Predictive factors of immediate postoperative complications after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: This study was performed to assess the relationships between polysomnographic data, including the level of obstruction inducing apnea, and immediate postoperative complications or oxygen saturation in patients who had undergone uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: Using the data of 90 patients with a polysomnography-confirmed diagnosis of OSAS who had undergone UPPP surgery with/without tonsillectomy under general anesthesia, we determined apnea-hypopnea indices (AHI), preoperative lowest arterial saturation (LSAT-PREOP) levels, percentages of obstruction at the upper level of the uvula during apnea (AL-U), need for an airway in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) or during the first postoperative night in a ward (POPN1), LSAT- PACU, LSAT-POPN1, and the incidence of postoperative bleeding or other complications. RESULTS: Postoperative complications developed in 19 (21.1%) of the 90 patients, airway-related complications in 5 (5.6%), oxygen desaturation in 8 (8.9%), excessive or recurrent bleeding in 7 (7.8%), and a postoperative electrocardiogram change in 1(1.1%). Patients with postoperative complications had higher AHI (68.1 vs. 49.3, P = .008), lower LSAT-PREOP (71.1 vs. 77.8, P = .012), and lower AL-U (24.2 vs. 57.4, P = .005) than those without. After UPPP surgery, LSAT-POPN1 improved more than LSAT-PREOP (94.4 vs. 76.2%, P = .03), and LSAT-POPN1 correlated with LSAT-PREOP (r = 0.274, P = .014) and AL-U (r = 0.286, P = .046). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that immediate postoperative complications and oxygen saturation are associated with OSAS severity and the level of obstruction, inducing apnea in those who have undergone UPPP for OSAS.     

改良腭咽成形术合并多部位射频消融术手术疗效

目的 探讨改良腭咽成形术合并多部位低温等离子射频消融术治疗中、重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)手术疗效.方法 采用改良腭咽成形术合并多部位低温等离子射频消融术治疗中重度多平面阻塞OSAHS患者83例,全部随访2年以上,术后6、12、24个月复查多导睡眠图,判定疗效.结果 随访2年后,83例患者中,治愈24例(28.9%),显效28例(33.7%),有效17例(20.5%),无效14例(16.9%),总有效率83.1%;患者手术前后睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)变化有极显著统计学差异(P＜0.01);重度OSAHS患者手术前后最低血氧饱和度(SaO2)有显著变化(P＜0.05);全部病例均未出现严重并发症.结论 改良腭咽成形术合并多部位低温等离子射频消融术是治疗中重度OSAHS安全、有效的方法.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者软腭平面的手术方式及其应用

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者中常见软腭平面狭窄,解除该平面狭窄最经典的手术方式是悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)。本文以UPPP为基础,对OSAS患者软腭平面的各种手术方式及疗效进行综述。     

Tongue-base suspension in conjunction with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for treatment of severe obstructive sleep apnea: long-term follow-up results

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate the usefulness of tongue-base suspension (TBS) in addition to uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). STUDY DESIGN: Long-term prospective case series. SETTING: University tertiary care medical center. METHODS: Fifty-five consecutive patients with severe OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] 52.8+/-14.9 events/hr) with multilevel upper airway obstruction who refused treatment with continuous positive airway pressure underwent UPPP plus TBS with the Repose system. All patients were evaluated before surgery by clinical history, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy with Müller maneuver, and nocturnal polysomnography (PSG). After 3 years of surgery, all patients were re-evaluated at the clinic and had ESS test and full PSG. Surgical success was defined when the ESS dropped bellow 11, and the AHI decreased below the threshold of 20 events per hour of sleep and at least 50% from the preoperative value RESULTS: There were 42 (78%) patients in which the AHI score decreased more than 50%, the AHI was lower than 20 events/hr in the PSG, and the ESS was lower than 11 after 3-years of follow-up (surgical success index). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that body mass index at baseline was the only variable with significant statistical power to predict surgical success (odds ratio 0.85; 0.73-0.95, 95% confidence interval, P<.01) CONCLUSION: When associated with UPPP, the TBS technique performed with the Repose system demonstrates a surgical success of up to 78% for patients with severe OSA who refused nasal continuous positive airway pressure.     

