法对99例首发儿童精神分裂症患儿给予利培酮治疗8周，分别以PANSS量表和TESS量表评定疗效及不良反应。结果利培酮治疗儿童精神分裂症显效率为72．72％。与治疗前相比，PANSS量表的阳性症状因子分在第1周末有显著性降低，总分和一般病理因子分在第2周末有显著性降低，阴性症状因子分在第4周末有显著性降低，差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。样本中均无严重不良反应。结论利培酮治疗首发儿童精神分裂症具有安全、疗效可靠、副反应小、依从性高。     

奥氮平门诊治疗首发精神分裂症23例临床分析

目的 评价奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法 用奥氮平门诊治疗首发精神分裂症23例，疗程6周；采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评价临床疗效，副反应量表(TESS)评价药物副反应。结果 治疗结束后，PANSS总分减分率为57．2％，显效率为86．4％，未见严重的不良反应。结论 奥氮平是一种疗效好、起效快、副反应少、服用方便、安全的抗精神病药，尤其适合不想住院的首发患者应用。     

不同剂量利培酮治疗精神分裂症临床观察

目的：探索利培酮治疗精神分裂症最佳剂量。方法：将符合精神分裂症诊断标准的患者随机分为4组，分别用每日2mg、3mg、4mg及5mg剂量的利培酮治疗，疗程12周。用药前、用药后1、2、4、6、8、12周末进行阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、临床疗效总评量表(CGI)、副反应量表(TESS)、锥体外系副反应量表(ESRS)评分，对各组的疗效、不良反应及影响因素进行探讨。结果：4组间疗效差异无显著性，不良反应差异却有非常显著性。结论：利培酮2—4mg是治疗精神分裂症的理想剂量。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.