超声造影在闭合性肝外伤经皮射频凝固治疗的实验研究

目的研究超声造影(CEUS)在经皮射频(PRFA)治疗闭合性肝外伤的价值。方法建立16只猪闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血动物模型,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各8只。采用二维灰阶超声和CEUS对肝损伤程度进行评估,并在CEUS引导下将射频针植入治疗组肝损伤部位。PRFA治疗后,进行CEUS检查,将检查结果与相关的病理结果进行对照研究。结果治疗前,16例经CEUS均清晰显示肝实质损伤的部位和范围并均检出肝活动性出血信号。CEUS准确将射频针引导刺入肝实质损伤区。治疗后,CEUS检出1例仍存在肝活动性出血信号,该例经再次射频凝固治疗后,CEUS检查未见出肝活动性出血信号。病理结果与CEUS结果相关性好。结论CEUS在PRFA治疗闭合性肝外伤方面具有精确引导射频针植入和准确评估疗效的作用。     

超声造影在经皮射频凝固治疗闭合性肝外伤评价价值的实验研究

目的研究超声造影对闭合性肝外伤经皮射频凝固治疗的评价。方法采用撞击器撞击16只猪肝区,建立闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血模型。将动物模型随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各8只。采用超声造影引导射频针刺入肝实质损伤区进行射频治疗。射频治疗后即刻及1h后进行超声造影检查。对照组不进行治疗,撞击后即刻及1h后进行超声造影检查。将超声造影结果与病理结果进行对照研究。结果撞击后即刻,所有猪肝超声造影均可见活动性出血信号。射频针在超声造影下均准确刺入肝实质损伤病灶。射频治疗后即刻,超声造影检查,7例未见肝活动性出血信号,1例仍见肝活动性出血信号,经再次射频凝固治疗后,超声造影未见肝活动性出血信号。射频治疗后1h,治疗组超声造影未见肝活动性出血。对照组在撞击后即刻及撞击后1h,超声造影均可见肝活动性出血信号。结论超声造影术前能准确评估闭合性肝外伤的情况,术中能精确引导射频针刺入肝实质损伤病灶,术后能及时、准确评估疗效,在闭合性肝外伤经皮射频凝固治疗中具有重要的价值。     

超声造影引导经皮射频凝固治疗闭合性肝外伤的实验研究

目的研究超声造影（CEUS）引导经皮射频凝固（PRFA）治疗闭合性肝外伤（CHT）的价值。 方法建立8只猪CHT模型,采用CEUS引导射频针经皮穿刺进入肝损伤区进行凝固止血治疗,采用CEUS评估疗效,并剖腹探查验证。 结果CEUS共引导穿刺9次,其中,7只动物模型1次性引导穿刺PRFA凝固止血成功,另1只引导穿刺后第1次PRFA凝固止血不完全,再次CEUS引导穿刺并PRFA凝固止血成功。经剖腹探查证实。 结论CEUS在引导PRFA治疗CHT方面具有重要价值。     

超声造影与腹腔镜引导射频经皮凝固治疗闭合性肝外伤比较的实验研究

目的 比较超声造影(CEUS)与腹腔镜引导射频经皮凝固治疗闭合性肝外伤的价值.方法 采用自制小型撞击器撞击全身麻醉和肝素化状态的24只猪肝区,建立闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血模型,并随机平均分为两组.两组均采用冷循环式多极射频进行经皮微创凝固治疗.其中一组采用CEUS引导射频针刺入肝实质损伤病灶,另一组采用腹腔镜进行引导.治疗结束后1 h,剖腹探查止血效果并剖切新鲜离体肝.比较两组凝固病灶的范围及凝固特征.结果 24只猪闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血模型均成功建立.射频治疗后,所有猪肝活动性出血均被成功控制.两组治疗时间及凝固范围均无统计学差别(P>0.05).两组凝固灶特点有所不同:CEUS引导组肝内实质病灶凝固较完全,肝表面裂伤部分凝固不全,2例肝表面裂口未完全凝同.腹腔镜组肝表面裂伤凝固较全面,肝实质内病灶凝崮不全,3例在肝内局部形成小血肿.结论 CEUS和腹腔镜均能准确将射频针引导刺人肝实质损伤病灶,两组凝固灶特点有所不同,临床实践中应根据不同的情况进行选择,以便提高经皮射频凝固止血的效果.     

