基于中国新生儿协作网的极早产儿中心血管导管使用情况的横断面调查

背景 近年来中国极早产儿救治数量显著增加,中心血管导管已成为国内NICU的常用技术,极早产儿救治中可能存在中心血管导管的不合理使用,但目前尚缺乏其使用现况数据.目的 通过回顾采集和分析中国新生儿协作网(CHNN)数据库正式运行第1年极早产儿中心血管置管现况,并对各医院进行问卷调查,以期发现当前极早产儿中心血管导管使用中...     

Intracerebral haemorrhages in surfactant treated neonates with severe respiratory distress syndrome: age at diagnosis,severity and risk factors

Within a randomized European multicentre trial the time of onset, severity and progression of intracerebral haemorrhages (ICH) were investigated prospectively by serial cranial ultrasonography in 343 ventilated infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) following instillation of single or multiple doses of a natural porcine surfactant (Curosurf). In 148/343 infants (43%) ICH was diagnosed (grade I or II: 22%, grade III or IV: 21%). In 26 cases (8%) ICH was present on the ultrasound scan prior to surfactant instillation at a median age of 6h. Incidence and severity of ICH was similar after single- or multiple-dose surfactant treatment. Using a logistic regression model the following risk factors predictive of ICH were defined: low birth weight, allocation to certain hospitals, vaginal delivery, Apgar score6, rectal temperature on admission 36°C, primary anaemia, acidosis prior to treatment, RDS grade IV in pre-treatment chest films and poor response to surfactant treatmentOur study provides supportive evidence that multiple doses of Curosurf do not increase the risk for ICH as compared to single-dose administration.A preliminary report of this work was presented at 8th International Workshop on Surfactant Replacement, Oslo, Norway, May 21 1993. The study was supported by grants of the German government (BMFT 93 607 27) and the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft He 2072: 1–2). The surfactant used in the trial was prepared ang tested in Stockholm with the skilful technical assistance of Elin Arvesen, Bim Linderholm. Eva Lundberg, Gunhild Nilsson and Petru Popa (supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (Project No. 3351) and Oscar II:s Jubileumsfond)Dedicated to the memory of Edgar (Eddi) Laufkötter, one of the most active trial collaborators, who died under tragic circumstances on April 10, 1994.     

Les directives pour le traitement par surfactant exogène chez le nouveau-né

Surfactant replacement therapy (SRT) plays a pivotal role in the management of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) because it improves survival and reduces respiratory morbidities. With the increasing use of noninvasive ventilation as the primary mode of respiratory support for preterm infants at delivery, prophylactic surfactant is no longer beneficial. For infants with worsening RDS, early rescue surfactant should be provided. While the strategy to intubate, give surfactant, and extubate (INSURE) has been widely accepted in clinical practice, newer methods of noninvasive surfactant administration, using thin catheter, laryngeal mask airway, or nebulization, are being adopted or investigated. Use of SRT as an adjunct for conditions other than RDS, such as meconium aspiration syndrome, may be effective based on limited evidence.     

Comparison of two inspiratory: expiratory ratios during high frequency oscillation

The aim of this study was to compare gas exchange and volume delivery during high frequency oscillation at two frequently used inspiratory:expiratory (I:E) ratios: 1:2 and 1:1, other oscillatory settings being kept constant. A group of 13 infants with respiratory distress syndrome, median gestational age 28 weeks (range 23–36) and postnatal age 1 day (range 1–8) were studied. At the I:E ratio of 1:1 compared to 1:2 the median paCO₂ was lower, P < 0.05 (30 mmHg, range 22–47 vs 34 mmHg, range 27–46) and the volume delivered higher, P < 0.01 (2.6 ml/kg, range 1.2–5.6 vs 2.0 ml/kg, range 1.0–3.9). There was no significant difference in oxygenation levels at the two I:E ratios. In a related in vitro study, changing the I:E ratio from 1:2 to 1:1 increased the mean airway pressure by a median of 8.6% (range 2.9–28.1%). Conclusion Routinely maintained longer expiratory than inspiratory times during high frequency oscillation should be discouraged. Received: 6 November 1998 / Accepted: 30 March 1999     

Risk factors for early sepsis in very low birth weight neonates with respiratory distress syndrome

