非线性混合效应模型评估脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能发育进程

目的 采用非线性混合效应模型对不同级别脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能发育进程进行分析,以期为脑瘫患儿康复管理提供依据。方法 以2000年8月至2009年12月在上海7家康复机构和特殊学校接受康复诊治的脑瘫患儿为研究对象。采用中文译本的粗大运动功能测试量表（GMFM）进行粗大运动功能评估、中文版脑瘫粗大运动功能分级系统（GMFCS）进行粗大运动功能分级,分别将各GMFCS级别患儿的GMFM-66分值使用stable limit模型分析,获得各GMFCS级别患儿达到其GMFM-66的最大值以及达到最大值的速率（该值被转化为年龄-90,表示达到GMFM-66最大值90%时的年龄）。同时与加拿大相关研究（OMG）进行比较,分析不同干预背景下脑瘫患儿的粗大运动功能发育进程差异。结果 228例脑瘫患儿进入分析,其中男性152例（66.7%）,女性76例（33.3%）,痉挛型双瘫87例（38.2%）,痉挛型四肢瘫63例（27.6%）,痉挛型偏瘫48例（21.1%）,痉挛型三瘫4例（1.8%）,肌张力障碍型4例（1.8%）,徐动型11例（4.8%）,共济失调型11例（4.8%）。共有986次符合条件的GMFM-66测试结果,平均每例患儿有4.32次测试结果。首次评估时总体研究对象的平均年龄为2.95岁。GMFCS Ⅰ～Ⅴ级的GMFM-66最大值分别为81.2、62.4、52.9、40.8和24.4分,呈显著降低趋势;年龄-90分别为3.8、2.7、2.1、2.0和1.5岁,GMFCS Ⅲ和Ⅳ级间差别不大,在其余各级间表现出明显差别。本研究的GMFCSⅠ和Ⅱ级的GMFM-66最大值低于OMG,而GMFCS Ⅲ～Ⅴ级的GMFM-66最大值与之较为接近;各GMFCS级别的年龄-90均明显低于OMG。结论 本研究GMFCS Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级脑瘫患儿尽管粗大运动功能发育更早地进入了GMFM-66最大值区域,但运动功能发育的峰值水平低于OMG,应充分重视在4岁后轻度脑瘫患儿中积极实施具有针对性的多种康复干预手段。     

脑性瘫痪合并癫(疒间)的临床特征及危险因素探讨

目的探讨脑性瘫痪患儿伴发癫癎的临床特点及其相关危险因素。方法对2004-01—2005-12期间青岛市残疾儿童医疗康复中心治疗的185例脑瘫患儿进行详细的病史采集、脑电图以及影像学检查、认知功能评定,分析不同类型脑瘫患儿癫癎的伴发率、发作类型、发病年龄等临床特征,采用Logistic逐步回归分析验证性别、出生体重、新生儿期惊厥史、围生期高危因素、认知水平、影像学改变等因素对合并癫癎的影响效应。结果25.9%(48/185例)脑瘫患儿伴发了癫癎,脑瘫类型包括痉挛型四肢瘫、偏瘫、双瘫、混合型、失调型和不随意运动型。这6型脑瘫患儿癫癎伴发率依次为58.97%、31.58%、16.07%、20.69%、12.5%和7.14%;伴发癫癎的患儿中29例(60.42%)在1岁内发病,而痉挛偏瘫和失调型脑瘫伴发癫癎发病都在1岁之后。Logistic回归分析发现产时高危因素、新生儿期惊厥史、IQ/DQ低下、影像学显示皮质受损均是伴发癫癎的危险因素,早产、新生儿疾病、孕期因素与伴发癫癎无明显关系,而单纯脑白质损伤是脑瘫伴发癫癎的保护性因子。结论癫癎是脑瘫患儿的常见并发症,尤其见于四肢瘫和偏瘫,往往较早发病,以婴儿痉挛和部分性发作为主要类型。新生儿期惊厥史、IQ/DQ低下、皮质受损对脑瘫患儿伴发癫癎有预示价值。     