灰阶超声造影引导止血剂局部注射治疗闭合性肝外伤的实验研究

目的动物实验探讨超声造影(CEUS)引导止血剂局部注射治疗闭合性肝外伤的价值。方法实验动物为18只杂种犬。使用小型生物撞击器制作闭合性肝外伤模型。14只犬肝脏出现Ⅲ~Ⅳ级钝器伤。带伤动物被随机分为治疗组和对照组。CEUS检查确定肝损伤的部位、范围、有无活动性出血及被横断的微血管,并与CT检查比较。治疗组在CEUS引导下于外伤灶内及可疑微血管横断处分别注射蛇毒凝血酶、可吸收性氰基丙烯酸酯粘合胶。对照组于病灶内注射同等数量的生理盐水。注射后即刻、3d、7d、14d及21d分别进行CEUS及CT复查。于第21d处死动物观察局部情况,取病理标本进行检查。结果治疗组注射后均存活,对照组中3只于24h内先后死亡。治疗组局部注射治疗后3d、7d、14d及21d病灶逐渐缩小,于第21d处死动物后,打开腹腔见网膜向肝脏损伤灶处贴附,肝表面见外伤愈合瘢痕。组织HE染色显示肝小叶结构清楚,肝窦轻度淤血,被膜下纤维组织轻度增生,伴少量炎症细胞浸润。结论动物实验显示CEUS引导止血剂局部注射治疗Ⅲ~Ⅳ级肝外伤出血,效果可靠;该方法操作简单、快捷,可在CEUS诊断肝外伤后即刻进行。     

超声造影引导止血剂局部注射治疗闭合性肝外伤的实验研究

目的 动物实验研究超声造影(CEUS)引导止血剂局部注射治疗闭合性肝外伤的近期疗效.方法 实验动物为15只杂种犬.使用小型生物撞击器制作闭合性肝外伤模型.12只犬肝脏出现Ⅲ～Ⅳ级钝器伤.带伤动物被随机分为治疗组和对照组.治疗组使用CEUS引导于外伤灶内及微血管断裂处分别注射蛇毒凝血酶、可吸收性氰基丙烯酸酯黏合胶.对照组于病灶内注射等量的生理盐水.结果 注射前CEUS显示两组动物肝外伤灶呈低和/或无增强区.处死动物剖腹探查,治疗组肝脏损伤灶局部覆盖凝血块和胶膜,出血完全停止;对照组病灶局部见少许血凝块,伤口仍出血.治疗组与对照组腹腔游离液体量分别约(15.8±3.5) ml及(103.8±10.7)ml,前者明显少于后者(P＜0.01).结论 CEUS引导止血剂联合局部注射治疗Ⅲ～Ⅳ级肝外伤出血,效果可靠,可实现即刻止血.此方法快捷、简便,有望实现外伤现场和战地肝外伤的止血治疗.     

比较超声造影与腹腔镜在经皮射频凝固治疗猪闭合性肝外伤中的应用价值

目的比较超声造影和腹腔镜在经皮射频凝固治疗闭合性肝外伤中的应用价值。方法采用自制小型撞击器撞击猪肝区,建立24只猪闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血模型,随机平均分为超声造影组和腹腔镜组。分别采用超声造影和腹腔镜检查诊断猪肝部被撞击情况,引导经皮射频凝固止血治疗并进行疗效评估。将治疗结果与病理结果进行对照分析。结果24只猪闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血模型成功建立,超声造影和腹腔镜检查对闭合性肝外伤的诊断符合率均为100％,两组损伤区热凝固治疗射频电极置入准确性均为100％,两组间治疗时间及凝固范围比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;治疗后超声造影和腹腔镜检查,肝活动性出血均被成功控制。结论超声造影和腹腔镜均可快速、准确诊断闭合性肝外伤,并引导经皮射频凝固治疗及治疗后对疗效的准确评估。     

超声造影引导射频凝固治疗肝内不同级别门静脉创伤的动物实验研究

目的 探讨超声造影(CEUS)引导射频凝固治疗肝门静脉创伤的价值.方法 8只健康巴马猪,每只猪在超声引导下建立4个门静脉段及段以下分支血管创伤灶,该4个损伤门静脉内径(d)分别为:d <1 mm、1 mm≤d<2 mm、2 mm≤d<3 mm、d≥3 mm,并依次编入A、B、C、D组.采用CEUS引导下射频凝固法对各组...     

