阿立哌唑与氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨阿立哌唑和氯丙嗪对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响.方法 将56例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为阿立哌唑组(n=30)、氯丙嗪组(n=26),分别给予阿立哌唑和氯丙嗪治疗,疗程6周.在治疗前及治疗6周末进行阳性与阴性量表(PANSS)评分、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)﹑连线测验(A和B)﹑韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS)中的数字符号和数字广度(顺﹑逆)测验等神经心理测验.结果 2组治疗6周后PANSS评分均有明显下降,差异无统计学意义.阿立哌唑组各项认知功能指标均有不同程度的改善,而氯丙嗪组只有两项(WCST中持续反应数和数字广度测验)较治疗前显著好转.阿立哌唑组除WCST中持续反应数、完成分类数和数字广度测验外,其余各指标均显著优于氯丙嗪组.结论 阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的改善明显,显著优于氯丙嗪.     

3种抗精神病药对精神分裂症认知功能的影响

目的:探讨阿立哌唑、利培酮和氯丙嗪对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法:56例首发精神分裂症患者分为阿立哌唑组(n=18)、利培酮组(n=24)和氯丙嗪组(n=14),在治疗前和治疗6周进行阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分,威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、连线测验(A和B)、韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS)中的数字符号和数字广度(顺、逆)测验等神经心理测验。结果:治疗6周后,3组PANSS评分均明显下降,3组之间差异无显著性。阿立哌唑组和利培酮组各项认知功能指标均有不同程度的改善,而氯丙嗪组只有2项(WCST中持续反应数和数字广度测验)较治疗前显著好转。连线测验B阿立哌唑组显著优于利培酮组,其余各指标两组间差异无显著性。阿立哌唑组除WCST中持续反应数、完成分类数和数字广度测验外,其余各指标均显著优于氯丙嗪组;利培酮组除WCST中持续反应数外,其余各指标均显著优于氯丙嗪组。结论:阿立哌唑和利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的改善作用相当,均显著优于氯丙嗪。     

阿立哌唑联合艾司西酞普兰对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能及社会功能的疗效

目的探讨阿立哌唑联合艾司西酞普兰对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能及社会功能的临床效果。方法将140例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各70例,对照组给予阿立哌唑治疗,观察组给予艾司西酞普兰联合阿立哌唑治疗。治疗前及治疗6个月后,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)评估患者临床症状、认知功能、社会功能。结果治疗前两组患者上述量表评分组间无明显差异(P0.05);治疗6个月后观察组PANSS各项评分明显低于对照组,WCST量表中的完成分类数、正确应答数、概念化水平百分比评分明显高于对照组,持续性错误数明显低于对照组,SDSS量表中的社会性退缩、家庭外活动、家庭内活动、家庭职能、个人生活自理、对外界兴趣评分均明显低于对照组,上述差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论阿立哌唑联合艾司西酞普兰能更有效地缓解首发精神分裂症患者精神病性症状,改善其认知功能与社会功能。     

阿立哌唑与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的:探讨阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症的疗效及安全性. 方法:将92例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,分别给予阿立哌唑与氯氮平治疗,疗程8周.以阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,以治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定不良反应. 结果:阿立哌唑与氯氮平之间疗效差异无显著性,阿立哌唑对认知因子、阴性症状和情感症状改善较明显;药物不良反应阿立哌唑明显低于氯氮平. 结论:阿立哌唑是一种安全有效的抗精神病药.     

阿立哌唑联合奥拉西坦对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的观察阿立哌唑与奥拉西坦联合治疗对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响,为精神分裂症认知损伤的治疗提供临床证据。方法采用随机数字表法将98例符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的精神分裂症患者分为研究组(阿立哌唑10~30 mg/d联合奥拉西坦1 600~2 400 mg/d)和对照组(阿立哌唑10~30 mg/d)各49例,进行为期8周的随机对照研究。在治疗开始前与治疗结束时(第8周末)采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)进行临床疗效评定,采用MATRICS共识认知成套测验(MCCB)评定认知功能。结果治疗8周末,两组MCCB和PANSS评分较治疗前均有改善,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);研究组在语义流畅性、连线测验、符号编码、持续操作、情绪管理五项指标的评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论阿立哌唑联合奥拉西坦与单用阿立哌唑对精神分裂症疗效相当,但前者对精神分裂症认知功能损害的疗效优于单用阿立哌唑。     