不同运动功能分级脑瘫患儿步态分析中时-空与运动学参数的对比研究CSCD

目的比较2019年3月至2021年3月上海市儿童医院骨科收治的不同运动功能分级脑瘫患儿步态分析中时-空与运动学参数的差异,探索通过三维步态分析中时-空与运动学参数来定量评价痉挛型脑瘫患儿下肢运动功能,为痉挛型脑瘫的病情评估提供客观定量方法。方法选取年龄6~12岁、经粗大运动功能分级系统(gross motor function classification system,GMFCS)分级为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的痉挛型脑瘫患儿为研究对象,共90例,GMFCS分级为Ⅰ级(Ⅰ级组)、Ⅱ级(Ⅱ级组)、Ⅲ级(Ⅲ级组)各30例。选取30例正常儿童作为正常对照组。通过三维步态分析系统采集90例脑瘫患儿和正常对照组儿童步态分析中的时-空与运动学参数,利用方差分析和多样本均数间多重比较,分析不同运动功能分级脑瘫患儿之间以及与正常对照组儿童之间的差异。结果脑瘫患儿步态分析时-空参数中步长、步宽、步速、步频、跨步长较正常对照组儿童明显减小(P<0.05),且随GMFCS分级的升高而逐渐减小;脑瘫患儿步态周期和双支撑时间较正常对照组儿童明显延长(P<0.05),且随GMFCS分级的升高而逐渐延长。运动学参数中,脑瘫患儿髋关节、膝关节和踝关节活动角度较正常对照组儿童明显减小(P<0.05),髋关节最大屈曲角度、膝关节最大和最小屈曲角度、踝关节最大背屈角度明显减小,而髋关节最小屈曲角度明显增大(P<0.05);随GMFCS分级的升高,关节活动角度逐渐减小,髋关节最大屈曲角度、膝关节最大和最小屈曲角度、踝关节最大背屈角度逐渐减小,而髋关节最小屈曲角度逐渐增大;仅踝关节最大跖屈角度在不同GMFCS分级患儿中无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论步态分析中时-空参数和运动学参数可以定量评估痉挛型脑瘫患儿的下肢运动功能。GMFCS分级越高的脑瘫患儿与正常儿童之间的差异越大,下肢的运动功能越差。     

伴有非癫癎发作的322例脑性瘫痪临床分析

目的：了解伴有非癫癎发作的脑性瘫痪（脑瘫）的临床特点,以提高与癫癎发作的鉴别能力。方法：1 198例9个月至6岁的脑瘫患儿纳入研究,对伴随发作性症状的患儿进行24 h视频脑电图监测,明确伴随的发作是否为癫癎发作,并观察伴随非癫癎发作患儿的发作症状、年龄、脑瘫型别及脑电图特征。结果：共578例（48.24%）患儿伴随发作性症状,其中伴随癫癎发作者231例（19.28%）,非癫癎发作322例（26.88%）。322例伴随非癫癎发作的脑瘫患儿中,发作性症状包括非癫癎性强直发作、发作性摇头、耸肩或头后仰、发作性哭闹、惊恐发作、睡眠肌阵挛、刻板性运动等;158例（49.1%）显示脑电图有非特异性异常;111例（34.5%）在基层医院误诊为癫癎;1岁以内患儿非癫癎发作频率高于1岁~和3~6岁组患儿;痉挛型脑瘫患儿非癫癎发作频率最高（168例,52.2%）,其次为不随意运动型（69例,21.4%）和混合型(65例,20.2%)。结论：脑瘫患儿伴随的发作性症状部分为非癫癎发作,注意与癫癎发作相鉴别。非癫癎发作发生频率与患儿年龄及脑瘫型别有一定关系。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12(12)：933-935］     