轻中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征疗效比较

目的比较悬雍垂腭咽成形术（uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP）和等离子低温射频消融（radiofrequency ablation,RFA）治疗轻中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）的疗效.方法选择79例轻中度OSAHS患者（阻塞平面位于腭和扁桃体水平）,随机分成两组分别接受UPPP和RFA治疗,比较术前和术后呼吸暂停低通气指数（apnea hypopnea index,AHI）、最低血氧饱和度（lowest saturation of blood oxygen,LSaO2）、鼾声评级及Epworth嗜睡程度评分,比较术后3天时和7天时疼痛、讲话及吞咽的影响评分,并比较两组患者之间的差异.结果UPPP组和RFA组有效率分别为74.3%和72.2%,疗效相近.两组患者术前和术后6个月多导睡眠描记（polysomnography,PSG）监测比较显示：治疗后LSaO2显著提高（P＜0.05）,AHI的减低非常显著（P＜0.01）,两组患者之间比较无明显差异;两组患者治疗8周后鼾声评级较治疗前降低非常显著（P＜0.01）,Epworth嗜睡程度评分亦较治疗前降低非常显著（P＜0.01）,两组患者之间比较无明显差异;术后3天时比较,RFA组比UPPP组疼痛和吞咽明显轻微（P＜0.05）,两组患者讲话无明显差异;术后7天时比较,RFA组比UPPP组疼痛明显轻微（P＜0.05）,两组患者讲话和吞咽无明显差异.结论RFA治疗轻中度OSAHS安全、创伤小、恢复快,疗效与UPPP相近.     

Increase of the apnoea–hypopnoea index after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: analysis of failure1

From 70 patients who had uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) operation and a pre‐ and postoperative sleep registration, we could retrospectively determine the failures and the correlation between variables such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), earlier or concomitant tonsillectomy, unilevel (uvula–palate–tonsil) or multilevel (base of tongue as well) obstruction during sleep endoscopy and treatment outcome. From 70 patients, the preoperative sleep registration classified 15 social unacceptable snorers and 55 obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) patients. In this study we focused on the OSAS patients. From the 55 OSAS patients, 32 were classified as successful after UPPP, because they had a decreased apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) after surgery (≤20). Eight patients had a decreased AHI, but more than 20 apnoeas/hypnoeas per hour. Fifteen patients were identified as UPPP failures with an equal or increased AHI and/or subjective deterioration of snoring. We were unable to find a statistically difference between the two groups with respect to variables such as age, BMI and AHI preoperative (P > 0.56) as between the level of obstruction(s) (P > 0.24). For earlier or concomitant tonsillectomy we found a statistically difference (P > 0.039), but a very small number in the high failure group (n = 8). We conclude that although sleep endoscopy adds to better patient selection and better results, paradoxically, the finding of obstruction on palate–uvula level during sleep endoscopy can still give UPPP failures.     

Impact of steroids on recovery after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether perioperative systemic corticosteroid administration can reduce uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) postoperative morbidities (e.g., pain, anorexia, sleep disturbance, mouth odor, and fatigue) or reduce narcotic analgesic usage. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, double-blinded study with random assignment of treatment agent (placebo or corticosteroid). METHODS: From 1995 to 1998, a consecutive sample of 48 adults presenting for elective UPPP surgery alone or in combination with tonsillectomy or septoplasty, or both, were enrolled. Twenty-eight subjects completed the protocol and were equally distributed by random assignment to intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) doses of placebo (saline) or corticosteroid (60 mg methylprednisolone IM and 12 mg dexamethasone IV). Acetaminophen with codeine analgesic was available to both groups as needed. Subjects recorded a diary of symptom severity scores over the first postoperative week relating to eight commonly reported morbidities (1-4 points) and the daily quantity of narcotic consumed. RESULTS: Statistical comparison (Wilcoxon's rank sum test) showed no significant differences between subjects treated with placebo or corticosteroid on postoperative day 1 or 7. Three subjects (21%) in each treatment group reported no postoperative use of narcotic analgesic. CONCLUSIONS: No statistically or clinically significant benefits were derived from perioperative systemic corticosteroid treatment in this sample of 28 adults treated with UPPP alone or in combination with tonsillectomy or septoplasty, or both. Some individuals tolerate post-UPPP discomfort without a narcotic analgesic.     

量表衡量悬雍垂腭咽成形术后患者生活质量

目的探讨悬雍垂腭咽成形术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructivesleepapneahypopneasyndrome,OSAHS)患者生活质量的影响。方法选择40例行悬雍垂腭咽成形术的OSAHS患者,采用Calgary生活质量指数(SAQLI)在术前及术后3个月进行问卷调查,从量表中的日常活动、社会活动、情感及症状4个方面比较与健康相关的生活质量,各部分的平均分相加即为量表的总分。结果40例OSAHS患者SAQLI总分从术前4.0±0.9提高至术后4.8±1.1(P<0.05),具有显著性的统计学意义,其中以日常活动、症状方面改善更为明显。结论悬雍垂腭咽成形术可有效地提高OSAHS患者与健康相关的生活质量。     

