Splenic Artery Embolization after Delayed Splenic Rupture Following Blunt Trauma: Is Nonoperative Management Still an Option in This Cohort?

Patients treated with splenic artery embolization (SAE) >48 hours after a blunt injury for a delayed splenic rupture (DSR) were assessed for the need for a subsequent splenectomy. Thirty-four patients underwent SAE for DSR over 10 years at our level 1 trauma center, performed at a median of 4.5 days after the injury (interquartile range = 5.5), and the patients were followed up for a median of 11 months (interquartile range = 31). There were 3 occurrences of rebleeds, and 2 patients required splenectomy (5.9%). This study showed that treatment with SAE after DSR results in splenic salvage in 94.1% of patients.     

骨盆骨折合并盆腔大出血的急诊栓塞治疗

目的 探讨经导管动脉栓塞急诊治疗骨盆骨折所致盆腔大出血的临床价值。资料与方法 15例骨盆骨折合并盆腔大出血患者,经抗休克、止血等内科保守治疗无效,在外伤后2～5h行急诊血管造影,根据造影结果,选用明胶海绵颗粒或细条、不锈钢圈栓塞髂内动脉或出血动脉分支。结果 除1例在造影过程中死亡而未行栓塞外,其余14例均在1h内完成栓塞治疗,成功率93．3％（14／15）,栓塞后活动性出血停止,失血性休克得到纠正,有效率达100％（14／14）,其中12例经康复治疗后出院,2例因发生弥漫性血管内凝血（DIE）或合并颅脑损伤而死亡。未出现严重的栓塞后并发症。结论 经导管动脉栓塞是急诊治疗骨盆骨折所致盆腔大出血的一种安全、有效、简便的方法。     

脾脏钝伤的CT诊断

本文回顾性分析了３２例脾脏钝伤ＣＴ平扫的表现；对脾损伤进行ＣＴ分类；指出腹腔积血和脾周血块（“哨兵血块征”）在诊断脾损伤方面的作用。ＣＴ平扫诊断钝性脾脏损伤是一种敏感、可靠的方法，可帮助外科医生制订治疗方案。ＣＴ平扫诊断钝性脾损伤的灵敏度为９４％，诊断正确率为９１％     

Transcatheter Coil Embolization of Splenic Artery Aneurysm

The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical results and technical problems of transcatheter coil embolization for splenic artery aneurysm. Subjects were 16 patients (8 men, 8 women; age range, 40-80 years) who underwent transcatheter embolization for splenic artery aneurysm (14 true aneurysms, 2 false aneurysms) at one of our hospitals during the period January 1997 through July 2005. Two aneurysms (12.5%) were diagnosed at the time of rupture. Multiple splenic aneurysms were found in seven patients. Aneurysms were classified by site as proximal (or strictly ostial) (n = 3), middle (n = 3), or hilar (n = 10). The indication for transcatheter arterial embolization was a false or true aneurysm 20 mm in diameter. Embolic materials were fibered coils and interlocking detachable coils. Embolization was performed by the isolation technique, the packing technique, or both. Technically, all aneurysms were devascularized without severe complications. Embolized aneurysms were 6–40 mm in diameter (mean, 25 mm). Overall, the primary technical success rate was 88% (14 of 16 patients). In the remaining 2 patients (12.5%), partial recanalization occurred, and re-embolization was performed. The secondary technical success rate was 100%. Seven (44%) of the 16 study patients suffered partial splenic infarction. Intrasplenic branching originating from the aneurysm was observed in five patients. We conclude that transcatheter coil embolization should be the initial treatment of choice for splenic artery aneurysm.     

Immune Function After Splenic Artery Embolization for Blunt Trauma: Long-Term Assessment of CD27+ IgM B-Cell Levels

Splenic artery embolization (SAE) plays a critical role in the treatment of high-grade splenic injury not requiring emergent laparotomy. SAE preserves splenic tissue, and growing evidence demonstrates preserved short-term splenic immune function after SAE. However, long-term function is less studied. Patients who underwent SAE for blunt abdominal trauma over a 10-year period were contacted for long-term follow-up. Sixteen participants (sex: women, 10, and men, 6; age: median, 34 years, and range, 18–67 years) were followed up at a median of 7.7 years (range, 4.7–12.8 years) after embolization. Splenic lacerations were of American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grades III to V, and 14 procedures involved proximal embolization. All individuals had measurable levels of IgM memory B cells (median, 14.30 as %B cells), splenic tissue present on ultrasound (median, 122 mL), and no history of severe infection since SAE. In conclusion, this study quantitatively demonstrated that long-term immune function remains after SAE for blunt abdominal trauma based on the IgM memory B cell levels.     