脑性瘫痪伴临床下癫癎样放电临床特征分析

目的 探讨脑性瘫痪患儿伴发临床下癫癎样放电的临床特征及相关危险因素.方法 对2004年1月-2007年12月期间在青岛市残疾儿童医疗康复中心治疗的279例脑瘫患儿进行详细的病史采集、脑电图及影像学检查、认知功能评定,分析不同类型脑瘫患儿临床下癫癎样放电的伴发率及腩电图表现,采用Logistic逐步回归分析显示认知水平、影像学改变、新生儿期惊厥史、出生胎龄及合并症等因素,对脑瘫伴发临床下癫癎样放电的影响.结果 18.64%(52/279)的脑瘫患儿伴发了临床下癫癎样放电,痉挛型偏瘫患儿的发生率最高(36.36%),四肢瘫患儿最低(6.25%).所有脑瘫类型均以局灶性或多灶性放电占多数.不同DQ/IQ水平局灶性与全面性放电的比例差异无统计学意义.皮层损伤及存在合并症是脑瘫伴发临床下癎样放电的危险因素,而认知水平、新生儿期惊厥史及出生胎龄与之无明显关系.结论 脑性瘫痪常伴发临床下癫癎样放电,尤其见于痉挛型偏瘫,以局灶性或多灶性放电多见.皮层受损及存在合并症对脑瘫伴发临床下癎样放电有预测价值.     

脑性瘫痪患儿生存质量相关因素多重线性回归分析

目的 分析影响脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)儿童生存质量的相关因素.方法　将确诊为脑瘫的80例患儿作为脑瘫组,同时选择80例同龄健康儿童作为健康对照组.采用儿童生存质量的PedsQL4.0普适性核心量表对2组儿童的生存质量进行评定,比较2组儿童生存质量的差异;采用粗大运动功能分级系统(GMFCS)评定脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能的级别,采用北京Gesell发育商评定脑瘫患儿的智力水平;采用多重线性回归分析脑瘫患儿生存质量与性别、月龄、家庭月收入、临床分型、GMFCS及智力水平6种相关因素之间的关系.结果 脑瘫组患儿的生理功能/领域、情感功能、社会功能、心理领域及总体生存质量均显著低于健康对照组儿童,差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.01).脑瘫患儿总体生存质量与智力水平呈相同趋势,智力水平越高,生存质量亦越高;脑瘫患儿生理领域生存质量与智力水平、GMFCS呈正向关系,与月龄呈反向关系,其中GMFCS对生存质量的影响最严重;患儿的心理领域与智力水平相关.结论　脑瘫患儿生存质量存在明显损害,智力水平及运动功能是影响其生存质量的重要因素.     

脑性瘫痪患儿67例粗大运动功能分级与体感诱发电位对比

目的 探讨脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)患儿体感诱发电位(SEP)的临床特点及其与分型之间的关系.方法 选取2003年2月-2006年12月分别在本院和南海妇儿医院小儿脑瘫康复中心诊治的67例脑瘫患儿.67例患儿均行SEP检查,同时采用脑瘫粗大运动功能分级系统(GMFCS)对脑瘫患儿的临床特点进行评价.采用SPSS 10.0软件进行分析.结果 本组SEP总异常率为82.1%,GMFCSⅠ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级异常率分别为61.5%(8/13例)、73.9%(17/23例)、94.1%(16/17例)、100%(9/9例)、100%(5/5例);各组SEP主波缺失率分别为0、0、11.8%、56.0%、60.0%.轻、中度脑瘫患儿SEP异常以皮层电位潜伏期延长、波幅降低和侧间差增大为主;重度脑瘫患儿SEP异常以皮层电位波形缺失或分化不清为主.轻、中度脑瘫与重度脑瘫患儿SEP异常率比较具有显著性差异(x2=32.09 P＜0.01).本组脑瘫以痉挛型为主,共50例(占74.6%).痉挛型偏瘫9例,其中功能障碍轻度5例、中度4例,SEP异常者9例(占100%),均表现为皮层电位侧间差增大,偏瘫对侧皮层电位异常,下肢较上肢损害明显.痉挛型四肢瘫11例,其中功能障碍中度5例、重度6例,SEP异常者10例(占90.9%),上、下肢SEP异常均同时存在.痉挛型双瘫30例,其中功能障碍轻度8例、中度21例、重度1例,SEP异常者26例(占86.7%),下肢异常较上肢明显且阳性率高.混合型脑瘫7例,其中功能障碍中度4例、重度3例,SEP异常者6例(占85.7%);不随意运动型脑瘫10例,其中功能障碍中度6例,重度4例,SEP异常者4例(占40.0%).结论 SEP对脑瘫患儿的功能障碍程度和分型具有重要的判断价值.     

