哈尔滨市南岗区11例艾滋病病人及感染者流行病学调查分析

目的 了解和掌握艾滋病病人及感染者的自然状况、感染途径，为有针对性地开展防治工作提供依据。方法 按《全国艾滋病检测工作规范》对2002-2003年辖区内各类医疗机构报告的经确认能够查到的4例艾滋病病人，7例感染者，由专业人员按统一设计的调查表，采用一对一调查方式进行流行病学调查(24小时内)。结果 在调查的4例艾滋病病人及7例感染者中，男性7例(63．64％)，女性4例(36．36％)；未婚1例(9.09％)，已婚10例(90．91％)，4例女性感染者均由其丈夫通过性生活传染，传染来源以性接触为主有10例(90，9l％)，另外1例是通过有偿供血(浆)而感染。有5例是在手术前HlV检测时被发现。4例艾滋病病人均有3个月以上临床症状，先后就诊过几家医疗单位，经过较长时间治疗后才被发现是艾滋病病人。结论 建议将艾滋病检测纳入手术前常规检测，加强对临床医务人员艾滋病相关知识的培训。     

艾滋病的诊断

至1988年11月已有142个国家报告艾滋病12万多例。不论国家地理位置或社会、人种,均可受艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染。世界已有500万—1000万 HIV 感染者。到1991年约计50万—100万新病人发生。无疑,传入中国的威胁在增加。及时诊断对防止传入有现实意义。据1987年 CDC/WHO 最新艾滋病定义,诊断主要根据病人是否有一种或几种指征性     

杭州市2001年HIV/AIDS疫情分析

我市自 1985年从血友病患者中检出ＨＩＶ感染者以来 ,截止 2 0 0 1年底 ,共发现艾滋病病毒感染者 97例 ,病人 5例。尤其是 1999年以来艾滋病疫情迅速上升 ,我市艾滋病流行速度明显加快 ,2 0 0 1年共检出 30例ＨＩＶ感染者 ,2例病人 ,是报告最多的 1年 ,并首次发现在我市感染的本市户籍的艾滋病病人 ,现将我市 2 0 0 1年艾滋病疫情分析如下。资料与方法1　资料来源　各类人群监测、检测数据和疫情报告系统。ＨＩＶ抗体阳性标本由浙江省疾控中心艾滋病确认实验室确认 ,艾滋病病人按照ＨＩＶ/ＡＩＤＳ诊断标准和处理原则确认。2　资料分析　运…     

艾滋病病人的社区、医院服务费用的人口统计学和社会经济学因素分析

探索了伦敦艾滋病病人社区和医院服务总费用的人口统计学和社会经济学影响因素。这项研究采用的是回顾性研究方法 ,它研究了社区和医院服务利用、需求和消费 ,并且将以上指标纳入调查表。调查表的实施由经过专门训练的工作人员完成 ,有关费用的资料来源于接受服务的病人和在伦敦提供服务的两个生殖泌尿医学诊所 ,即 :在英国伦敦中心的 ST Mary's医院的 Jefferiss Wing诊所和 Middlesex医院 Patric Clement's诊所。调查对象为艾滋病感染病人 2 2 5例 (其中 1 0 5例无症状病人 ,5 9例有症状的非艾滋病病人 ,6 1例艾滋病病人 )。目前 ,发现…     

核酸检测在艾滋病晚期患者诊断中的应用

目的探讨核酸检测在艾滋病晚期患者诊断中的意义和实际应用价值。方法对2011-2012年常规HIV抗体确证实验中结果为不确定的5例样本,用核酸检测进行HIV感染的诊断。结果5例样本经HIV抗体筛查试验均为阳性,2份样本HIV抗体确证试验出现gp41,gp120,gp160 3条env带,3份样本出现gp120,gp160 2条env带,根据检测技术规范结果判为不确定,经随访检测部分样本带型无进展。根据HIV核酸检测,5例样本HIV RNA检测均为阳性,结合CD4细胞计数和流行病学资料,最终判定受检者HIV感染。结论随着艾滋病流行时间的延长,艾滋病晚期病例不断增多,实际工作中仅依靠抗体检测进行诊断的难度加大。因此,可综合利用多种HIV检测方法,尤其是核酸检测方法并结合流行病学资料,及时对病人进行诊断。     

城市活跃青壮年群体艾滋病防治态度和知识调查

目的了解河北省石家庄市活跃青壮年群体艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)防治知识和态度,为艾滋病防治工作提供依据。方法在石家庄市大型商厦、写字楼内50个免费发放瓶装水的广告机上,通过扫码答题的方式进行调查,采用SPSS 21.0软件建立数据库,用χ~2检验进行统计分析。结果本研究共开展四轮调查,共30 487人次参与。72.64%的被调查者认为艾滋病与自己有关,98.16%知晓艾滋病可通过性、血液、母婴3种途径传播,65.81%知晓跟艾滋病病人一起吃饭不会被传染,38.26%知晓蚊虫叮咬不会传播艾滋病; 36.82%了解艾滋病需要通过医学检测诊断;不发生婚前和婚外性行为、性行为中正确使用安全套可以有效预防艾滋病的知晓率分别为94.75%和94.20%,80.05%的人知晓暴露后预防性用药可以降低感染风险,52.24%知晓拒绝与艾滋病病人在一个办公室工作并不是预防艾滋病的措施。女性对艾滋病的非传播途径知晓率均高于男性,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);不同年龄组间对艾滋病的传播途径、诊断、预防知识知晓情况差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),20～35岁年龄组知晓率相对较高,20岁年龄组知晓率较低。结论石家庄市活跃的青壮年群体对共同抵御艾滋病态度积极,对艾滋病的传播途径和预防措施有基本的认识,但对艾滋病的诊断知识了解不足,对日常生活接触是否传播仍有疑虑,存在对感染者的歧视,20岁的青少年防治知识知晓率存在一定差距。     

6例HIV感染者调查

台州市1996年10月在对输血员体检中发现首例HIV抗体阳性病例后,1998年7月以后又陆续发现HIV感染者5例,6例中已进入临床发病期的2例,无症状HIV感染者4例。为及时控制传染源,我们对6例HIV感染者分别进行了详细的流行病学调查,现报告如下。材料与方法1．流行病学调查:现场调查按照卫生部防疫司编印的《艾滋病防治手册》中规定的调查内容和步骤开展。按照预先设计的艾滋病病人个案调查表逐项填写。     

普洱市2007-2011年HIV感染者／AIDS病人死亡状况分析

[目的]分析普洱市艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人死亡情况,以改进防治措施、降低AIDS死亡率。[方法]对2007～2011年艾滋病疫情数据库进行整理分析。[结果]累计确认的艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者2045例,男性占58．19％,女}生占41．81％;死亡345例,男性占66．09％,女性占33．91％。HIV染者在不同行为、性别、年龄、职业、民族等分组间差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）;累计确认病例中有16．87％的病人死亡,345例艾滋病（AIDS）死亡病例中1年内死亡的占50．14％,超过3年死亡的占23．77％,不同年份AIDS病人存活年限差异有统计学意义（X2=32．951,P=0．000）;年死亡率由2007年的21.53％下降到2011年的16．39％,接受治疗者死亡率远远低于未治疗者。[结论]经过抗病毒治疗,艾滋病病人的死亡率逐年下降,抗病毒治疗有较好效果,做好早期诊断和及时治疗是提高HIV感染者／AIDS病人存活率的关键。     

莆田口岸出入境人员中10例艾滋病感染者的流行特征分析

目的了解和掌握莆田口岸出入境人员艾滋病感染者的分布情况,分析实验室及流行病学调查资料,认识艾滋病在莆田口岸的流行特征,为制定莆田口岸艾滋病防制策略提供科学依据。方法使用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)及免疫印迹试验对莆田口岸出入境人员标本进行人免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV)抗体检测,对抗体阳性者进行个案流行病学调查,收集艾滋病病人的临床资料,并进行追踪观察。结果从1992．1-2004．12止,共发现出入境人员艾滋病感染者10例,其中AIDS病人5例,均已死亡。5 例艾滋病病人的临床资料分析表明,艾滋病早期症状以持续或反复发热为主,实验室检测结果证实莆田的HIV感染者主要为HIV-1型。结论境外性接触感染是莆田口岸艾滋病感染的主要方式,且有从过去的国外感染转向国内扩散传播的趋势,艾滋病将主要在性乱人群中流行,应采取综合性预防和控制措施。     