AIM: To identify maternal and neonatal factors that increase suspicion of early sepsis in Very Low Birth Weight neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. METHODS: The cohort included 282 neonates born at Soroka Medical Centre 1996-2000. Definitions of 'high' and 'low'-suspicion groups for early sepsis were based on comparison between neonates with early sepsis and the remaining cohort. Univariate analysis and logistic regression were used to compare between groups. RESULTS: The incidence of early sepsis in the cohort was 1.8%, and 94% received antibiotics following delivery. Comparing with the remaining cohort, the five neonates with early sepsis had increased incidence of positive maternal cultures, use of antenatal antibiotics, lower 1 min Apgar scores and tendency to leucopenia. A 'low-suspicion' group comprised 38% of the cohort and did not include any neonates with early sepsis. This group were more frequently treated with antenatal steroids and delivered by Caesarean section compared to the 'high-suspicion' group, but otherwise there were no clinical and laboratory differences. CONCLUSION: Although the incidence of early sepsis is low almost all neonates received antibiotics. A 'low-suspicion' group was defined and the role of antibiotic treatment in this group needs to be determined.     

Pericardial cyst diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography and computed tomography in a newborn

Summary A one-day-old full-term female infant with massive “cardiomegaly” developed marked respiratory distress soon after birth. The two-dimensional (2D) echocardiogram demonstrated a 4×5-cm cystic mass adjacent to the left ventricular free wall. Computed tomography (CT) confirmed the presence and dimension of the cyst and CT number indicated the fluid within the cyst to be serous. A pericardial cyst was successfully removed at thoracotomy. Two-dimensional echocardiography and CT, both noninvasive procedures, are fully adequate tools in the diagnosis of pericardial cysts in the neonate, so that invasive investigations may be avoided.     

Myth: all surfactants are alike

There are several surfactant preparations available to the clinician, none of which are alike. They differ in their phospholipid and surfactant protein (SP) composition as well as dosing, yet they all have been shown to be clinically effective as surfactants. Head-to-head randomized clinical trials comparing surfactants have shown some advantages of preparations that contain SP-B and SP-C, primarily in short-term clinical outcomes. A new synthetic surfactant that contains a phospholipid mixture and a peptide resembling SP-B has shown promise as a potential alternative to animal-derived surfactants.     

Primary alveolar capillary dysplasia (acinar dysplasia) and surfactant protein B deficiency: a clinical, radiological and pathological study

Background: Full-term infants with severe and prolonged respiratory distress represent a diagnostic challenge. Plain radiographic findings may be nonspecific or similar to classic surfactant deficiency disease for infants with surfactant protein B deficiency and acinar dysplasia. Objectives: To describe the similar clinical-radiolgical patterns of two rare neonatal conditions. Materials and methods: Six newborn babies with severe respiratory distress at birth demonstrated clinical and radiographically prolonged and progressive diffuse pulmonary opacification. Results: All infants demonstrated hyperinflation of the lungs. The diffuse hazy opacification, which varied from mild (n=3) to moderate (n=3), progressed to severe diffuse opacification preceding death, which occurred at 12–36 days of life. Open lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of primary alveolar acinar dysplasia (AD) in four infants and surfactant protein B deficiency (SPBD) in two infants. Conclusions: In full-term babies with unexplained progressive respiratory distress from birth and progress of radiological changes, both AD and SPBD should be considered.     

Reduction in the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia from 1980–1990: Results of a multivariate logistic regression analysis

A retrospective analysis (1980–1990) of normally formed low birthweight (<2500g) infants surviving to at least 28 days following intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) for longer than 12h was performed. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was defined as oxygen dependency at 28 days with characteristic radiographic findings. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors, before and after the initiation of IPPV was performed on 412 infants. Decreasing birth weight (BW) and gestational age (GA) were associate with an increased risk of BPD. When controlled for these variables, predictive factors prior to IPPV were gender, age at IPPV, respiratory diagnosis, and year of birth. Following IPPV, duration of peak inspiratory pressure >25cm H₂O, duration of fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂)>0.60 (DO₂), maximum peak inspiratory pressure (MPIP), maximum FiO₂, patent ductus arteriosus, bacteraemia and either pneumothorax or pulmonary interstitial emphysema were associated with an increased risk of BPD Adjusting for BW and GA, there was a significant reduction in BPD risk from 1980–1990 (relative odds of 0.88 for each year compared to the previous year). This trend could belargely accounted for by decreases in MPIP and DO₂ during the study period. Surfactant treatment was not independently associated with a significant change in the risk of BPD. Based on this analysis, we developed a scoring system for predicting the risk of BPDL in the neonatal period which we evaluated in a random sampleof infants. This predicted infants at risk of BPD with a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 88%. Use of this score would allow prediction of BPD at a tim when earlier preventive treatment could be started.     