220例脑瘫患儿斜视分析

目的探讨脑瘫患儿的斜视与脑瘫型别、瘫痪类型、脑瘫程度及并发症之间的关系。 方法选择2002-03—2004-06在河北医大二院和北京博爱医院住院的２２０例脑瘫患儿,采用角膜反光点法,由眼科医师测量其斜视程度。 结果220例脑瘫患儿出现斜视４８例,斜视率为218%。痉挛型脑瘫的斜视率256%,双瘫组的斜视率696%,轻度脑瘫斜视率356%,差异有显著性意义(P<005)。伴有癫疒间发作、智力障碍、小头畸形患儿的斜视率比较差异无显著性意义(P>005)。 结论不同型别、类型和程度的脑瘫患儿,其斜视率差异有显著性意义。斜视与大脑损伤部位有关。     

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目的探讨粗大运动功能分级系统(GMFCS)在痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿中的再测信度。方法收集2005年2月至2008年2月北京儿童医院治疗的痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿83例,予以运动疗法(PT)、作业疗法(OT)、水疗(HT)、针灸及按摩治疗,在治疗前后对其采用GMFCS进行粗大运动功能分级并评估。结果 83例中1例治疗前后粗大运动功能级别发生变化,82例并未发生变化。GMFCS对于痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿具有良好的再测信度(P<0.01),在<2岁阶段的再测信度低于其他年龄组(P<0.01)。结论 GMFCS是目前惟一针对脑性瘫痪患儿粗大运动水平进行标准化评价的工具,具良好再测信度,但在<2岁的再测信度低于其他年龄组。应进一步进行多中心合作研究,将全部类型、全部级别的脑性瘫痪患儿纳入研究以证实GMFCS在脑性瘫痪康复中作用及意义     

新型神经电生理监测协议指导下微创入路选择性神经后根离断术治疗儿童痉挛型脑瘫的多中心临床研究CSCD

目的通过多中心临床研究,探讨新型神经电生理监测协议指导下微创入路选择性神经后根离断术(single-level laminectomy selective dorsal rhizotomy,SL-SDR)联合康复治疗对于痉挛型脑瘫儿童的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析上海市儿童医院、重庆医科大学附属儿童医院及湖南省儿童医院等于2015年11月至2021年8月期间收治的所有在新型神经电生理监测协议指导下行SL-SDR联合康复治疗,并获得至少6个月随访的痉挛型脑瘫患儿临床资料。收集患儿手术前及手术后末次随访时目标肌群肌张力、肌力、关节活动度、粗大运动功能分级系统(gross motor function classification system,GMFCS)分级及粗大运动功能66项(gross motor function measure-66 items,GMFM-66)评分情况,并评估患儿手术后运动功能变化。结果共有435例符合入组标准的痉挛型脑瘫患儿纳入研究,其中男249例,女186例;手术年龄(8.2±2.3)岁(3.2~15.5岁)。术前标记目标肌群2523组,受累关节2133个。术中离断神经后根(小根)数为(9.3±3.8)枚/例,其中3849枚(3849/4059,94.8%)符合离断50%神经截面积的标准。术后83例(83/435,19.1%)出现短期下肢浅感觉异常,经对症治疗1周后症状缓解,无一例出现长期并发症。患儿均获随访,随访时间(13.1±8.3)个月,目标肌群肌张力、肌力、关节活动度、GFMCS分级及GMFM-66评分均显著改善;术前GMFCS分级为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级者术后粗大运动功能改善情况优于Ⅳ、Ⅴ级者(134/309比8/105,P<0.01);术前GMFM-66评分≥50分者术后GMFM-66评分提升值高于术前CMFM-66评分<50分者[(7.65±3.39)分比(5.01±2.18)分,P<0.01];手术时年龄小于6岁者术后GMFCS分级改善情况好于年龄大于6岁者(106/249比36/165,P<0.01);术后GMFCS分级获改善患儿的平均年龄小于术后GMFCS分级无改善患儿的平均年龄[(6.1±1.0)岁比(11.6±1.7)岁,P<0.01]。结论新型神经电生理监测协议指导下SL-SDR联合康复治疗肢体痉挛瘫痪型脑瘫安全、有效,术后近期预后良好。     

Somatosensory and visual evoked potentials in children with cerebral palsy: correlations and discrepancies with MRI findings and clinical picture

