一氧化氮在休克大鼠离体淋巴管对P物质反应性中的作用

目的: 应用离体淋巴管灌流技术,观察一氧化氮(NO)在失血性休克(HS)大鼠离体淋巴管对P物质(SP)反应性双相变化中的作用。方法: Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为对照组(仅手术)和休克组(复制HS模型后分为shock 0.5 h、shock 2 h组)。在相应时点分离胸导管,制备淋巴管条,3 cmH₂O跨壁压下行离体灌流,应用一氧化氮合酶(NOS)工具药分别孵育shock 0.5 h和shock 2 h的淋巴管。分别给予从低到高浓度的SP,测量淋巴管收缩末期口径、舒张末期口径、收缩频率(CF)和被动管径,计算收缩幅度(CA)、泵流分数(FPF)和紧张指数(TI),以给予SP前后淋巴管的CF、TI、CA和FPF的差值ΔCF、ΔTI、ΔCA和ΔFPF评价淋巴管对SP的反应性。结果: NO供体L-Arg可显著降低shock 0.5 h淋巴管对多个SP浓度点的ΔCF、ΔTI与ΔFPF;可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂ODQ可显著抑制L-Arg的作用,在某些SP浓度点上,使ΔCF、ΔTI和ΔFPF显著高于shock 0.5 h+L-Arg组,ΔCF和ΔFPF高于对照组水平。NOS抑制剂L-NAME可提高shock 2 h淋巴管对多个SP浓度点的ΔCF、ΔTI与ΔFPF,且高于对照组水平;shock 2 h淋巴管与L-NAME和磷酸二酯酶抑制剂氨茶碱(AP)同时孵育后,在SP为1×10^-8 mol/L和3×10^-8 mol/L时,AP显著抑制了L-NAME的作用,使ΔCF、ΔTI与ΔFPF明显降低。结论: NO参与了休克淋巴管反应性的双相调节,其机制可能是通过环鸟苷酸实现的。     

P物质增强失血性休克大鼠离体淋巴管的泵功能

目的: 建立离体淋巴管灌流技术,观察P物质(SP)对失血性休克(HS)发展进程中淋巴管收缩性的影响。方法: Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为对照组(仅麻醉与手术)和HS组 。各组在相应时点分离胸导管,制备淋巴管条,在3 cmH₂O跨壁压下离体灌流,分别给予从低到高浓度的SP,测量淋巴管收缩末期口径、舒张末期口径、收缩频率(CF)和被动管径,计算收缩幅度(CA)、泵流分数(FPF)和紧张指数(TI)。结果: SP对各组淋巴管的CF、TI和FPF均有提高作用,且随着SP浓度的增加,这种作用也逐渐增强;SP浓度自3×10^-8 mol/L起,将休克2 h和3 h淋巴管的CF、TI和FPF提高至(或超过)实验前对照组水平。同一浓度下,SP对各组淋巴管CA的影响无统计学差异;但随着SP浓度增高,各组淋巴管CA值出现了下降趋势。结论: SP不仅具有增强生理状态下淋巴管泵功能的作用,更重要的是可增强休克各期淋巴管的泵功能。     

失血性休克大鼠淋巴管低反应性的钙敏机制

目的:观察失血性休克(HS)大鼠离体淋巴管对去甲肾上腺素(NE)反应性以及钙敏感性的变化,探讨淋巴管低反应性的钙敏机制。方法:Wistar雄性大鼠随机均分为sham组(仅手术)和HS组(复制HS模型,分为休克1 h、休克2 h亚组),制备胸导管环(每组均n=48)。采用离体淋巴管张力测定技术,观察淋巴管环对NE反应性以及钙敏性[梯度Ca2+与血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和胰岛素(Ins)分别孵育]变化。结果:与sham组相比,HS1 h组、HS 2 h组大鼠离体淋巴管对NE反应的量效曲线以及HS 2 h组淋巴管对Ca2+的量效曲线明显右移,对NE多个浓度的反应性以及不同Ca2+浓度的收缩力、最大收缩力(Emax)、亲和力指数(pD2)均显著降低。HS大鼠离体淋巴管环与钙敏感性增强剂AngⅡ孵育后,对NE的反应性以及钙敏感性均显著升高,但仍低于sham组;与钙敏感性抑制剂Ins孵育后,对NE的反应性以及钙敏感性均显著降低。结论:HS大鼠离体淋巴管的低反应性与钙失敏有关,这是休克时淋巴管收缩性降低的机制之一。     