灰阶超声造影对肝外伤活动性出血的诊断研究

目的评价灰阶超声造影在判断肝外伤活动性出血的应用价值。方法在全麻开腹状态下建立猪肝外伤活动性出血动物模型24处。肝脏创伤后即刻应用常规超声及灰阶超声造影观察肝实质损伤的部位、范围及活动性出血情况。结果常规超声难以显示肝外伤后所致的活动性出血。静脉注入造影剂后,灰阶超声造影能清晰显示87.5%(21/24)肝损伤区内的活动性出血,活动性出血呈条状或结节状的异常增强区,其中9处异常增强区的后方可见明显声影。时间强度定量分析显示,注入造影剂后12s、40s、2min30s时异常增强区的强度[(34.54±5.44)dB,(37.48±6.79)dB,(28.55±4.89)dB]明显高于周围正常肝组织[(14.99±3.68)dB,(23.42±9.03)dB,(16.07±4.96)dB],P<0.01。结论灰阶超声造影能清晰显示肝外伤后的活动性出血,有望提高肝脏外伤的超声诊断水平。     

超声造影引导冷循环式多极射频经皮凝固治疗闭合性肝外伤的实验研究

目的探讨超声造影引导经皮冷循环式多极射频凝固控制闭合性肝外伤活动性出血的潜在价值。 方法采用自制小型撞击器撞击实验猪肝区,建立16只猪闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血的动物模型。随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各8只。超声造影引导下将多根双极射频针刺入肝损伤病灶进行射频凝固止血治疗。采用腹腔镜观察肝表面的变化。采用超声造影和股动脉收缩压的方式评估疗效。将治疗结果与病理结果进行对照研究。 结果16例闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血动物模型均成功建立,其中10例为Ⅳ级,6例为Ⅲ级。治疗组8例肝活动性出血均被成功控制,治疗平均时间为（18.6±7.2）min,平均输出能量为（24.2±11.4）kJ。治疗组撞击后血压迅速自撞击前的（130.2±15.5）mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa,下同）下降至（82.0±15.5）mmHg,并在射频治疗后1h恢复至（119.7±11.6）mmHg。对照组2只猪死亡,撞击后1h动脉平均收缩压为（45±21）mmHg,失血量明显多于治疗组（P〈0.01）。 结论超声引导下经皮冷循环式多极射频凝固能有效控制Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级闭合性肝外伤的活动性出血。     

闭合性肝损伤的早期诊断和治疗

目的：总结闭合性肝损伤的诊断和治疗的经验。方法：对62例闭合性肝损伤病人的临床资料和诊治情况进行回顾性分析。结果：62例肝损伤中属Ⅰ级12例(19．4％)，Ⅱ级15例(21．2％)，Ⅲ级19例(30．6％)，Ⅳ级13例(21．0%)，Ⅴ级3例(4．8％)。伴有合并伤44例。非手术治疗9例，治愈8例(88．8％)，死亡1例(11．2％)；手术治疗53例，治愈48例(90．6％)，死亡5例(9．4％)。结论：详细询问病史，细致的体格检查，以及重复腹腔穿刺和腹部B超检查，是早期诊断的关键。选择合理的治疗方法，积极处理合并症和并发症，可有效地降低病死率。     

Effects of Non-Focused Microbubble-Enhanced and High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound on Hemostasis in a Rabbit Model of Liver Trauma

Uncontrolled hemorrhage after trauma to the liver can lead to death. The present study compared the effects of non-focused microbubble-enhanced ultrasound and high-intensity focused ultrasound on hepatic hemostasis in the injured liver. Blood perfusion level, serum liver enzyme levels and the aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase ratio differed between the two types of treatment (all p values < 0.05). Hepatic cells in the microbubble-enhanced ultrasound group exhibited edema and compressed the hepatic sinus and blood vessels in the portal area. Coagulation and necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrous tissue encapsulation were observed in the high-intensity focused ultrasound group at later stages. The groups also differed in degree of ultrastructural damage and recovery time. Thus, microbubble-enhanced ultrasound has less of an impact on blood reperfusion and surrounding normal tissue than high-intensity focused ultrasound and is a better choice for the treatment of liver trauma.     

