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1.
Using material from the Pfizer sponsored website providing health information on erectile dysfunction to potential Swedish
Viagra customers (), this article explores the public image of masculinity in relation to sexual health and the cultural techniques for creating
pharmaceutical appeal. We zoom in on the targeted ideal users of Viagra, and the nationalized, racialized and sexualized identities
they are assigned. As part of Pfizer’s marketing strategy of adjustments to fit the local consumer base, the ways in which
Viagra is promoted for the Swedish setting is telling of what concepts of masculinity are so stable and unassailable that
they can withstand the association with a drug that is, in essence, an acknowledgement of ‘failed’ masculinity and ‘dysfunctional’
sexuality. With comparative national examples, this study presents an interdisciplinary take on the ‘glocalized’ cultural
imaginary of Viagra, and the masculine subject positions it engenders.
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Ericka JohnsonEmail: Email: |
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3.
Leen De Vreese 《Medicine, health care, and philosophy》2009,12(3):345-353
Epidemiologists’ discussions on causation are not always very enlightening with regard to the notion of ‘cause’ in epidemiology.
Epidemiologists rightly work from a science-based approach to causation in epidemiology, but largely disagree about the matter.
Disagreement may be partly due to confusion of the question of useful concepts for causal inference in epidemiological practice
with the question of the metaphysical presuppositions of causal concepts used in epidemiology. In other words, epidemiologists
seem to confuse the practical results of epidemiological research at the population level with the metaphysical views about
the reality of disease causation at the individual level in their writings on causation.
相似文献
Leen De VreeseEmail: |
4.
There has been a proliferation of taught masters’ degrees for nurses in recent years, and like masters’ programmes in other
disciplines, the aspirations of such educational endeavours are far from unanimous. This article reports on part of a wider
study, and focuses on a qualitative analysis of the perspectives of two key sets of stakeholders, namely academic education
providers, and senior clinical nursing personnel, on masters’ education for nurses. Fifteen participants were interviewed
in depth, and data were subjected to a qualitative content analysis. Findings indicated that while both sets of participants
invoked the discourse of the ‘knowledgeable doer’, that is, the notion of amalgamating a high level of theoretical knowledge
with practical know how, there were also differences in how each group deployed this discourse. Academics tended to emphasise
the ‘knowing that’ or theoretical aspect of the discourse, whereas those in senior clinical roles adduced the practical component
more strongly. We argue that the discourse of the ‘knowledgeable doer’ is far from stable, unified and universally agreed,
but rather comprises competing elements with some emphasised over others according to the subject position of the particular
individual. We locate the diverse perspectives of the two sets of stakeholders within debates about the status of masters’
programmes in relation to vocational and liberal education.
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Abbey HydeEmail: |
5.
Solving the health care consumers’ (producers’) utility maximization (cost minimization) problem could entail the substitution
of alternative care providers (factor inputs) when the relative out-of-pocket costs (factor prices) change, ceteris paribus.
The conceptual advancement in this contribution is illustrated with an earlier paper (P. Deb and A. Holmes, Health Economics 7(4):347–362, 1998) on the economic relationship of physicians (M.D.s) and ‘other providers’ (Ph.D.s, other) in the US outpatient
demand for mental health care services. Many aspects of our conceptual progress are insightful. Foremost, our conclusion on
whether M.D. and non-M.D. providers of outpatient mental health care are economic complements or substitutes depends on the
alternative measure of the substitution elasticity used. Second, when correctly measured the expenditure-minimizing substitutions
among mental health providers can be useful policy decision guides for consumers covered under traditional indemnity insurance
with deductibles or managed care plans with user co-payments. Finally, our conceptual clarification should motivate future
investigators of health services demand (or use) and cost models to consider a wider conceptual foundation for assessing the
structure and implications of provider relationships.
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Albert A. OkunadeEmail: |
6.
Pesticides and farmer health in Nicaragua: a willingness-to-pay approach to evaluation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A contingent valuation approach to assess the health effects of chemical pesticides among Nicaraguan vegetable farmers is
presented. Farmers’ valuation of health is measured as their willingness to pay (WTP) for low-toxicity pesticides. Results
show that farmers are willing to spend an additional amount of about 28% of current pesticide expenditure for avoiding health
risks. The validity of results is established in scope tests and with a two-step regression model. WTP depends on farmers’
experience with poisoning, income variables, and current exposure to pesticides. The results can help in designing rural health
policies and in the formulation of programmes aiming to reduce the negative effects of pesticides.
相似文献
Hermann WaibelEmail: |
7.
A pilot project in Israel, regarding parent’s involvement in their children’s education in residential care was evaluated.
The dual goals were changing staff’s attitudes toward parents, and empowering parents. During the school year, parents were
invited to participate in bi-weekly dynamic group workshops in the residence (parents only and parents–children), and to 3–4
“Family Days,” in addition to sharing special parent–child summer camps. Results indicate considerable success: children,
parents, and staff felt that the project had improved their ability to deal successfully with their everyday challenges, with
parents viewing themselves as having been most rewarded.
相似文献
Emmanuel GrupperEmail: |
8.
Onyebuchi A. Arah 《Medicine, health care, and philosophy》2009,12(3):235-244
The relationship between individual and population health is partially built on the broad dichotomization of medicine into
clinical medicine and public health. Potential drawbacks of current views include seeing both individual and population health
as absolute and independent concepts. I will argue that the relationship between individual and population health is largely
relative and dynamic. Their interrelated dynamism derives from a causally defined life course perspective on health determination
starting from an individual’s conception through growth, development and participation in the collective till death, all seen
within the context of an adaptive society. Indeed, it will become clear that neither individual nor population health is identifiable
or even definable without informative contextualization within the other. For instance, a person’s health cannot be seen in
isolation but must be placed in the rich contextual web such as the socioeconomic circumstances and other health determinants
of where they were conceived, born, bred, and how they shaped and were shaped by their environment and communities, especially
given the prevailing population health exposures over their lifetime. We cannot discuss the “what” and “how much” of individual
and population health until we know the cumulative trajectories of both, using appropriate causal language.
相似文献
Onyebuchi A. ArahEmail: Email: |
9.
Senior managers of children’s mental health centers across Ontario, Canada were interviewed regarding the challenges and solutions
of access and delivery of care. The central challenges—funding, case complexity, waitlists, staffing, and system integration—revealed
a complex interplay between the policies and financing of children’s mental health services and the provision of clinical
services at the agency level and within the community. The desire for integration and collaboration was countered by competition
for funding and service demands. A need for policies that allow for local solutions while providing leadership for sustained
improvements in the ease and timeliness of access to care and effective clinical services emerged.
相似文献
Judith Belle BrownEmail: |
10.
Kim SY Holloway RG Frank S Wilson R Kieburtz K 《Medicine, health care, and philosophy》2008,11(4):393-401
Bioethicists have long been concerned that seriously ill patients entering early phase (‘phase I’) treatment trials are motivated
by therapeutic benefit even though the likelihood of benefit is low. In spite of these concerns, consent forms for phase I
studies involving seriously ill patients generally employ indeterminate benefit statements rather than unambiguous statements
of unlikely benefit. This seeming mismatch between attitudes and actions suggests a need to better understand research ethics
committee members’ attitudes toward communication of potential benefits and risks of early phase studies to potential subjects.
We surveyed the members of two U.S. research ethics committees using a phase I gene transfer study scenario, and compared
the results to a previous survey of potential subjects’ perceptions and attitudes toward benefit and risk for the same protocol.
The results show that there is indeed a gap between the subjects’ perceptions and the committee members’ views on what is
appropriate to be communicated to research subjects. This discrepancy is the product of both the commonly assumed optimism
of the subjects and to a “protective pessimism” of the research ethics committee members. We discuss this discrepancy using
“frameworks of trust” and demonstrate the need to incorporate these frameworks into the existing model of informed consent.
相似文献
Scott Y. H. KimEmail: |
11.
Krahn T 《Medicine, health care, and philosophy》2009,12(2):187-202
The identification and avoidance of disease susceptibility in embryos is the most common goal of preimplantation genetic diagnosis
(PGD). Most jurisdictions that accept but regulate the availability of PGD restrict it to what are characterized as ‘serious’
conditions. Line-drawing around seriousness is not determined solely by the identification of a genetic mutation. Other factors
seen to be relevant include: impact on health or severity of symptoms; degree of penetrance (probability of genotype being
expressed as a genetic disorder); potential for therapy; rate of progression; heritability; and age of onset. In the original
applications of PGD, most, if not all of these factors were seen as necessary but none was seen as sufficient for determining
whether a genetic condition was labelled ‘serious’. This, however, is changing as impact on health or severity of symptoms
is coming to eclipse the other considerations. This paper investigates how age of onset (primarily in the context of the United
Kingdom (UK)) has become considerably less significant as a criterion for determining ethically acceptable applications of
PGD. Having moved off the threshold of permitting PGD testing for only fatal (or seriously debilitating), early-onset diseases,
I will investigate reasons for why age of onset will not do any work to discriminate between which adult-onset diseases should
be considered serious or not. First I will explain the rationale underpinning age of onset as a factor to be weighed in making
determinations of seriousness. Next I will challenge the view that later-onset conditions are less serious for being later
than earlier-onset conditions. The final section of the paper will discuss some of the broader disability concerns at stake
in limiting access to PGD based upon determinations of the ‘seriousness’ of genetic conditions. Instead of advocating a return
to limiting PGD to only early-onset conditions, I conclude that the whole enterprise of trying to draw lines of what is to
count as a ‘serious’ condition is itself problematic and in certain ways morally misleading.
相似文献
Timothy KrahnEmail: |
12.
Ellen K. Feder 《Health care analysis》2009,17(2):134-143
In this paper, I apply Michel Foucault’s analysis of normalization to the 2006 announcement by the US and European Endocrinological
Societies that variations on the term “hermaphrodite” and “intersex” would be replaced by the term, “Disorders of Sex Development”
or DSD. I argue that the change should be understood as normalizing in a positive sense; rather than fighting for the demedicalization
of conditions that have significant consequences for individuals’ health, this change can promote the transformation of the
conceptualization of intersex conditions from “disorders like no other” to “disorders like many others.” Understood in these
terms, I conclude, medical attention to those with atypical anatomies should be recast from a preoccupation with “normal appearance”
to the concern with human flourishing that is the proper object of medical attention.
相似文献
Ellen K. FederEmail: |
13.
Update of WHO air quality guidelines 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Based on a systematic review of literature on adverse health effects of air pollution, the World Health Organization has updated
its Air Quality Guidelines in 2005. The current update is intended to be relevant and applicable worldwide and takes into
consideration large regional inequalities in exposures to air pollution. It recommends guideline levels for particulate matter,
ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, as well as the set of interim targets for these pollutants’ concentrations, encouraging
gradual improvement of air quality and reduction of health impacts of the pollution.
相似文献
Michal KrzyzanowskiEmail: |
14.
Andreas C. Drichoutis Panagiotis Lazaridis Rodolfo M. Nayga Jr. 《The European journal of health economics》2009,10(4):371-388
Worldwide obesity rates have stimulated interest in healthy dietary patterns. One well-known dietary pattern is the Mediterranean
diet, which has been linked with several beneficial health effects. However, concerns have also been raised regarding the
Mediterranean diet’s role in promoting weight gain. We explored the effect of the Mediterranean diet on body mass index using
the propensity score matching approach. We found no statistically significant average treatment effect on the treated and
therefore cannot confirm that a causal link exists between Mediterranean diet and body mass index.
相似文献
Andreas C. DrichoutisEmail: |
15.
Muireann Quigley 《Health care analysis》2008,16(3):233-239
This paper is a response to a paper by John Coggon ‘Best Interests, Public Interest, and the Power of the Medical Profession'.
It argues that certain legal judgements in relation to best interests seek to change and curtail the role of the medical profession
in this arena while simultaneously extending the jurisdiction of the courts. It also argues that we must guard against replacing
one professional standard, that of the medical profession, with another, that of the judiciary in this area.
相似文献
Muireann QuigleyEmail: |
16.
M. Kyle Matsuba Gavin J. Elder Franca Petrucci Tammy Marleau 《Child & youth care forum》2008,37(1):15-26
The purpose of this study was to present and evaluate an employment training program specifically designed to help at-risk
youth find work. Fifty-nine at-risk youth living in a small urban area participated in a 7-month program designed to help
youth develop employment skills and improve their psychological well-being. Results of this pre- and post-test study showed
significant improvement among participants on measures of psychological well-being by program’s end. These results are discussed
in terms of the need for employment training programs to be more holistic by working with youth to improve their psychological
health, and thus helping them to overcome a barrier to employment.
相似文献
M. Kyle MatsubaEmail: |
17.
Yasuo Sanjo 《The European journal of health economics》2009,10(2):207-215
We investigate a health care market with uncertainty in a mixed duopoly, where a partially privatized public hospital competes
against a private hospital in terms of quality choice. We use a simple Hotelling-type spatial competition model by incorporating
mean–variance analysis and the framework of partial privatization. We show how the variance in the quality perceived by patients
affects the true quality of medical care provided by hospitals. In addition, we show that a case exists in which the quality
of the partially privatized hospital becomes higher than that of the private hospital when the patient’s preference for quality
is relatively high.
相似文献
Yasuo SanjoEmail: |
18.
Flórez KR Aguirre AN Viladrich A Céspedes A De La Cruz AA Abraído-Lanza AF 《Journal of immigrant and minority health / Center for Minority Public Health》2009,11(4):291-301
Background A growing literature on Latino’s beliefs about cancer focuses on the concept of fatalismo (fatalism), despite numerous conceptual
ambiguities concerning its meaning, definition, and measurement. This study explored Latina women’s views on breast cancer
and screening within a cultural framework of destino (“destiny”), or the notion that both personal agency and external forces
can influence health and life events. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 Latinas from the Dominican Republic aged 40 or over. Results Respondents reported complex notions of health locus of control that encompassed both internal (e.g., individual action)
and external (e.g., the will of God) forces shaping breast cancer prevention efforts. Furthermore, women actively participated
in screening because they believed that cancer could become a death sentence if diagnosed late or left untreated. Discussion In contrast to simplistic notions of “fatalism”, our analysis suggests complex strategies and beliefs regarding breast cancer
and cancer screening that speak of resiliency rather than hopelessness.
相似文献
Ana F. Abraído-LanzaEmail: |
19.
David B. Resnik 《Health care analysis》2009,17(3):261-276
Health policy frameworks usually construe environmental protection and human health as harmonious values. Policies that protect
the environment, such as pollution control and pesticide regulation, also benefit human health. In recent years, however,
it has become apparent that promoting human health sometimes undermines environmental protection. Some actions, policies,
or technologies that reduce human morbidity, mortality, and disease can have detrimental effects on the environment. Since
human health and environmental protection are sometimes at odds, political leaders, citizens, and government officials need
a way to mediate and resolve conflicts between these values. Unfortunately, few approaches to applied bioethics have the conceptual
tools to do accomplish this task. Theories of health care ethics have little to say about the environment, and theories of
environmental ethics don’t say much about human health. In this essay, I defend an approach to ethical decision-making that
gives policy-makers some tools for balancing promotion of human health and protection of the environment.
相似文献
David B. ResnikEmail: |