东阳市14例艾滋病病毒感染者流行病学调查

东阳市2004年首次发现1例艾滋病病毒感染者，截止2006年底，全市累计报告艾滋病病毒感染者14例，其中4例已发展成艾滋病病人，2例死亡。为了解东阳市艾滋病病毒感染者流行特征，以便为今后艾滋病防制提供科学依据，现将14例艾滋病病毒感染者流行病学调查情况分析如下。     

艾滋病案例的法律责任

分析了几种艾滋病案例及其法律责任,提出要负责任地对待艾滋病的检测工作,贯彻执行《献血法》,坚决打击非法卖血活动,并将传播艾滋病列入刊法打击范畴。     

2002～2005年赣州市章贡区HIV/AIDS 疫情分析

[目的]了解赣州市章贡区HIV／AIDS流行情况，为制定有效的控制措施提供科学依据。[方法]用描述流行病学方法分析赣州市章贡区2002～2005年HIV／AIDS疫情报告的个案调查资料。[结果]2002～2005年报告HIV感染者6例、AIDS患者2例。6例HIV感染者男性5例。女性1例；2例AIDS患者男性1例。女性1例。以性传播为主，年龄分布以20～39岁中青年为主，占总数的87．50％。[结论]章贡区HIV的传播方式主要是性传播和吸毒传播。HIV／AIDS报告病例数主要是待业、外出务工以及商业服务人员，男性多于女性。要遏制艾滋病从高危人群向一般人群传播，必须建立健全艾滋病防控体系，开展健康教育和行为干预。     

温州市1985-2000年艾滋病流行病学分析

目的：分析温州市艾滋病流行状态,为艾滋病防治策略提供科学依据。方法：对1985－2000年温州市艾滋病监测资料进行分析。结果：1985－2000年底温州市共检出艾滋病毒感染者74例,其中病人19例,15例死亡。74例中50．0％经性接触传播,47．3％经血液传播。75．7％的感染者为流动人口。结论：温州市艾滋病感染呈上升趋势,应采取综合性措施预防和控制。     

The estimated magnitude of AIDS in Brazil: a delay correction applied to cases with lost dates

The number of HIV-infected people is an important measure of the magnitude of the AIDS epidemic in Brazil and allows for comparison with epidemic patterns in other countries. This quantity can be estimated from the number of reported AIDS cases, which in turn needs to be corrected for the distribution of reporting delays and under-recording of cases. These distributions are unknown and must also be estimated from the recorded dates, which were missed to the Brazilian National AIDS registry. This paper estimates the number of AIDS cases diagnosed by inputting the lost information based on an estimate of the pattern in registration delay until 1996. We first fitted a non-stationary bivariate Poisson regression model to estimate the pattern in reporting delay. In the subsequent steps these models were applied to input new data, thus replacing the missing information, and to estimate the magnitude of the AIDS epidemic in the country. Model estimates ranged from 36,000 to 50,000 AIDS cases diagnosed in Brazil and still unreported. Therefore, the epidemic was 20 to 30% greater than known from the available information as of February 1999. To be useful to health policy-makers, the surveillance system based on officially reported AIDS cases must be continuously improved.     

Health-care workers are losing most AIDS lawsuits, study says

The Kaiser Family Foundation funded a Georgetown study, The AIDS Litigation Project III--A Look at AIDS in the Courts in the 1990s, to analyze AIDS-related cases in the Federal and State court systems since January 1991. Study director Lawrence Gostin concludes that AIDS has become the most litigated disease in U.S. history and that judges tend to side with the argument that disability rights laws must yield to concern about the possible transmission risks. Initially, courts were supportive of the rights of persons living with AIDS. Currently, courts are likely to support mandatory HIV-antibody testing of health-care employees, prison inmates, and criminal defendants. Gostin predicts that court cases will focus on the rights of patients to receive health insurance coverage for AIDS therapies. Other emerging trends in AIDS litigation are cases involving HIV status disclosure and sexual ethics.     