Effects of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty on collapsibility of the retropalatal airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty improves sleep-disordered breathing, particularly in patients with sleep-disordered breathing with abnormally high collapsible airway exclusively at the retropalatal airway, as was previously reported. The present study examined the direct and long-term effects of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty on retropalatal airway collapsibility. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal study of 18 patients with abnormally high collapsible airway exclusively at the retropalatal airway. METHODS: Closing pressure of the retropalatal airway was estimated by endoscopically obtaining static pressure/area relationship of the passive pharynx in completely paralyzed and anesthetized patients with sleep-disordered breathing (n = 18) before and 3 months after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. The measurements were repeated 1 year after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in eight of these patients. RESULTS: Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty decreased retropalatal airway closing pressure by 3.5 cm H2O; furthermore, a direct correlation between the severity of sleep-disordered breathing (as determined by nocturnal oximetry) and retropalatal airway closing pressure was revealed. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty failures revealed retropalatal airway closing pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. Reduced retropalatal airway collapsibility was maintained up to 1 year after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Two patients developed marked stenosis of the retropalatal airway with aggravation of sleep-disordered breathing after initial improvement of sleep-disordered breathing and retropalatal airway collapsibility. CONCLUSIONS: Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty decreases the retropalatal airway collapsibility. The effect is maintained for at least 1 year after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, whereas a few patients develop retropalatal airway stenosis leading to recurrence of sleep-disordered breathing.     

Overnight hospital stay is not always necessary after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether patients with obstructive sleep apnea who undergo uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) have a significant incidence of postoperative complications that would justify overnight postoperative observation in the hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Part 1: review of published medical literature to determine incidence of postoperative complications. Part 2: retrospective review of 117 patients undergoing UPPP with or without additional procedures. METHODS: A literature search for existing studies describing the postoperative complications after UPPP for obstructive sleep apnea was conducted. After this, the records of 117 patients who had undergone UPPP at a university-based medical center during a 5-year span were reviewed. RESULTS: Respiratory events occur in 2% to 11% of cases. These include airway obstruction (e.g., laryngospasm), postobstructive pulmonary edema (POPE), and desaturation. Airway obstruction occurred in the immediate postoperative setting. POPE was rare and usually occurred within minutes after the conclusion of the surgical procedure. Desaturation could occur at any time, but the severity was usually equivalent to that found on preoperative sleep study. Hemorrhage occurred in 2% to 14% of cases and had a biphasic incidence, occurring either immediately postoperatively or several days after surgery. Depending on definition, hypertension was observed in between 2% and 70% of patients postoperatively. This was most commonly diagnosed and treated in the immediate postoperative setting. In most reports, arrhythmia and angina occurred in less than 1% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of complications after UPPP with or without additional procedures occur within 1 to 2 hours after surgery. Postoperative oxygen desaturation is usually no worse than that that was observed on preoperative polysomnography findings. A 2 to 3 hour observation period may be suitable for patients after UPPP; if a patient experiences no complications and is maintaining adequate oxygenation and analgesia, same-day discharge from recovery room may be considered.     

Efficacy of endoscopic static pressure/area assessment of the passive pharynx in predicting uvulopalatopharyngoplasty outcomes.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Although uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is an attractive surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the unpredictable outcome limits application of the procedure. Since UPPP corrects only retropalatal airway (RP) patency, we hypothesized that response to UPPP is determined by collapsibility of the retroglossal airway (RG), where UPPP does not correct. METHODS: We estimated closing pressure (Pclose) for each pharyngeal segment by endoscopically obtaining the static pressure/area relationship of the passive pharynx in completely paralyzed and anesthetized patients with sleep-disordered breathing (n = 41) before UPPP. Preferable response to UPPP was defined as the number of oxygen dips (ODI), obtained by nocturnal oximetry, less than 10 h(-1) after UPPP. RESULTS: Patients with negative Pclose at RG responded to UPPP significantly better than those with positive Pclose at RG (22/30 [73%] vs. 3/11 [27%], P<.05). ODI after UPPP was significantly correlated with age, Pclose at RP, and Pclose at RG. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic assessment of anatomic abnormality of the pharynx in paralyzed patients with sleep-disordered breathing under general anesthesia has clinical value for the improvement of UPPP outcome.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者软腭平面手术疗效的Meta分析