闭合性肾损伤的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨闭合性肾损伤的诊断和治疗。方法：1993年－2001年收治闭合性肾损伤80例，行B超、IVU、CT等检查。保守治疗66例（82．5％），手术治疗14例（17．5％），其中包括2例选择性肾动脉栓塞术。结果：78例痊愈出院，肾功能正常。2例（2．5％）死亡，均为多器官损伤合并休克的患者。68例（85．0％）随访1－5年。结论：CT平扫及增强扫描检查可较准确地诊断肾损伤程度，并可同时了解腹腔脏器损伤情况，应作为重度以上肾损伤的首选检查，B超可用以轻伤者筛选诊断。肾损伤的治疗应最大程度保留肾组织，防止并发症及后遗症，除了对严重肾实质碎裂伤，肾血管严重损伤应积极进行手术治疗，以挽救患者生命；对严重肾挫伤、肾裂伤、部分肾破裂伤所致肾出血患者可选择超选择性肾动脉栓塞术。脾破裂合并左肾损伤在临床的多发性损伤中并不少，且有其特殊性，诊治得当则能迅速转危为安，反之则会延误病情。     

闭合性腹部伤后肠损伤诊断的探讨

目的 探讨闭合性腹部伤后肠损伤的诊断。方法 回顾性分析66例闭合性腹部伤后肠损伤的临床资料，并按伤后8h内手术和8h后手术分为两组，进行比较。结果所选的66例在腹膜炎、腹腔积液、失血、手术发现及发病率和病死率上两组没有差别。白细胞升高和腹腔积液（B超）最常见。结论 闭合性腹部伤后肠损伤在没有明确指征作腹腔穿刺、腹腔灌洗、剖腹探查时，白细胞升高和不能解释的腹腔积液有明显的诊断价值。     

肝创伤CT分级与肝酶谱指标的变化

目的 探讨肝创伤CT分级与肝酶谱指标的关系以及肝酶谱对肝创伤的临床意义。方法 回顾性分析47例因为交通事故、坠落、击打和刀刺伤后的肝脏创伤CT分级、24h内测得的血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）和γ-谷氨酰转移酶（GGT）值，以及上述肝酶谱指标的随访变化。结果 肝创伤CT分级：Ⅰ级7例，Ⅱ级16例，Ⅲ级18例，Ⅳ级6例。伤后24h内测得的AST和脚值明显高于正常参考值，而ALP值略高于正常值，GGT值在正常值范围内；各CT分级之间比较，ALT和AST值有显著性差异（P〈0．05），而ALP和GGT值无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。在3～21d的随访中，随着肝创伤的修复，AST和ALT值逐渐下降。结论 肝创伤CT分级越高，AST和ALT值越大；AST和ALT值是反映肝创伤程度的灵敏指标，动态检测有助于判定创伤的转归。     

Isolated Intraperitoneal Fluid on Abdominal Computed Tomography in Children with Blunt Trauma

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of isolated intraperitoneal fluid (IIF) on abdominal computed tomography (CT) in pediatric blunt trauma patients and the association between IIF and clinically identifiable intra-abdominal injuries (IAIs) in these patients. METHODS: The authors conducted a prospective observational study of consecutive children <16 years old with blunt torso trauma who underwent abdominal CT scanning while in the emergency department (ED). All patients were evaluated by a faculty emergency physician who documented the patient's physical examination. All CTs were interpreted by a single faculty radiologist masked to clinical data. The volume of intraperitoneal fluid was quantified (small, moderate, large) and the presence of organ injury visible on CT was noted. Patients were considered to have IIF if the CT demonstrated intraperitoneal fluid and no solid organ injury. Patients with IIF were followed through their hospitalizations or telephoned in one week if discharged home from the ED. RESULTS: Five hundred twenty-seven children with blunt trauma were enrolled into the study. The mean age (+/-SD) was 7.4 +/- 4.7 years, and the median pediatric trauma score was 10 (range -2 to 12). Eighty-eight patients (17%; 95% CI = 14% to 20%) had intraperitoneal fluid on CT scan and 42 (48%; 95% CI = 37% to 59%) of these patients had IIF. Of the 42 patients with IIF, five patients (all without abdominal tenderness and with a small amount of IIF on CT scan) were discharged to home from the ED and were well at telephone follow-up; the remaining 37 patients were hospitalized. Of the 42 patients with IIF, 7 patients (17%, 95% CI = 7 to 31%) had IAIs subsequently identified (all gastrointestinal injuries) during their evaluations. Six of the seven patients with IIF and subsequently identified IAIs had abdominal tenderness on examination in the ED. The remaining patient had a decreased level of consciousness. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated intraperitoneal fluid occurs in 8% of pediatric blunt trauma patients undergoing abdominal CT, and IAIs are subsequently identified in 17% of these patients. Patients with a small amount of IIF on CT who lack abdominal tenderness and have a normal level of consciousness are at low risk for subsequently identified IAIs.     

