Methotrexate in the management of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: review of 108 published cases and report of four cases

This study aimed to discuss the role of agents, such as steroids and methotrexate (MTX), in the treatment of patients with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM). Using Pubmed and Google Scholar data bases, a retrospective study was carried out on IGM cases treated with steroids and/or MTX between 1972 and 2010. Four IGM cases treated with MTX at our clinic were also summarized in this study. A total of 541 IGM cases since 1972, including ours, were retrospectively analyzed. Steroid treatment 5-85 mg was administered over 5 days-22 months to 112 patients aged 21-48 years. Recurrence occurred in 22 patients, steroid-induced diabetes mellitus in 5 patients, no response to treatment was observed in 4 patients, in 2 patients, the mass decreased in size, and static disease was observed in one. The steroid treatment was changed to MTX treatment in 4 patients who had recurrence, 5 with steroid-induced DM and in 4 who were nonrespondents. Three patients were started on steroid together with MTX as a primary treatment. Of the patients treated with MTX, a satisfactory result was obtained in 14 cases and in 2, mastectomy was performed because of recurrence despite the treatment with MTX. IGM is a troublesome condition that presents management problems due to the side effects of steroids. Our study demonstrates that the use of MTX in IGM cases has been effective in preventing complications, in resolving the inflammatory process, and in limiting side effects of corticosteroids.     

Pineal Germinoma with granulomatous reaction: case report

A 20-year-old man presented with diplopia. Neurological examination revealed mild skew deviation and upbeat nystagmus. Computed tomography showed a clover-shaped isodense mass in the pineal region with homogeneous enhancement. The lesion was isointense on both T(1)- and T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with homogeneous enhancement by gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid. Cerebral angiography showed no tumor staining. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid were negative for beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein, and placental alkaline phosphatase. Open biopsy was performed using a right occipital transtentorial approach. Histological examination revealed a tumor consisting of clusters of germinoma cells, but with prominent infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages, and proliferation of small vessels. The histological diagnosis was germinoma with granulomatous reaction. MR imaging showed complete disappearance of the tumor after chemoradiotherapy. Neurosurgeons should be aware of this rare tumor to avoid misdiagnosis as granulomatous inflammation.     

Renal granulomatous sarcoidosis: report of six cases

Six cases of chronic renal failure related to granulomatous renal sarcoidosis are reported and compared with data in the literature. The particular features of sarcoidosis granulomatous interstitial nephritis should be emphasised because presentation may be misleading. Renal failure usually presents with a rapidly progressive course, either isolated or associated with mild proteinuria and sterile leukocyturia, while extrarenal localisations may be absent. Diagnosis should be suspected on the basis of elevated or paradoxically normal serum calcium concentrations, due to increased plasma concentrations of calcitriol, while immunoreactive circulating parathormone concentrations are depressed. Calcitriol as well as angiotensin-converting enzyme could represent unregulated secretion products from granulomatous tissue and their plasma concentrations may roughly reflect activity of the disease. Early corticosteroid treatment dramatically improves renal function but long-term renal prognosis may be oblitered due to progressive chronic renal failure related to fibrosis scarring.     

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: a report of twenty cases

IntroductionIdiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a benign lesion of the mammary gland characterised by the presence of non-infectious inflammatory breast lesions limited to the lobules.ObjectiveWe report twenty cases of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) with a discussion of epidemiology, clinical and diagnostic features, treatment and progress of this pathological entity.Materials and methodsA retrospective study of twenty cases compiled from a ten-year period, from 952 pathological anatomy examinations carried out to investigate various breast pathologies.ResultsThe patients had a mean age of 45.5 years. Clinical examinations revealed a tumefaction measuring between 2.5 and 18 cm in diameter. The mean size was 5.5 cm. Mammography showed nodular lesions and sonography demonstrated hypoechoic nodules. On histological examination there was a granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate of epithelioid and giant cells, without caseation necrosis, made up of lymphocytes, plasma cells and neutrophils. Microbiology investigations were negative. Lesion involvement was principally lobulocentric. Surgical excision of the lesions was combined with corticosteroid therapy in twelve cases, with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in another four and with antibiotic therapy in four cases. The patients made good progress in the short-term.Discussion and conclusionIGM is a rare entity. It poses a problem of differential diagnosis because it clinically resembles other forms of mastitis. The diagnosis can be made with certainty on histological studies. The treatment is medical alongside surgical excision. The prognosis of this disease remains favourable.     

Cutaneous lymphomas with prominent granulomatous reaction: a potential pitfall in the histopathologic diagnosis of cutaneous T- and B-cell lymphomas

The presence of a granulomatous reaction in lesions of cutaneous lymphomas has been described in the past in several cases. Especially in mycosis fungoides, a "granulomatous" variant of the disease has been well characterized. We studied the clinicopathologic features of cutaneous lymphomas with prominent granulomatous reaction, including both cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and B-cell lymphomas (primary cutaneous lymphoma 22, secondary cutaneous lymphoma one). Biopsies of 23 patients with histopathologic features of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma or cutaneous B-cell lymphoma with prominent granulomatous reaction were included in this study. A prominent granulomatous reaction was defined as the presence of a granulomatous component exceeding 25% of the dermal infiltrate. There were 14 cases of mycosis fungoides, two of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, four of small/medium pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma, one of follicle center cell lymphoma, one of large B-cell lymphoma, and one of secondary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Altogether, a prominent granulomatous reaction could be observed in 1.8% of all patients with cutaneous lymphoma (primary or secondary) registered in the files of the Department of Dermatology of the University of Graz (Graz, Austria), demonstrating that there is a distinct, albeit small, proportion of cases revealing this peculiar reaction pattern. In seven cases a misdiagnosis of granulomatous dermatitis preceded the correct diagnosis for a period of 1-216 months, suggesting that sequential biopsies and complete phenotypic and molecular genetic analyses should be carried out in cases of "unusual" granulomatous dermatitis.     