失血性休克大鼠淋巴管对去甲肾上腺素反应性的变化

目的:观察失血性休克(HS)大鼠淋巴管对去甲肾上腺素(NE)反应性的变化,探讨淋巴管反应性在休克发病学中的作用。方法:假手术组(sham)和失血性休克组(HS,股动脉放血使血压维持40mmHg)各8只大鼠行胸导管腹段插管,测压,观察在不同时点股静脉注射NE(5μg/kg)前后淋巴管压力的变化;通过微循环录像系统对每组另8只大鼠回肠下段肠系膜淋巴管(ML)活体标本的自主收缩频率(F)、最大收缩口径(a)、最大舒张口径(b)、静态口径(c)连续记录,计算不同时点给予NE前后淋巴管收缩分数(index I)、总收缩活性指数(indexⅡ)、淋巴管动力学指数(LD-index)的变化(用△表示)。结果:HS组自休克30min起对NE的升压反应开始减弱,呈进行性降低,1h-3h间各时点的升压幅度显著低于sham组。HS组ML在休克1h的△F、△indexⅡ、△LD-index以及1.5h、2.h的△F、△index I、△indexⅡ、△LD-index均显著低于sham组,且在这3个时点的△F、△index I、△indexⅡ、△LD-index均显著低于休克前。结论:大鼠淋巴管的反应性在失血性休克发展进程中呈进行性下降,淋巴管低反应性在休克发病学中可能具有重要作用。     

抑制肌球蛋白轻链激酶减轻大鼠压力超负荷诱导的心脏肥大

目的:通过抑制肌球蛋白轻链激酶(MLCK)和磷酸化肌球蛋白轻链2(p-MLC2),探究其对心脏肥大的影响。方法:原代乳鼠心肌细胞(NRCMs)经血管紧张素II(Ang II)诱导发生心肌细胞肥大,同时给予MLCK抑制剂ML-7处理,分为PBS组、Ang II组和Ang II+ML-7组。用RT-qPCR和免疫荧光法检测心肌细胞肥大标志物和心肌细胞表面积。此外,将大鼠随机分为6组:(1)腹主动脉缩窄(AB)0周组;(2)AB 2周组;(3)AB 4周组;(4)假手术组;(5)AB组;(6)AB+ML-7组。前3组分别在手术后0、2和4周取材,后3组在手术4周后通过超声心动图、组织病理学和RT-qPCR检测大鼠心脏结构、心功能、心肌细胞横截面积、心肌纤维化及心脏肥大标志物表达。Western blot用于检测心肌细胞和大鼠心脏组织中MLCK、p-MLC2和MLC2的表达水平。结果:Ang II处理可显著上调心肌细胞肥大标志物心房钠尿肽(ANP)、脑钠肽(BNP)与β-肌球蛋白重链(β-MHC)的表达,增加心肌细胞表面积,上调MLCK表达,增加p-MLC2水平,而抑制MLCK可明显减轻上述改变。MLCK和p-MLC2在大鼠AB术2周后增加,4周后减少。AB术4周后大鼠心功能降低,心重指数、心肌细胞横截面积、心肌纤维化和心脏肥大标志物表达增加,而抑制MLCK可明显减轻上述改变。抑制MLCK可在心肌细胞和心脏组织中降低p-MLC2水平而不影响MLCK的表达。结论:抑制MLCK和p-MLC2可减轻Ang II诱导的心肌细胞肥大和压力超负荷诱导的心脏肥大。     

阻断肠淋巴液回流提升失血性休克大鼠的血管反应性和钙敏感性

目的:观察肠淋巴管结扎或肠淋巴液引流对失血性休克(HS)大鼠血管反应性与钙敏感性的影响,探讨肠淋巴液在休克血管低反应性中的作用。方法:72只Wistar雄性大鼠随机均分为sham组(仅手术)、shock组(复制HS模型)、shock+ligation组(复制HS模型,行肠淋巴管结扎)、shock+drainage组(复制HS模型,行肠淋巴液引流)。记录所有动物在不同时点给予去甲肾上腺素(NE 3μg/kg)后平均动脉血压(MAP)的变化;维持低血压40 mmHg 3 h后,制备肠系膜上动脉(SMA)血管环(均n=36)。采用离体血管环张力测定技术,观察SMA血管环对NE反应性以及钙敏感性[梯度Ca2+、与血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、胰岛素(Ins)分别孵育]的变化。结果:Shock组在休克即刻和0.5 h△MAP显著高于sham组,在1.5 h、2 h、2.5 h、3 h均显著降低;shock+ligation和shock+drainage组在休克即刻、0.5 h、1 h时△MAP显著高于sham组,在2.5 h和3 h时显著降低;shock+ligation和shock+drainage组在休克0.5 h后多个时点的△MAP均显著高于shock组。Shock、shock+ligation和shock+drainage组SMA血管环对NE的反应性和Ca2+的敏感性均显著低于sham组;shock+ligation和shock+drainage组SMA血管环对NE的反应性和Ca2+的敏感性均高于shock组。SMA与AngⅡ或Ins孵育后,shock、shock+ligation和shock+drainage组血管反应性和钙敏性均显著低于sham组,且shock+ligation和shock+drainage组均显著高于shock组。结论:以肠淋巴管结扎或肠淋巴液引流阻断休克肠淋巴液回流,均可提高HS大鼠的血管反应性,其机制与提高钙敏感性有关。     