增强CT扫描对腹部外伤诊断价值探讨

目的 探讨增强CT扫描检查对腹部钝性损伤的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析80例经手术、血管造影或CT随访证实为腹部钝性损伤病人的平扫及增强CT表现征象,并比较分析各种征象的作用。结果 本组70例中,10例平扫无明显异常,增强CT扫描呈明显的低密度改变;11例器官内或周围斑点状增强,提示为活动性出血;部分病例增强CT扫描后清楚显示裂伤部位;1例膀胱损伤增强CT表现为造影剂进入膀胱左前方。结论 增强CT检查对肝肾损伤的诊断明显优于平扫,还可以判断有无活动性出血等情况,对损伤程度的判断和治疗方案的制定较平扫更有价值。     

Performance of the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale in Children with Blunt Head Trauma

Objectives: To compare the accuracy of a pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score in preverbal children with blunt head trauma with the standard GCS score in older children. Methods: The authors prospectively enrolled children younger than 18 years with blunt head trauma. Patients were divided into cohorts of those 2 years and younger and those older than 2 years. The authors assigned a pediatric GCS score to the younger cohort and the standard GCS score to the older cohort. Outcomes were 1) traumatic brain injury (TBI) on computed tomography (CT) scan or 2) TBI in need of acute intervention. The authors created and compared receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves between the age cohorts for the association of GCS scores and TBI. Results: The authors enrolled 2,043 children, and 327 were 2 years and younger. Among these 327, 15 (7.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.4% to 12.4%) of 194 who underwent imaging with CT had TBI visible and nine (2.8%; 95% CI = 1.3% to 5.2%) had TBI needing acute intervention. In children older than 2 years, 83 (7.7%; 95% CI = 6.2% to 9.5%) of the 1,077 who underwent imaging with CT had TBI visible and 96 (5.6%; 95% CI = 4.6% to 6.8%) had TBI needing acute intervention. For the pediatric GCS in children 2 years and younger, the area under the ROC curve was 0.72 (95% CI = 0.56 to 0.87) for TBI on CT scan and 0.97 (95% CI = 0.94 to 1.00) for TBI needing acute intervention. For the standard GCS in older children, the area under the ROC curve was 0.82 (95% CI = 0.76 to 0.87) for TBI on CT scan and 0.87 (95% CI = 0.83 to 0.92) for TBI needing acute intervention. Conclusions: This pediatric GCS for children 2 years and younger compares favorably with the standard GCS in the evaluation of children with blunt head trauma. The pediatric GCS is particularly accurate in evaluating preverbal children with blunt head trauma with regard to the need for acute intervention.     

Comparison of Gray-Scale Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography with Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography in Different Grading of Blunt Hepatic and Splenic Trauma: An Animal Experiment

To compare the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) for the detection of different grading of solid organ injuries in blunt abdominal trauma in animals. A self-made miniature tools were used as models to simulate a blunt hepatic or splenic trauma in 16 and 14 anesthetized dogs, respectively. Baseline ultrasound, CEUS and CECT were used to detect traumatic injuries of livers and spleens. The degree of injuries was determined by CEUS according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) scale and the results compared with injury scale based on CECT evaluation. CEUS showed 22 hepatic injury sites in 16 animals and 17 splenic injury sites in other 14 animals. According to AAST scale, 2 grade I, 4 grade II, 3 grade III, 5 grade IV and 2 grade V hepatic lesions were present in 16 animals; 2 grade I, 4 grade II, 6 grade III and 2 grade IV splenic lesions in 14 animals. On CECT scan, 21 hepatic and 17 splenic injuries were demonstrated. According to Becker CT scaling for hepatic injury, 1 grade I, 2 grade II, 4 grade III, 5 grade IV and 2 grade V hepatic injuries were present. On the basis of Buntain spleen scaling, 2 grade I, 5 grade II, 5 grade III, 2 grade IV splenic injuries were showed. After Spearman rank correlation analysis, the agreement of CEUS with CECT on the degree of hepatic and splenic injury is 93.3% and 92.9%, respectively. CT is currently considered as the reference method for grading blunt abdominal trauma, according to experiment results, CEUS grading showed high levels of concordance with CECT. CEUS can accurately determine the degree of injury and will play an important role in clinical application. (E-mail: txiner@vip.sina.com)