Antenatal steroids: Miracle drug for preemies

Antenatal corticosteroid administration has been unequivocally demonstrated to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality. In addition to its well-documented role in reducing respiratory distress syndrome, evidence is accumulating indicating the global maturational effect of this therapy in the growing fetus. New data demonstrates, the hitherto relatively not well known, beneficial effects of this mode of therapy on renal, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrinal and cerebral maturation. Despite its well proven efficacy and safety, this therapy is used only in a small fraction of eligible mothers. In this article, biological basis of antenatal steroids use, clinical benefits including those to extremely premature infants, indications for their administration, treatment regimens, practice variations in their administration, cost analysis, and some directions for future research are reviewed. It is hoped that given the evidence reviewed in this article, the use of antenatal steroids administration in proper clinical settings will increase with a significant impact in reducing the neonatal morbidity and mortality.     

Surfactant replacement therapy: A new risk factor in developing retinopathy of prematurity?

We documented the prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in a group of 46 infants suffering from a moderate or severe respiratory distress syndrome and treated with surfactant replacement therapy (SRT) and 61 controls admitted in the year prior to the institution of SRT. Mortality in the treatment group was lower than in the control group (15.5% versus 23.8;P=0.29). The ROP prevalence in the treatment group was 47.8% and in the control group was 47.8% and in the control group 27.9%. To analyse the contribution of SRT alone to the prevalence of ROP, multivariate analysis using logistic regression technique was used. The odds ratio for SRT was 5.2 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.3–20.7,P=0.02. The prevalence of severe ROP in the surfactant treated group was not increased compared to the control group. From our data we conclude that SRT increases the risk of developing ROP but is not associated with more severe forms of ROP.     

Systemic air embolism in the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

Details of 25 cases of neonatal systemic air embolism, including three of our patients, are reviewed. This rare complication of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was observed in 21 premature infants and 4 fullterm newborns, of whom 23 required intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). In 21 of these patients air embolism was preceded by pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and/or pneumopericardium. Air embolism occurred between 3 and 288 hours after delivery. The outcome was lethal in 24 cases, only one patient survived. Two main pathogenic mechanisms are discussed; entrance of air from ruptured alveoli into the lung capillaries and introduction of air via catheters in umbilical vessels.Dedicated to Prof.Dr.E.Willich on occasion of his 60th birthday     

Respiratory distress management in moderate and late preterm infants: The NEOBS Study

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics and management of respiratory failure (RF) in moderate-to-late preterm infants.MethodsNEOBS was a prospective, multicenter, observational study conducted in 46 neonatal intensive care units caring for preterm infants (30 + ^0/7 to 36 + ^6/7 weeks of gestation [WG]) in France in 2018. The cohort was stratified into two groups: 30–33 WG (group 1) and 34–36 WG (group 2). Infants with early neonatal RF were included and the outcomes assessed were maternal, pregnancy, and delivery characteristics and how RF was managed.ResultsOf the 560 infants analyzed, 279 were in group 1 and 281 were in group 2. Most pregnancies were singleton (64.1%), and 67.4% of women received prenatal corticosteroids (mostly two doses). Infants were delivered by cesarean section in 59.6% of cases; 91.7% of the infants had an Apgar score ≥ 7 at 5 min. More than 90% of infants were hospitalized post-birth (median duration, 36 and 15 days for groups 1 and 2, respectively). Medical intervention was required for 95.7% and 90.4% of the infants in group 1 and group 2, respectively, and included noninvasive ventilation (continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP]: 88.5% and 82.9%; high-flow nasal cannula: 55.0% and 44.7%, or other) and invasive ventilation (19.7% and 13.2%). The two main diagnoses of RF were respiratory distress syndrome (39.8%) and transient tachypnea of the newborn (57.3%). Surfactant was administered to 22.5% of the infants, using the less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) method for 34.4% of the patients. In the overall population, 8.6% of the infants had respiratory and/or hemodynamic complications.ConclusionsThe NEOBS study demonstrated that CPAP was widely used in the delivery room and the LISA method was chosen for 34.4% of the surfactant administrations for the management of RF in moderate-to-late preterm infants. The incidence of RF-related complications was low.     