初诊精神分裂症患者药物治疗前后认知功能研究

目的探讨阿立哌唑对初诊精神分裂症患者认知功能改善的作用。方法选择2013-01—2014-01我院收治的符合《国际疾病分类手册第10版(ICD-10)》的120例患者为研究对象,以阿立哌唑治疗12周,治疗前后分别进行威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)测验、河内塔实验(TOH)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定,比较治疗前后患者认知功能的改善情况。结果 120例患者治疗12周后,显著好转106例,进步10例,无效4例,显效率88.3%,有效率96.7%;治疗后PANSS量表各项指标分值、WCST量表各项指标分值、WMS量表各项指标分值、TOH测试分值与治疗前相比差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论阿立哌唑对初诊精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍具有持续的改善作用,值得临床推广应用。     

阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症患者执行功能障碍的影响

目的 探讨阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症患者执行功能的影响.方法 入组43例首发精神分裂症患者为研究组,使用阿立哌唑（15-30mg/d）治疗,观察6周.采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定疗效,用威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评定认知功能.与35例健康对照组进行比较分析.结果 ①治疗前,研究组随机错误数、持续错误数高于对照组,正确应答数和完成分类数低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=6.75、3.93、-2.84、-7.70,P〈0.05）.②治疗后研究组随机错误数高于对照组,完成分类数低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=3.91、-7.27,P〈0.05）.③研究组治疗前后比较,治疗后PANSS总分和随机错误数低于治疗前,而完成分类数和正确应答数高于治疗后,差异具有统计学意义（t=13.61、2.91、-2.26、-2.07,P〈0.05）.结论 阿立哌唑可能有利于改善精神分裂症患者的执行功能.     

阿立哌唑联合认知干预对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨阿立哌唑联合认知干预对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法将92例精神分裂症患者随机分为阿立哌唑联合认知干预组(研究组,n=46)和阿立哌唑组(对照组,n=46),疗程12周,采用PANSS评估患者的精神症状,WCST、CPT、TMT、CF、HVLT-R及WMS-Ⅲ评估患者的认知功能,TESS评估患者的不良反应。结果治疗12周末两组PANSS各项评分较治疗前均显著降低(P0.01),而研究组阴性症状分、一般症状分及总分较对照组显著降低(P0.05或0.01),阳性症状分较对照组则无明显变化(P0.05)。两组WCST、CPT、TMT、CF、HVLT-R及WMS-Ⅲ评分较治疗前均明显改善(P0.01),且研究组较对照组改善更加明显(P0.05或0.01)。两组患者TESS量表总分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论阿立哌唑联合认知干预对改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能可能优于单用阿立哌唑治疗。     

阿立哌唑与小剂量氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症对照研究

目的探讨阿立哌唑合并小剂量氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法将40例难治性精神分裂症患者随机分为A组(阿立哌唑合并小剂量氯氮平,n=20)和B组(单用氯氮平,n=20)。于治疗前和治疗第4、8、12周末采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床疗效;使用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应,并进行对比分析。结果 2组治疗后PANSS总分较治疗前明显降低,A组显著低于B组,差异有统计学意义。2组治疗12周末有效率分别是80%、50%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.95,P<0.05)。2组不良反应比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阿立哌唑合并小剂量氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症疗效好,不良反应少且依从性好。     

阿立哌唑与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的对照研究

目的比较阿立哌唑与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的临床疗效与安全性。方法将精神分裂症患者76例随机分为阿立哌唑组和氯氮平组,治疗8周;采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效及不良反应。结果两组治疗后PANSS评分均显著下降,两组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;不良反应发生率阿立哌唑组显著低于氯氮平组（P〈0．05）。结论阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效与氯氮平相当,不良反应较轻,较少引起体质量增加,是一种安全有效的抗精神病药。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -