Promoting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption for Childhood Obesity Prevention

Currently, food marketing for unhealthy foods is omnipresent. Foods high in fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS) are advertised intensively on several media platforms, including digital platforms that are increasingly used by children, such as social media, and can be bought almost everywhere. This could contribute to the obesity epidemic that we are facing. As the majority of children and adolescents do not eat the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables (F&V), which leads to chronic diseases, we need to change the obesogenic environment to a healthogenic environment. Reducing the marketing of energy-dense snacks to children and increasing the promotion of healthier foods, such as fruits and vegetables, may be an effective and necessary instrument to improve the dietary intake of children and reduce the risk of their experiencing some chronic diseases later in life. With this focused narrative review, we provide an overview of how children and adolescents react to food promotions and how food promotional efforts might be a useful tool to increase the attractiveness of fruit and vegetables. This review therefore contributes to the question of how changing the advertising and media environment of children and adolescents could help create a world where the healthy choice is the easier choice, which would reduce childhood obesity and improve children’s health, as well as to make the food system more sustainable.     

High-Fiber Diet during Pregnancy Characterized by More Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

Higher dietary fiber intakes during pregnancy may have the potential health benefits of increasing gut microbiome diversity, lowering the risk of glucose intolerance and pre-eclampsia, achieving appropriate gestational weight gain, and preventing constipation. In this observational cohort study, we have assessed the dietary fiber intakes of 804 women in late pregnancy, using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Overall, the median (interquartile range) dietary fiber intake was 24.1 (19.0–29.7) grams per day (g/day). Only 237/804 (29.5%) women met the recommended Adequate Intake (AI) of dietary fiber during pregnancy of 28 g/day. Women consuming the highest quartile of fiber intakes (34.8 (IQR 32.1–39.5) g/day) consumed more fruit, especially apples and bananas, than women consuming the lowest quartile of fiber intakes (15.9 (IQR 14.4–17.5) g/day). These women in the highest fiber-intake quartile were older (p < 0.01), more had completed further education after secondary school (p = 0.04), and they also consumed more vegetables (67 g/day) compared to the women in the lowest fiber consumption quartile (17 g vegetables/day). Bread intakes of 39–42 g/day were consistent in quantities consumed across all four fiber-intake quartiles. Our findings suggest that antenatal education advice targeting increased fruit and vegetable consumption before and during pregnancy may be a simple strategy to achieve increased total dietary fiber intakes to reach recommended quantities.     

Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Incident Prefrailty and Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older People: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

Background: There is limited evidence in the literature regarding associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of frailty. Objective: To examine associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of incident frailty and incident prefrailty/frailty. Design: A prospective panel study. Setting and Subjects: 2634 non-frail community-dwelling men and women aged 60 years or older from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Methods: Fruit and vegetable consumption/day was measured using a self-completion questionnaire at baseline. Frailty status was measured at baseline and follow-up was based on modified frailty phenotype criteria. Four-year incident frailty was examined among 2634 robust or prefrail participants, and incident prefrailty/frailty was measured among 1577 robust participants. Results: Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, and other confounders showed that fruit and vegetable consumption was not associated with incident frailty risks among robust or prefrail participants. However, robust participants consuming 5–7.5 portions of 80 g per day (odds ratio (OR) = 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37–0.85, p < 0.01) and 7.5–10 portions per day (OR = 0.46, 95%CI = 0.27–0.77, p < 0.01) had significantly lower risk of incident prefrailty/frailty compared with those consuming 0–2.5 portions/day, whereas those consuming 10 or more portions/day did not (OR = 1.10, 95%CI = 0.54–2.26, p = 0.79). Analysis repeated with fruit and vegetable separately showed overall similar results. Conclusions: Robust older adults without frailty who eat current U.K. government recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption (5–10 portions/day) had significantly reduced risks of incident prefrailty/frailty compared with those who only eat small amount (0–2.5 portions/day). Older people can be advised that eating sufficient amounts of fruit and vegetable may be beneficial for frailty prevention.     

Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Knowledge Increased Following a Community-based Intervention in Older Adults in Georgia Senior Centers

ABSTRACT

Our purpose was to evaluate a community-based fruit and vegetable intervention conducted in rural and urban areas of Georgia. Participants were a convenience sample from Georgia senior centers that completed a pre-test, the intervention, and a post-test (N = 558, mean age = 75, 83% female, 47% white, 53% black). The 4-month intervention had eight sessions focused on practical ways to increase intake of fruits and vegetables at meals and snacks and included physical activity. Pre- and post-tests examined self-reported intakes of fruits and vegetables at breakfast, lunch, the evening meal, and snacks, knowledge of recommended intakes, and barriers to intake. Following the intervention, the number of participants reporting consumption of at least 7 servings of fruits and vegetables daily increased by 21-percentage points (P ≤ 0.001), knowledge that 7 to 10 servings of fruits and vegetables are recommended daily (for 1,600 to 2,200 calories) increased from 7% to 57% (P ≤ 0.001), and three barriers to fruit and vegetable intake decreased (P ≤ 0.05): “difficulties with digestion,” “too many are recommended,” and “too much trouble.” Regression analyses indicated that increased intake following the intervention was independently associated with living in more urban rather than rural areas, improved knowledge of intake recommendations, decrease in perception of cost as a barrier, and increase in digestive problems as a barrier (P ≤ 0.05). These results provide an evidence base for the effectiveness of this community intervention for improving knowledge and intake and decreasing barriers to fruit and vegetable intake in older adults.     

Reliability and Validity of Digital Imaging as a Measure of Schoolchildren's Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

BackgroundAs more and more interventions aim to increase schoolchildren's fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption, less resource-intensive yet valid alternatives to weighed plate waste (WPW) are needed for assessing dietary intake.ObjectivesWe aimed to test the reliability and validity of digital imaging (DI) and digital imaging with observation (DI+O) in assessing children's FV consumption during school lunch.DesignFV consumption (in grams) was assessed on lunch trays from third- to fifth-grade children over eight visits (31 to 68 trays collected per visit) to compare WPW with DI and DI+O.SettingTwo elementary schools (327 and 631 students enrolled, respectively).Main outcome measuresInterobserver reliability of DI. Validity of DI and DI+O compared against WPW.Statistical analysesReliability was assessed by percent agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Validity was assessed by Pearson correlations, paired t tests, and Bland-Altman plots.ResultsReliability was acceptable for DI; percent agreement was 96% and the ICC was 0.92. FV consumption assessments by DI and WPW (n=159) were highly correlated (r=0.96; P<0.001). Mean FV consumption using DI (96.7 g) was within 1.0 g of WPW and not significantly different from WPW (P=0.56), and Bland-Altman limits of agreement for individual-tray FV consumption were –32.9 to 31.3 g. FV consumption assessments by DI+O and WPW were highly correlated (r=0.98; P<0.001). Mean FV consumption using DI+O (99.3 g) was within 1.0 g of WPW and not significantly different from WPW (P=0.38), and limits of agreement for individual-tray FV consumption were –25.0 to 26.8 g.ConclusionsDI was reliable for assessing children's FV consumption during school lunch. DI and DI+O were valid for assessing mean consumption but less precise for estimating individual-tray consumption. Valid estimations of mean FV consumption were achieved using DI without cafeteria observations, thereby reducing labor and time. Thus, DI is especially promising for assessing children's mean FV consumption during school lunch.     

School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme: Characteristics of Its Implementation in the European Union from 2009/10 to 2016/17

The “School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme” (SFVS) was proposed in 2009/10 as a strategy to support the consumption of Fruit and Vegetables (FV), decrease rates of obesity, improve agricultural income, stabilize markets, and ensure the current and future supply of these foods. However, there is little information about how it was carried out in the EU. Given the potential of the SFVS to support healthier, more sustainable food systems, the objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of SFVS implementation from 2009/10 to 2016/17 in the EU. A longitudinal, observational, and retrospective study was carried out based on secondary data. A total of 186 annual reports of the Member States (MS) participating in the SFVS from 2009/10 to 2016/17 were consulted: European and national budget, funds used from the EU, participating schools and students, duration of the SFVS, FV offered, and application of sustainability criteria, expenditure per student, days of the week, the quantity of FV offered per student and other indicators were calculated. The majority of MS participated in the SFVS during the study period with a heterogeneous implementation pattern in terms of funds used, coverage, duration, quantity (totals and by portion), and cost of FV distributed per student. The sustainability criteria for the FV distribution were also not applied uniformly in all the MS. Establishing minimum recommendations for SFVS implementation are recommended to maximize the benefits of the SFVS. The results may be useful for planning new strategies to help address and improve current health and environmental problems.     

The Relationship Between Dementia Subtypes and Nutritional Parameters in Older Adults

ObjectivesThere are a few studies showing how nutritional parameters are affected according to dementia subtypes. The aim of this study was to compare the parameters characterizing nutritional status and micronutrient levels according to different dementia subtypes.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting and ParticipantsFour hundred forty outpatients aged 65 years or older.MeasuresNewly diagnosed patients with dementia, who underwent comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), were retrospectively evaluated. The data on CGA including nutritional status (body mass index), Mini-Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, albumin, and micronutrients (vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin D) were recorded.ResultsOf the 396 patients, 195 were diagnosed with Alzheimer type dementia, 70 dementia with Lewy body (DLB), 25 with vascular dementia (VaD), 51 with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and 55 with normal pressure hydrocephalus. The mean age of the study group was 76.87 ± 8.15 years. The prevalence of malnutrition and the risk of malnutrition were 17.17% and 43.18% in patients, with dementia, respectively. The results of ordinal logistic analysis adjusted by age, sex, and all comorbidities, showed that patients with DLB and VaD were more likely to develop malnutrition [odds ratios 6.834 and 5.414, respectively (P < .001)], whereas FTD had a lower risk of developing malnutrition than the other dementia subtypes (odds ratio 2.883, P = .002).There was no difference in terms of other parameters including vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin D (P > .05).Conclusionsand Implication: There is a close relationship between dementia and malnutrition. Clinical approaches to minimize malnutrition in persons with dementia should include regular screening for malnutrition and its risk factors, avoidance of dietary restrictions, and support of persons at risk for malnutrition with oral nutritional supplements. Moreover, the influence of nutritional status varies in different types of dementia. Nutritional status may be worse in DLB and VaD compared with other types of dementia, whereas nutritional status in FTD is less.     

The famine syndrome: Its definition for relief and rehabilitation in Bangladesh

The present definition of famine which emphasizes epidemic malnutrition and starvation deaths should expand to include the broader spectrum of earlier symptoms. An example from Dacca City confirms the presently accepted definition, but a second example from a famine affected area of rural Bangladesh illustrates the potential of monitoring earlier indicators. Concurrent with the change in emphasis in defining famine will come the move from belated doles of food relief towards prevention and rehabilitation through rural development.     

大学生营养状况调查

目的了解学生营养状况,建立学校营养保健机制。方法采用身高标准体重法和Broca改良公式,对玉林师范学院2000年与2005年的学生进行营养状况评价。结果营养不良1102人,占46.91%;超重、肥胖84人,占3.58%;男生营养不良392人,占16.69%,女生营养不良710人,占30.23%,男女营养不良率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=31.31,p<0.01)。结论学生营养不良与超重肥胖并存,营养不良率较高,但营养不良程度较轻。营养不良率女生高于男生,超重和肥胖男生高于女生。应尽快对学生加强营养知识教育,推广营养早餐,合理调配膳食,提高大学生营养健康水平。     

大学生营养状况调查

目的 了解学生营养状况,建立学校营养保健机制.方法 采用身高标准体重法和Broca改良公式,对玉林师范学院2000年与2005年的学生进行营养状况评价.结果 营养不良1 102人,占46.91 %;超重、肥胖84人,占3.58 %;男生营养不良392人,占16.69 %,女生营养不良710人,占30.23 %,男女营养不良率差异具有统计学意义(χ2＝31.31,p＜0.01).结论 学生营养不良与超重肥胖并存,营养不良率较高,但营养不良程度较轻.营养不良率女生高于男生,超重和肥胖男生高于女生.应尽快对学生加强营养知识教育,推广营养早餐,合理调配膳食,提高大学生营养健康水平.     

洛氏鱥肌肉某些营养成分分析和肉质蛋白质营养价值评价

洛氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii Dybowskii)在鱼类分类学上隶属鲤形目Cypriniformes、鲤科Cyprinidae、雅罗鱼亚科Leuciscinae、鱥属Phoxinus Agassiz,曾用名长尾鱥、拉氏鱥,渔民常称为柳根池.洛氏鱥为江河野生的小型经济鱼类,自然状况下主要分布于新疆北部及黑龙江流域,该鱼身体较长,稍侧扁,呈纺锤形,背部灰黄色,有小黑斑点,自背部正中至尾柄有不明显的黑条纹,腹部和体侧银黄色或银白色.     

营养支持途径对人体组成影响的随机对照研究

目的用随机对照方法比较肠内和肠外营养支持途径对术后患者人体组成的影响。方法60例符合入选标准的择期手术患者参加本研究,按入组序号和随机表分别进入研究组(肠内途径)或对照组(肠外途径)。在等氮(0.18g·kg-1·d-1)和等能量(25kcal·kg-1·d-1)穴1kcal=4.18kJ雪摄入条件下,于手术前1天及手术后第12天测定总体水穴TBW雪、总体脂肪穴TBF雪、非脂肪组织穴FFM雪、体重指数、三头肌皮褶厚度、上臂围、上臂肌围和握力。结果穴1雪TBF:研究组术后较术前降低(-0.91±1.50)kg,而对照组升高(1.54±1.84)kg,两组比较具有显著性差异(P=0.001);穴2雪TBW:术后研究组和对照组分别降低(-0.20±1.40)kg和(-2.40±2.34)kg,两组比较对照组降低更为显著(P=0.002);穴3雪FFM:术后研究组和对照组分别降低(-0.27±1.92)kg和(-3.28±3.19)kg,两组比较对照组降低更为显著(P=0.002)。结论与肠内营养组比较,肠外营养组术后总体脂肪显著增加,而非脂肪组织的减少更为明显。     

匙吻鲟的营养成分及肌肉营养评价

<正>匙吻鲟(Polyodom spathula)隶属于鲟形目(Acipenserifomes)匙鲟科(Polyodom),又名鸭嘴鲟。为现存匙吻鲟科仅有的两个物种之一(另一个物种为中国的白鲟),主要分布于北美洲的密西西比河流域[1]。该鱼肉细嫩、味道鲜美,是美国     

The Influence of Intensive Nutritional Education on the Iron Status in Infants

Iron is an essential nutrient for a child’s proper development at every growth stage. It is crucial for the production of red blood and muscle cells, DNA replication, and the development of the brain, nervous and immune systems. Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in children worldwide. Despite widespread access to nutritional information for children, parents continue to make many feeding mistakes. This study aimed to assess whether any nutritional intervention would affect the iron status in children. The parents of 203 children were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the study group received intensive mobile nutritional education for a year, while the control group received no intervention. Blood tests were performed on both groups at the beginning of the study and one year later. The educational intervention resulted in statistically significantly higher levels of RBC (red blood cells; p = 0.020), HGB (haemoglobin; p = 0.039), HCT (haematocrit; p = 0.036), MCV (mean cell volume; p = 0.018) parameters and iron dietary intake (p ≤ 0.001). Even a non-targeted dietary intervention improves the iron status in children. As iron management is insufficient in most children, an iron-targeted nutritional intervention appears necessary.     

The ABC's of Nutritional Assessment in Older Adults

No abstract available for this article.     

Nutrition education intervention improves vegetable-related attitude, self-efficacy, preference, and knowledge of fourth-grade students

BACKGROUND: Impact of a classroom‐based, standardized intervention to address limited vegetable consumption of fourth graders was assessed. METHODS: A 4‐lesson, vegetable‐focused intervention, revised from extant materials was repurposed for Pennsylvania fourth graders with lessons aligned with state academic standards. A reliability‐tested survey was modified, then examined for face and content validity and test‐retest reliability. Lessons and evaluation materials were modified through an iterative testing process with educator feedback. A nonequivalent control group design was stratified by local Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP‐Ed) partnering organizations with random assignment of participating elementary schools as control (N = 68) or intervention (N = 72) treatments. Independent t‐tests compared control and intervention group changes. A mixed effects model was created to account for classroom effects from the nested sampling method of selecting classrooms within SNAP‐Ed partnering organizations. General linear model univariate analyses of variance were conducted to assess intervention effects considering gender, and food preparation/cooking experience. RESULTS: During a 3‐ to 5‐week time frame, 57 intervention classrooms (N = 1047 students) and 51 control classrooms (N = 890) completed pre‐ and post‐testing. Intervention students improved in vegetable‐related attitude, self‐efficacy, preference, and knowledge scores (p < .001). For example, intervention vegetable preference increased 1.56 ± 5.80 points; control group mean increase was only 0.08 ± 4.82 points. Group differences in score changes were not affected by gender or interactions between gender and food preparation/cooking experience with family. CONCLUSIONS: A defined intervention delivered in a SNAP‐Ed setting can positively impact mediators associated with vegetable intake for fourth‐grade students.     

Double Up Food Bucks Participation is Associated with Increased Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Food Security Among Low-Income Adults

Objective

To evaluate the effect of the Utah Double Up Food Bucks (DUFB) program on fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake and food security status among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) recipients.