胃液稳定微泡实验早期诊断早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征

目的：早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)需要做出早期诊断才能指导呼吸机和肺表面活性物质的及时使用。该研究的目的是明确胃液稳定微泡实验(stab le m icrobubb le test,SMT)早期诊断早产儿RDS的价值,为预防性使用肺表面活性物质提供指导。方法：对101例收治于日本岩手医科大学新生儿重症监护室的早产儿,胎龄31±3.5周,(24~35周,)生后30 m in内取胃液做SMT,低倍镜下数出每mm2中直径<15μm的稳定微泡数;1 h内拍胸片,以临床表现及X线结果作为诊断早产儿RDS的金标准。计算SMT早期诊断早产儿RDS的敏感度、特异度及阳性、阴性预测值,观察以SMT结果指导肺表面活性物质使用的临床价值。结果：101例早产儿中诊断为RDS者31例,其中微泡数<10个/mm2者22例,10~20个/mm2者7例,>20个mm2者2例;非RDS者共70例,其中<10个/mm2者仅1例,10~20个/mm2者2例,>20个mm2者67例。以胃液微泡数<10个/mm2作为界值,SMT预测并早期诊断RDS的敏感度及特异度分别为70.97%和98.57%,阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为95.65%和88.46%;以胃液微泡数<20个/mm2作为界值,SMT预测并早期诊断RDS的敏感度及特异度分别为93.55%和95.71%,阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为90.63%和97.10%。微泡数<10个/mm2者均接受肺表面活性物质替代治疗,临床效果显著。结论：SMT法简便、快速、经济,敏感度高,特异性好,能预测并早期诊断早产儿RDS,有助于指导肺表面活性物质的预防性使用,有极高的临床应用价值,值得在国内推广。     

Dry lung syndrome: complete airway collapse mimicking pulmonary hypoplasia?

We observed a premature baby born after severe oligohydramnios who could not be ventilated efficiently even with very high pressures immediately after birth, but who, after cessation of resuscitation attempts, recovered spontaneous sufficient breathing during the following hour. After this experience we searched our case records for other newborns with dry lung syndrome using the following definition: (1) premature birth after prolonged leakage of amniotic fluid, (2) very high ventilatory requirement after birth, (3) dramatic improvement during the first 24 to 36 h and (4) respiratory distress syndrome and infection excluded. Among 93 prematures with rupture of membranes for 4 days or more we found 3, including the index case, matching this definition. Conclusion Dry lung syndrome appears to be a distinct clinical entity that is possibly underrecognised but recognisable and that merits further study. Its pathogenesis may imply complete collapse of small airways to a degree that capillary forces impede distension by ordinary ventilatory pressures. Received: 18 December 1997 and in revised form: 9 March 1998 / Accepted: 13 March 1998     

Randomised controlled trial of weaning by patient triggered ventilation or conventional ventilatton

A group of preterm infants (n=40) were entered into a randomised controlled trial to compare the duration and efficacy of weaning by patient triggered ventilation (PTV) or conventional ventilation. Once recovery from respiratory distress had begun, enabling the ventilator rate to be reduced to 40 breaths/min, infants were randomised to either regime. Infants randomised to PTV were weaned by reduction in ventilator pressure only, whereas infants randomised to conventional ventilation were weaned by reduction in ventilator rate only. Only one infant required re-ventilation within 24h of extubation: this infant had been weaned by conventional ventilation. Three infants, all of less than 28 weeks gestation, did not tolerate weaning by PTV and were subsequently weaned conventionally. The duration of weaning was analysed according to the original randomisation allocation and was significantly shorter in the PTV group, being a median of 30h (mean 39, range 3–186) compared to a median of 61h (mean 65, range 15–262) in the conventional group,P<0.02. We conclude PTV is the more advantageous form of weaning in preterm infants of greater than 27 weeks gestational age.     

Kartagener syndrome: An uncommon cause of neonatal respiratory distress?

We report a newborn with respiratory distress and situs inversus totalis. The diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia was confirmed by both ultrastructural and functional investigations. The immotile cilia syndrome was suspected because of respiratory distress, situs inversus, abnormal nasal discharge and hyperinflated chest X-ray. We suggest that ultrastructural and functional investigations of the respiratory mucosa should be done in any newborn with respiratory distress without explanation for the respiratory problems. Establishment of the correct diagnosis at an early stage may allow to improve the prognosis provided prophylactic physiotherapy, vaccinations, and aggressive antibiotic treatment of intercurrent respiratory infections are instituted.Conclusion Despite its rarity, primany ciliary dyskinesia should be considered in unexplained cases of neonatal distress