PURPOSE: To determine if there is any association between the findings of visual evoked potentials (VEPs), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings with the neurodevelopment and severity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: The present study included 15 children with spastic diplegic CP and five children with spastic hemiplegic CP and 42 healthy children as controls. The number of the controls was two-times greater than the study group to increase statistical power of this study. VEPs and SEPs were recorded in the CP children and compared with healthy controls. All MR scans were obtained using a 1.5 T MR scanner. RESULTS: A significant difference was found in the latencies P100 (VEP) between the CP and controls. No correlations between increased P100 latencies and asphyxia, prematurity, the CP severity, MRI findings and mental retardation were noted. A significant difference in N13-N20 conductions (SEPs) between the subjects with CP and the control group was found. SEPs were positively correlated with mental retardation in CP children. The brain lesions in MRI showed a significant correlation with the CP severity scores and mental retardation. CONCLUSION: The differences in VEPs and SEPs were determined between CP children and healthy children. The MRI findings were positively correlated with the CP severity and mental retardation.     

Cognitive functioning in dyskinetic cerebral palsy: Its relation to motor function,communication and epilepsy

Background

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder of motor function often accompanied by cognitive impairment. There is a paucity of research focused on cognition in dyskinetic CP and on the potential effect of related factors.

Utility of brainstem auditory evoked potentials in children with spastic cerebral palsy

In a retrospective study of 75 children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP), brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) were recorded and subsequently correlated with birthweight, gestational age, aetiology and type of CP, neuroradiological findings, additional impairments and disabilities (including the inability to walk independently). Seventeen patients (22.7%) had abnormal BAEP recordings. Thirteen of these 17 patients (76.5%) had spastic tetraplegia, 16 patients (94.1%) were full-term infants, 12 patients (70.6%) had myoskeletal problems, 9 (52.9%) had epilepsy, 16 (94.1%) had visual impairment, 13 patients (76.5%) were unable to walk independently, while all 17 patients (100%) had speech impairment and mental retardation. The aetiology of CP was prenatal in 2 of these 17 patients (11.8%) and perinatal in 15 patients (88.2%). Thirteen patients (76.5%) had cortical atrophy determined by either computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, two patients (11.8%) had an infarct picture and two patients (11.8%) had maldevelopment of the central nervous system. There was a definite statistically significant association between abnormal BAEP recordings and full-term delivery, perinatal aetiology of CP, spastic tetraplegia, speech, visual and myoskeletal impairments, epilepsy, mental retardation, inability to walk independently and cortical atrophy on neuroimaging (p < 0.001). We conclude that abnormal BAEP recordings in children with spastic CP are indicative of poor prognosis and associated with a "multihandicap state". BAEP testing should be incorporated into the diagnostic plan of all children with spastic CP newly referred to neurodevelopmental centres.     

中文版脑瘫儿童粗大运动功能分级系统的信度和效度研究

目的 确定中文版脑瘫儿童粗大运动功能分级系统（Gross Motor Function Classification System ,GMFCS）的信度和效度。方法 共有来自上海三家康复机构的91名0-12岁脑瘫儿童参加了此项研究，选择35名脑瘫儿童测定GMFCS的重测信度；以66名脑瘫儿童为对象测定GMFCS的评价者间信度；分别以88名脑瘫儿童的粗大运动功能评估量表（GMFM）和54例脑瘫儿童的Peabody粗大运动发育量表（PDMS-GM）的各项测试结果为效标确定GMFCS的平行效度；对88例同时接受GMFCS和GMFM评价的儿童的测试结果进行结构效度检测，以GMFCS为应变量，GMFM五个功能区的百分比为自变量进行多重逐步回归分析，判断粗大运动中五个分区功能对GMFCS的影响程度。结果 GMFCS具有良好的重测信度（ICC值为0.99），同时具有良好的评估者间信度（ICC为0.95-0.98）；GMFCS与GMFM和PDMS-GM各项分值之间有良好的平行效度，Spearman相关系数在-0.57到-0.84在之间；粗大运动功能中的坐位能力和行走能力是影响GMFCS的主要因素，校正决定系数为0.709（p<0.001）。 结论 中文版脑瘫儿童粗大运动功能分级系统的具有良好的信度和效度，适用于国内对脑瘫儿童进行功能分级。     