目的 系统评价软腭平面手术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的疗效。 方法 检索MEDLINE、PubMed和Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验资料库中有关OSAHS软腭平面手术的临床研究,时限均从建库至2015年10月,并对所获文献的参考文献进行回溯性检索和引文检索。由两位研究者严格按纳入与排除标准独立进行文献筛选、资料提取和质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.1.0软件进行Meta分析。 结果 初检出2 767篇文献,通过阅读文题、摘要和全文逐层筛选,最终纳入20个研究,共631例患者,其中约88%为男性患者。质量评价由两位研究者独立进行并交叉核对,如遇分歧讨论决定。质量评价标准根据Cochrane系统评价员手册5.1.0 进行,纳入研究的方法学质量显示部分研究存在高度偏倚的可能性。本组纳入研究的研究对象均以多导睡眠检查作为诊断标准,但对阻塞部位的评估多数采用客观检查主观评估的方法,较少采用客观评估的研究。Meta分析结果显示OSAHS患者行单纯软腭平面手术治疗后呼吸暂停低通气指数、动脉最低血氧饱和度、Epworth量表评分均较术前明显改善。敏感性分析显示本研究结果较稳定。 结论 (1) 尚且缺乏较高质量的临床研究,对于阻塞部位评估大多缺乏客观指标;(2) 软腭平面手术可以显著降低OSAHS患者的呼吸暂停指数及Epworth量表评分并提高最低动脉血氧饱和度;(3) 尚且没有依据提示某种术式比其他术式更有效。     

Complications of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

Since the introduction of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UVPP) life-threatening complications have been encountered. In our retrospective review of 101 patients undergoing UVPP the overall incidence of early post-operative complications was 25%. One patient died because of post-operative airway obstruction. The risk of early post-operative breathing difficulty was related to the patient's weight, previous heart disease, and severity of OSAS measured by the percentage of obstructive apnoeic episodes and minimum oxygen saturation during sleep. As late as one year after surgery 57% of patients had some kind of problem in relation to the operation, the most common complaint being nasopharyngeal regurgitation (24%). Despite these late complications over 90% of the patients reported improvement in daytime somnolence and snoring.     

射频等离子悬雍垂腭咽成形术疗效观察

目的:探讨腭咽射频等离子成形术治疗腭咽平面阻塞所致的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的疗效。方法:将81例以腭咽平面阻塞所致的OSAHS患者分成两组,分别进行UPPP和腭咽射频等离子成形术。结果:术后6个月随访,两组疗效相当。结论:悬雍垂腭咽射频等离子成形术时间短、出血少、安全、术后疗效满意。     

改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术和鼻部手术治疗重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的对合并鼻部和口咽部阻塞的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（ob-structive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）患者进行鼻部手术和改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术（uvulo-palatopharyngoplasty,H-UPPP）,探讨二者手术及不同顺序对疗效的影响。方法 OSAHS诊断和评估手术疗效采用多道睡眠呼吸监测（polysomnography,PSG）、嗜睡量表（Epworth sleep score,ESS）评分、体重指数（kg/m2,body mass index,BMI）和主观症状。患者按照单、双日的半随机方法分为A、B两组,A组61例先行鼻部手术,B组57例先行H-UPPP。A组术后3～5个月复查评估,B组术后6～8个月复查评估。A、B两组中无效者分别再行H-UPPP或鼻部手术。两组患者均在第二次手术后随访1年以上。结果 A组单纯鼻部手术后有效率为0,均再行H-UPPP,1年后复查评估有效率78.7%（48/61）。B组单纯H-UPPP有效率47.4%（27/57）,1年后随访复发4例;其余30例再行鼻部手术,1年后复查评估有效率70%（21/30）。A组总有效率78.7%（48/61）,B组总有效率77.2%（44/57）,两组总有效率无统计学意义（χ2=0.697,P〉0.05）。A、B两组联合手术者与单纯行鼻部手术或H-UPPP术的有效率有统计学意义（χ2=81.89,P〈0.05;χ2=4.070,P〈0.05）。A、B两组联合手术者有效率差异无统计学意义（χ2=1.208,P〉0.05）。A组单纯鼻部手术有效率与B组单纯H-UPPP有效率有统计学意义（χ2=37.468,P〈0.05）。结论治疗合并鼻部和口咽部阻塞的重度OSAHS患者,原则上可先行H-UPPP;无效或效果差者再行鼻部相关手术,从本组病例观察H-UPPP联合鼻部相关手术可提高有效率。     

改良UPPP治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的观察改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）的疗效。方法回顾性分析2004-2008年本科收治的48例OSAHS患者临床资料及其临床疗效。所有患者均在经鼻腔插管全身麻醉下行改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术,术后随访1-2年。结果本组病例中,治愈13例（27．08％）,显效22例（45．83％）,有效9例（18．75％）,无效4例（8．33％）,总有效率91．7％。结论全麻下改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞部位位于口咽部的OSAHS患者安全可靠,疗效肯定。