急性内毒素血症早期大鼠肠系膜淋巴管的动态观察

目的利用活体微循环显微闭路电视系统,研究内毒素作用下肠系膜淋巴管的运动变化,探讨内源性NO对淋巴管的作用.方法Wistar大鼠分三组,于股静脉一次性推注:(1)内毒素(脂多糖,1ipopolysaccharide,LPS);(2)一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲基酯(L-NAME);(3)LPS及L-NAME.观察注药前和注药后2 h内的肠系膜淋巴管管径、收缩频率等指标.结果(1)LPS组:肠系膜淋巴管管径较注药前扩大,运动频率减少,总收缩活性指数变小;(2)L-NAME组:淋巴管管径变细、运动频率增加、收缩分数变大;(3)LPS L-NAME组:淋巴管管径、运动频率、运动指数2 h内变化不显著.结论内毒素血症早期肠系膜淋巴管扩张、收缩减弱,同时应用L-NAME可抑制该变化,单独应用L-NAME则使淋巴管缩窄、收缩加强,提示NO可能在维持正常淋巴管运动及内毒素血症早期淋巴循环变化过程中起重要作用.     

Rho激酶在失血性休克大鼠心肌收缩功能障碍中的作用

目的:观察Rho激酶对失血性休克大鼠心肌收缩力的影响。方法:利用离体乳头肌张力测定技术和心脏灌流技术,测定失血性休克后不同时间大鼠离体左室乳头肌在K-H液中的等长收缩张力的变化,以及大鼠的血流动力学指标(包括LVSP、±dp/dtm ax),并观察Rho激酶在其中的作用。结果:失血性休克后大鼠离体乳头肌收缩力和离体心脏血流动力学指标随着休克时间延长逐渐降低,在休克1 h、2 h以及4 h时乳头肌对异丙肾上腺素的收缩反应性显著低于正常对照组,同时休克后不同时点心肌组织Rho激酶活性发生明显变化,在休克1 h、2h、4 h Rho激酶活性显著低于正常对照组,Rho激酶活性变化与大鼠离体乳头肌收缩力和离体心脏血流动力学参数变化之间呈明显相关性,Rho激酶激动剂U-46619在浓度为10-8m ol/L预孵育休克2 h离体乳头肌或离体心脏后,离体乳头肌对异丙肾上腺素收缩力明显增加,最大收缩张力显著高于休克2 h组,曲线向左移。U-46619也可明显改善休克离体心脏血流动力学指标,Rho激酶特异性抑制剂Y-27632可明显拮抗由U-46619引起的休克大鼠离体乳头肌收缩反应性和离体心脏的改善作用。结论:Rho激酶在休克心肌收缩功能调节中发挥重要作用。     

雌激素增强失血性休克大鼠肠系膜淋巴管的收缩功能

目的:观察17β-雌二醇(E2)对失血性休克大鼠肠系膜淋巴微循环和离体肠系膜淋巴管收缩性的作用及其与淋巴管平滑肌细胞(LSMCs)内外钙离子浓度([Ca2+])差的关系.方法:雄性Wistar大鼠随机均分为假手术组、休克组和休克+E2组,建立失血性休克模型[(40±2)mmHg维持1.5 h,液体复苏],休克+E2组在...     