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??Objective??To characterize the clinical symptoms of all enrolled microcephalic children with cerebral palsy??CP????to provide evidence for rehabilitation management. Methods??To summarize the results of a cross-sectional survey of a total of 422 children??0-18 years old?? who were registered as cerebral palsy by Disabled Persons’ Federation of Chengdu from February to April in 2013. All children were grouped according to head circumference. We analyzed the correlation between head circumference with gross motor function classification system??GMFCS????intelligence and complications. Results??There were statistically significant between the two different degrees of head circumference group and the classification of GMFCS and cognition respectively??P??0.001??. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the number of comorbidities??GMFCS and degree of cognitive damage in children with cerebral palsy with microcephaly were negatively correlated with head circumference??P??0.001??. Conclusion??The degree of head circumference reduction in children with cerebral palsy complicated by microcephaly is negatively correlated with GMFCS??the number of comorbidities and the degree of cognitive impairment.     

Active epilepsy in mentally retarded children. I. Prevalence and additional neuroimpairments

A population-based study of active epilepsy was conducted in 6-13-year-old mentally retarded children born between 1975 and 1986. The population at risk comprised 48 873 children. Ninety-eight children were identified, 35 mildly and 63 severely retarded. The prevalence was 2.0 per 1000; 0.7 per 1000 for mildly and 1.3 per 1000 for severely retarded children. Sixty-nine children had at least one additional neuroimpairment. Cerebral palsy was found in 42 children with a majority of spastic/ dystonic tetraplegias; visual impairment was present in 24 and autism in 24. Thirty-three children had only a mild or no gross motor disability and mild mental retardation, while 23 had IQs <20 and a very severe gross motor disability. This study underlines the fact that active epilepsy in mentally retarded children is often associated with additional neuroimpairments, especially a combination of severe cerebral palsy and severe visual impairment. Children, epilepsy, mental retardation, neuroimpairments, prevalence     

粗大运动功能分类系统在痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童中的信度和效度

目的 探讨粗大运动功能分类系统(GMFCS)在痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿章中的信度和效度.方法 收集2005年2月-2007年2月北京儿童医院神经康复病房收治的116例痉挛型腑性瘫痪儿童的临床资料,其中因不同原因退组并完成部分评估33例,参与全部评估过程83例.由神经内科医师和康复训练师分别使用GMFCS对人组儿童进行分级.在康复治疗前及治疗后4、8、12、16、28周,分别使用粗大运动功能量表(GMFM-66)评价人组儿童粗大运动能力,使用PEDI评价入组儿童日常生活能力.结果 GMFCS Ⅰ、GMFCSⅡ、GMFCSⅢ代表不同粗大运动能力水平,具有良好的评价者间信度(Kappa=0.881).GMFCS与GMFM-66均值呈负相关(rs=-0.742,P<0.05).GMFCS与PEDI各组,即与功能性活动-自我照顾、功能性活动-移动、功能性活动-社会功能、看护者帮助-自我照顾、看护者帮助-移动、看护者帮助-社会功能原始分呈负相关(rs=0.491～-0.713,P均<0.05);与功能性活动-移动相关性最高.结论 GMFCS对痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童具有良好的信度和效度,该评价方法简单易行,适合推广使用.     

Range of motion in children with spastic diplegia, GMFCS I-II compared to age and gender matched controls

Measurements of passive range of motion are often used to define the degree of muscle shortening in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. However, little is known about the expected values of passive range of motion measurements in children with spastic diplegia and how these might differ from age and gender matched norms taken from the same population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare eight lower limb measurements of sagittal plane passive range of motion in 22 children with spastic diplegia, GMFCS I to II, with 22 matched controls. Children with spastic diplegia had minimal hip extension loss, but reduced hamstring length, with popliteal angle averaging -59.2+/-10.6 degrees (control -38.8+/-13.4 degrees, p < 0.001) and SLR averaging 52.7+/-10.2 degrees (control 75.8+/-11.1 degrees, p < 0.001). Ankle dorsiflexion with knee extension averaged -2.5+/-8.4 degrees in children with spastic diplegia (control 8.6+/-6.8 degrees, p < 0.001). These data confirmed that children with mild spastic diplegia had some restriction in passive range of motion compared to controls but that there was considerable variability between individuals.