Public health surveillance of AIDS and HIV infections

The general methods used for public health surveillance of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases and of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are no different from those used for other diseases and infections. However, the methods used must be adapted to the unique epidemiology, wide variation in prevalences, and the very long incubation period of HIV infections. In addition, the severity of AIDS and the extreme social and personal implications of identifying HIV-infected persons make surveillance of AIDS cases and HIV infections much more difficult and place paramount importance on issues such as anonymity and confidentiality. Information on the occurrence of AIDS cases is essential for planning and developing the clinical and laboratory facilities needed for treatment and care of patients with the disease. However, surveillance of AIDS cases is of limited value for assessing the magnitude and future trends of the pandemic because the number of such cases detected, diagnosed, and reported reflect HIV infections that were acquired many years previously. In addition, there are significant problems associated with the accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of most AIDS case-reporting systems. Routine HIV surveillance systems are being developed worldwide. Such systems must be adapted to the prevailing epidemiological situation; and the sampling methods used in populations where the prevalence of infection is very low must necessarily differ from those where it is moderate to high. Large-scale population serosurveys are very costly, and the results from such surveys may also be of limited accuracy because of serious problems of selection and participation bias. Furthermore, they may become outdated rapidly in areas where a high incidence of HIV infection occurs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Editorial

Worldwide, more than 8500 people are newly infected with HIV each day and there are 21 million cumulative HIV/AIDS cases worldwide, 90% in developing countries. HIV infection and AIDS are firmly entrenched and spreading in India. World Health Organization projections suggest that India may have the highest number of HIV-positive cases by 2000. The double challenge is therefore presented of preventing personal infection and caring for others who are infected. While AIDS research is making some progress, it is clear that the war against HIV/AIDS will be long. Global efforts to prevent the spread of HIV infection are beginning to show positive results, with evidence of the slowing down of the HIV infection rate and the stabilization of the spread reported from some areas. Coordination, commitment, and social policy together with alternative people-oriented and socioculturally appropriate strategies must be brought to bear against the epidemic in India. The country's HIV/AIDS surveillance and blood banking systems also must be improved. Finally, efforts must be taken to ensure that all people have access to care.     

延吉市HIV/AIDS流行特征分析

目的分析延吉市HIV/AIDS的流行特征,为制定防治策略提供依据。方法收集延吉市HIV/AIDS疫情报表及流行病学个案调查资料进行统计分析。结果延吉市从2000年1月发现第一例HIV感染者以来,至2008年底以现住址累计报告HIV/AIDS 34例,疫情呈快速增长态势;感染发病男女性别比为1.6∶1,年龄以21～40岁为主,有22例,占报病总数的64.7%;异性性接触是本地区最主要的传播途径,占报病数的88.8%;朝鲜族为22例,占报病总数的64.7%;有出国史的人员为14例,占报病总数的41.2%;对本地区HIV/AIDS流行影响明显。结论本地区艾滋病处于低感染阶段有快速增长的势头,艾滋病正从高危人群向一般人群蔓延,需强化综合干预措施,制定有效的防治策略。     

"I know what I'm facing"

By May 1991, 6700 reported cases of AIDS existed in Zimbabwe and many included those in the labor force. Around 25% of the cases were infants. Moreover about 500,000 may actually have been HIV seropositive with an estimated 90% being of working age for an HIV seroprevalence of about 10% in the labor force. 50% of the 10 million inhabitants of Zimbabwe were 15 years old. In 1990, 18% of 1000 pregnant women screened in Harare were HIV positive. Furthermore, 51% of patients screened at an urban genitourinary clinic in 1990 tested HIV positive whereas, in 1987, only 18% tested HIV positive. The extended family can no longer cope with the problems created by the AIDS epidemic, so the community must support HIV positive people and AIDS patients. For example, grandparents or other relatives must often take in the children of parents who have died from AIDS. Indeed, the emotional turmoil in learning of one's own or a loved one's HIV infection can be overwhelming. The Ministry of Health has founded the AIDS Control Programme which includes counseling as an important component. This division trains health workers in counseling individuals and families afflicted with AIDS and provides pamphlets for primary health care workers. 1 thing that it emphasizes is that clients need time to deal with the situation. Yet many health workers do not have the time. More and continued integration between social workers and health providers is needed. A woman from the AIDS Counselling Trust suggests that counseling for mothers of infants with AIDS can begin with a small group in hospital wards, such as what has been done in Mutare, Zimbabwe. Further self help groups can be connected with clinics. Zimbabwe can also go the way of Zambia and provide home based care services and mobile units.     

杭州市高危人群HIV感染现况调查

目的 艾滋病哨点监测工作。方法 于1999年对杭州市区各类高危人群共2626人份血清标本进行艾滋病血清学检测。结果 检出7例HIV抗体阳性，检出率为0．27％。结论 群居吸毒，共用注射器导致HIV感染呈簇状分布，今后需加大宣传教育力度，注重不同群体的不同宣教方式。