β-内啡肽在大鼠创伤失血性休克后细胞免疫受抑中的作用

目的:探讨血浆β-内啡肽(β-EP)在创伤失血性休克后细胞免疫受抑中的作用。方法:①采用大鼠创伤失血性休克模型,收集休克前、休克后0h、1h、3h、6h、12h、24h休克血浆(SP),并检测SP中β-EP水平;②采用体外实验,分离并混合4只正常大鼠脾细胞,分别与SP、SP+β-EP抗血清体外培养,观察ConA诱导的脾细胞增殖、白介素2(IL-2)分泌及白介素2受体(IL-2R)表达的变化。结果:①休克后即刻血浆β-EP水平显著升高(P<0.01),1h达高峰,之后呈下降趋势,24h接近休克前水平。②与对照组相比,SP可显著降低ConA诱导的脾细胞功能(P<0.01),SP中β-EP含量与脾细胞增殖功能、IL-2分泌及IL-2R表达呈显著负相关(P<0.01);SP经β-EP抗血清处理组脾细胞功能明显高于较未经抗血清处理组(P<0.05),但仍低于对照组。结论:创伤失血性休克后血浆中显著升高的β-EP参与了机体的细胞免疫抑制。     

Myosin light chain kinase is necessary for post-shock mesenteric lymph drainage enhancement of vascular reactivity and calcium sensitivity in hemorrhagic-shocked rats

Vascular hyporeactivity is an important factor in irreversible shock, and post-shock mesenteric lymph (PSML) blockade improves vascular reactivity after hemorrhagic shock. This study explored the possible involvement of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in PSML-mediated vascular hyporeactivity and calcium desensitization. Rats were divided into sham (n=12), shock (n=18), and shock+drainage (n=18) groups. A hemorrhagic shock model (40±2 mmHg, 3 h) was established in the shock and shock+drainage groups. PSML drainage was performed from 1 to 3 h from start of hypotension in shock+drainage rats. Levels of phospho-MLCK (p-MLCK) were determined in superior mesenteric artery (SMA) tissue, and the vascular reactivity to norepinephrine (NE) and sensitivity to Ca²⁺ were observed in SMA rings in an isolated organ perfusion system. p-MLCK was significantly decreased in the shock group compared with the sham group, but increased in the shock+drainage group compared with the shock group. Substance P (1 nM), an agonist of MLCK, significantly elevated the decreased contractile response of SMA rings to both NE and Ca²⁺ at various concentrations. Maximum contractility (E_max) in the shock group increased with NE (from 0.179±0.038 to 0.440±0.177 g/mg, P<0.05) and Ca²⁺ (from 0.515±0.043 to 0.646±0.096 g/mg, P<0.05). ML-7 (0.1 nM), an inhibitor of MLCK, reduced the increased vascular response to NE and Ca²⁺ at various concentrations in the shock+drainage group (from 0.744±0.187 to 0.570±0.143 g/mg in E_max for NE and from 0.729±0.037 to 0.645±0.056 g/mg in E_max for Ca²⁺, P<0.05). We conclude that MLCK is an important contributor to PSML drainage, enhancing vascular reactivity and calcium sensitivity in rats with hemorrhagic shock.     

Pulmonary lymphatic filling is increased in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Extravascular lung liquid must rely on tissue-space pressure gradients to drive it into the lymphatics because the fluid is outside the lymphatic contractile pumping and valve control. Focal tissue pressure changes could result from muscular contraction in the blood vessel walls. Perivascular lymphatics usually lie within the adventitia of pulmonary blood vessels, and are generally more noticeable in veins than arteries. Spontaneously hypertensive rats have exaggerated focal pulmonary venous muscle (venous sphincters). These muscular tufts are often near initial lymphatics; if their contraction was important for lymph transport, spontaneously hypertensive rats could have more lymphatic filling in the areas of the pulmonary venous sphincters than normotensive rats. Because the focal muscularity is found in pulmonary veins more than arteries, veins may have more focal lymphatic filling than arteries. To test these hypotheses, lung histology and vascular and lymphatic casts of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats were examined. Contracted venous sphincters were found on 108 of 127 veins with lymphatics in the spontaneously hypertensive rats and 5 of 41 in the normotensive rats P<0.01). The spontaneously hypertensive rats had deeper venous contractions and more lymphatic filling around both arteries and veins (P<0.01). In the hypertensive rats, the venous was greater than the arterial lymphatic filling (P<0.01). On the pleural surface, hypertensive rats also had greater lymphatic filling than controls (P<0.01). This anatomic evidence suggests that pulmonary venous sphincters are associated with focal lymphatic filling, and perivascular muscle action might be a component of the pulmonary lymphatic system.     