Silicate calculi: report of four cases

Among four patients with silicate calculi, stones were spontaneously discharged in two and after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in two. Two of them had a history of taking magnesium silicate. Thirty two cases of silicate calculi previously reported in the Japanese literature were reviewed.     

难治性特发性肉芽肿性乳腺炎病例报告及文献综述

【摘要】〓目的〓介绍三例难治性特发性肉芽肿性乳腺炎(IGM)的诊治经过及治疗效果并文献综述。方法〓三例难治性IGM患者均为年轻生育后女性,均因乳房肿块伴红肿及局部破溃甚至窦道形成等弥漫病变就诊,脓液细菌培养阴性,其中2例患者应用“三联抗分支杆菌”药物联合甲泼尼龙片治疗,1例患者接受甲泼尼龙联合甲氨蝶呤治疗。结果〓三例患者均得到10个月随访,1例接受“三联抗分支杆菌”药物及甲泼尼龙的患者最终行肿块切除及乳头内陷矫正术后痊愈,其他2例患者均保守治疗后痊愈。结论〓“三联抗分支杆菌”或免疫抑制剂联合类固醇激素治疗难治性特发性肉芽肿性乳腺炎的效果良好,但前者用药证据较难获得。     

Florid mesothelial hyperplasia of the tunica vaginalis: report of two cases with immunohistochemical findings

International Urology and Nephrology -     

肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎的诊治(附89例临床分析)

目的:分析肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎的临床及病理特点,探讨其最佳诊治方法。方法:回顾性分析89例术后乳腺标本,经组织病理学证实的肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎临床和组织病理学资料。89例病人均为女性,平均年龄(33.9±6.8)(22～57)岁,85例有哺乳史,均以乳腺肿块就诊。其中单纯肿块34例,肿块伴疼痛43例,肿块伴乳头溢液5例,肿块伴疼痛、乳头溢液7例,均行手术治疗。结果:平均随访(64.0±3.8)(1～102)个月,复发1例。结论:肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎与乳腺癌在临床特征上有许多相似之处,易误诊,应在临床工作中高度重视。组织病理检查是唯一的确诊依据,手术是治疗本病的首选方法。     

同种原位心脏移植四例

目的：总结4例终末期心脏病患者施行原位心脏移植术的经验。方法：2000年1月26日－2000年9月26日，先后对4例终末期心脏病患者施行原位心脏移植术。供者均为脑死亡者，供者心肌保护采用冷晶体心脏停搏液顺行性灌注；手术方法为中度低温体外循环下标准原位心脏移植术；术后采用新三联（FK506、骁悉和强的松）免疫治疗。结果：1例因肝、肾功能衰竭，术后18天死亡。3例患者存活至今，且生活质量良好。结论：掌握适应证、术后防治感染和合理的免疫治疗，是提高心脏移植存活率的重要因素。     

The clinical spectrum of granulomatous prostatitis: a report of 200 cases

Granulomatous prostatitis, reviewed in 200 tissue-diagnosed cases, occurred in 0.8 per cent of the benign inflammatory prostatic specimens. Often the disease followed a recent urinary tract infection (71 per cent) and was suspicious clinically for prostatic cancer (59 per cent). The diagnosis usually was made by needle biopsy or at transurethral prostatectomy (94 per cent). Most cases of granulomatous prostatitis were classified as nonspecific. The recently identified entity of post-transurethral resection granulomatous prostatitis was found in 49 patients. A proposed new category of granulomatous prostatitis that is secondary to systemic granulomatous diseases was documented in 6 patients. Most cases of granulomatous prostatitis resolved spontaneously and required no specific therapy.     

15例非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎临床报告

目的探讨非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎的临床和病理学特点。方法回顾分析15例经直肠前列腺活检明确诊断为非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎病例，其中15例患者给予抗炎对症治疗，哌拉西林钠舒巴坦钠（邦达）2．4mg／d，疗程3-6周不等，7例伴严重排尿困滩患者加服盐酸坦索罗辛（哈乐）0．2mg／d或者多沙唑嗪释控片（可多华）2mg／d。结果15例患者随诊3-20个月，排尿困难症状明显改善，肛门指诊（DRE）前列腺质地变软、硬结转小，血清前列腺特异抗原（PSA）明显下降。结论非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎极易与前列腺癌相混淆，需引起足够重视，确诊必须依靠前列腺活检。     

特发性肉芽肿性乳腺炎的手术治疗：附8例报告

目的 探讨特发性肉芽肿性乳腺炎(IGM)的手术治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析近2年确诊的8例IGM的临床病理特点、诊治和预后情况.结果 87.5%的患者已生育和哺乳.100%患者有肿块,肿块内有程度不等的微小脓肿,乳晕旁受累达50.0%.全组术前仅凭临床和影像学检查有50.0%的患者被误诊为乳腺癌.8例均经手术治疗.随访4～25个月,行扩大切除术的6例患者痊愈,而仅行病灶切除术的2例复发,其中1例经泼尼松治疗有效,1例行再次扩大切除术治愈.结论 IGM的病因不清楚,组织病理学检查是确诊IGM的金标准,病灶扩大切除术是一种快速、安全而有效的治疗手段.