Myosin light chain kinase modulates hypotonicity-induced Ca2+ entry and Cl– channel activity in human cervical cancer cells

Hypotonicity-induced Ca2+ entry is a critical signal for the normal regulatory volume decrease in human cervical cancer cells. The aim of this study was to explore the role of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in the regulation of hypotonicity-induced Ca2+ signalling and Cl- channel activity. Blockade of MLCK activity by MLCK(11-19) amide, a substrate-specific peptide inhibitor, markedly attenuated hypotonicity-induced Ca2+ entry. A similar result was obtained with ML-7, a synthetic naphthalenesulphonyl derivative that inhibits the binding of ATP to MLCK. More than 85% of the activity of the volume-regulated Cl- channel was suppressed when intracellular Ca2+ was buffered to near zero in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, suggesting that hypotonicity-induced Ca2+ signalling is important for the activation of the volume-regulated Cl- channel. Intracellular dialysis with MLCK(11-19) amide or ML-7 concentration-dependently reduced the amplitude and rate of activation of the volume-regulated Cl- channel. Swelling-activated taurine transport was also inhibited concentration dependently by ML-7 and MLCK(11-19) amide with IC(50) values of 6.4 and 2.0 microM, respectively. Hypotonicity induced MLC phosphorylation which was mediated totally by MLCK and depended on Ca2+ entry. However, phosphorylated MLC per se was not involved critically in the regulation of Ca2+ entry and activation of volume-sensitive organic osmolyte/anion channels (VSOAC). We propose that MLCK has a novel function in regulating the activation of VSOAC by mediating Ca2+ entry in response to hypotonicity. This function of MLCK on Ca2+ signalling does not correlate with MLC phosphorylation.     

抑制肌球蛋白轻链激酶活性对内皮素-1诱导的大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖及凋亡失衡的影响

目的:观察抑制肌球蛋白轻链激酶(MLCK)对内皮素-1(ET-1)诱导的大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞(pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells,PASMCs)增殖与凋亡失衡的影响。方法:细胞分成3组:对照组;内皮素-1组;内皮素-1+肌球蛋白轻链激酶抑制剂组(ET-1+M组)。干预72 h后,免疫印迹法测定细胞内MLCK表达水平;甘油凝胶电泳和免疫印迹法检测肌球蛋白轻链(MLC)的磷酸化水平,MTT比色法及[3H]-TdR掺入法检测PASMCs的增殖情况,流式细胞仪检测PASMCs的细胞周期变化及凋亡率。结果:同对照组比较,ET-1刺激后肺动脉平滑肌细胞MLCK蛋白表达显著增强、MLC磷酸化上调、增殖增多、凋亡率明显降低(均P0.05);加入MLCK抑制剂干预后,MLCK表达明显下降(P0.05)、MLC去磷酸化显著增强、逆转了ET-1对PASMCs增殖及凋亡的影响。结论:抑制MLCK能显著逆转内皮素-1诱导的大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖与凋亡的失衡。     

RhoA调节失血性休克大鼠血管反应性的机制

目的： 探讨RhoA调节失血性休克大鼠血管反应性的机制。方法: 采用SD大鼠复制休克模型,取离体血管环,观察Rho激酶、肌球蛋白轻链磷酸酶（MLCP）、肌球蛋白轻链磷酸激酶（MLCK）对RhoA增加血管反应性的作用;同时取原代血管平滑肌细胞（VSMCs）,观察RhoA对缺氧后VSMC Rho激酶、MLCP和MLCK活性的调节作用以及对肌球蛋白轻链（MLC20）磷酸化水平的影响。结果: 失血性休克后大鼠肠系膜上动脉（SMA）对NE收缩反应性明显降低,RhoA的激动剂U-46619可明显升高休克后血管反应性,RhoA特异性抑制剂C3酶可拮抗U-46619所引起的血管收缩反应性的升高。Rho激酶抑制剂Y-27632可降低由U-46619所引起的血管反应性的升高,MLCP的抑制剂Calyculin可进一步增加由U-46619所引起的血管反应性的升高,而MLCK抑制剂对U-46619的作用影响不明显。缺氧后MLCK、Rho激酶活性以及MLC20磷酸化水平明显降低,MLCP活性明显升高,RhoA激动剂U-46619可明显升高缺氧后VSMC的MLC20磷酸化水平、Rho激酶活性和降低MLCP的活性,且U-46619的这一作用可被RhoA抑制剂C3酶所拮抗,调节RhoA的活性对MLCK活性无明显调节作用。结论: RhoA可通过Rho激酶调节MLCP活性和 MLC20磷酸化水平调节休克后血管反应性。