肝动脉栓塞治疗外伤性肝破裂出血

目的探讨肝动脉栓塞术治疗外伤性肝破裂出血的临床疗效、关键技术及其并发症。资料与方法回顾性分析经B超及CT证实的外伤性肝破裂出血患者50例,采用超选择插管至病变血管,用明胶海绵和(或)弹簧圈栓塞,术后观察止血效果。结果 9例单纯用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞,41例用明胶海绵颗粒+钢圈联合栓塞。47例一次肝动脉栓塞后即成功止血;3例于首次栓塞后12～72 h复发出血,行第二次肝动脉栓塞后有2例完全止血康复,1例于第二次栓塞后2周并发肝脓肿和腹腔感染而死亡。49例随访3个月～3年无复发出血。结论肝动脉导管栓塞治疗外伤性肝破裂出血安全、有效。     

经导管髂内动脉栓塞术治疗盆腔大出血

目的　探讨经髂内动脉栓塞治疗盆腔大出血的栓塞技术、栓塞剂选择和并发症防治。方法　本组 11例 (膀胱癌 3例 ,宫颈癌 5例 ,绒癌 1例 ,产后大出血 2例 ) ,均接受了经导管双侧选择性髂内动脉栓塞术 ,并保留导管 2 4h。栓塞材料为明胶海绵。结果　全部病例 1次栓塞后均立即止血 ,1例 2 4h后再出血而行 2次治疗 ,随访观察 10～ 90d均无再出血。无并发症发生。结论　髂内动脉栓塞术治疗盆腔大出血简便、微创、安全、可靠 ,可作为首选方法     

急诊子宫动脉栓塞治疗产后胎盘植入大出血

目的 探讨急诊子宫动脉栓塞(UAE)治疗产后胎盘植入大出血的方法和疗效.资料与方法 在数字减影机下采用改良式Seldinger技术对7例胎盘植入患者穿刺插管行盆腔动脉造影,明确出血血管后将5 F Cobra导管超选择插入出血侧子宫动脉,立即用明胶海绵颗粒和明胶海绵条栓塞.术后肌注甲氨喋呤并口服米非司酮各一个疗程.结果 7例胎盘植入患者均找到出血位置并一次性栓塞成功,成功率100%.手术时间25～50 min,平均(35.2±5.3)min,术后3～12 min阴道流血停止,平均(5.2±2.4)min,术后患者血压迅速回升至正常,生命体征稳定.术后1天～4周6例排出胎盘组织,平均排出时间15.4天,子宫如期复旧,血绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)恢复正常,跟踪随访月经正常,自测排卵正常.结论 急诊UAE治疗胎盘植入大出血具有手术时间短、创伤小、疗效肯定和可保留子宫等优点,有较好的临床应用价值.     

Impact of Splenic Artery Embolization on the Success Rate of Nonoperative Management for Blunt Splenic Injury

Introduction  

Nonoperative management (NOM) has become the treatment of choice for hemodynamically stable patients with blunt splenic injury. Results of outcome after NOM are predominantly based on large-volume studies from level 1 trauma centers in the United States. This study was designed to assess the results of NOM in a relatively low-volume Dutch level 1 trauma center.     

Contemporary Management of Pediatric Blunt Splenic Trauma: A National Trauma Databank Analysis

PurposeTo quantify changes in the management of pediatric patients with isolated splenic injury from 2007 to 2015.Materials and MethodsPatients under 18 years old with registered splenic injury in the National Trauma Data Bank (2007–2015) were identified. Splenic injuries were categorized into 5 management types: nonoperative management (NOM), embolization, splenic repair, splenectomy, or a combination therapy. Linear mixed models accounting for confounding variables were used to examine the direct impact of management on length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) days, and ventilator days.ResultsOf included patients (n = 24,128), 90.3% (n = 21,789), 5.6% (n = 1,361), and 2.7% (n = 640) had NOM, splenectomy, and embolization, respectively. From 2007 to 2015, the rate of embolization increased from 1.5% to 3.5%, and the rate of splenectomy decreased from 6.9% to 4.4%. Combining injury grades, NOM was associated with the shortest LOS (5.1 days), ICU days (1.9 days), and ventilator days (0.5 day). Moreover, splenectomy was associated with longer LOS (10.1 days), ICU days (4.5 days), and ventilator days (2.1 days) than NOM. The average failure rate of NOM was 1.5% (180 failures/12,378 cases). Average embolization failure was 1.3% (6 failures/456 cases). Splenic artery embolization was associated with lower mortality than splenectomy (OR: 0.10, P <.001). No statistically significant difference was observed in mortality between embolization and NOM (OR: 0.96, P = 1.0).ConclusionsIn pediatric splenic injury, NOM is the most utilized and associated with favorable outcomes, most notably in grades III to V pediatric splenic injury. If intervention is needed, embolization is effective and increasingly utilized most significantly in lower grade injuries.     

经导管髂内动脉栓塞治疗外伤性骨盆骨折大出血

目的：探讨经导管栓塞髂内动脉治疗外伤引起盆腔大出血的临床价值。方法：23例创伤性盆腔大出血,经保守治疗无效,急诊行单侧或双侧髂内动脉造影,明确出血部位后,经导管用明胶海绵或微弹簧圈栓塞。结果：23例出血停止,休克症状消失,血压稳定上升。无1例死亡。结论：经导管栓塞髂内动脉或其分支治疗创伤性盆腔大出血快速有效,创伤小,并发症少。     

介入栓塞治疗下消化道出血的实验研究

以动物实验为基础探讨栓塞治疗在消化道出血中应用的可行及安全有效的范围。材料与方法实验动物为健康犬６只，使用５Ｆ Ｃｏｂｒａ导管、３Ｆ ＳＰ微导管，每只犬分别行３次实验。在选择性肠系膜前动脉造影的基础上，选取有３级以上动脉分支的肠段进行实验。结果分段结扎直动脉及末级动脉弓动脉后均可见到肠管局限性地收缩，术后观察１、２周均未见肠死；病理检查实验肠管均未见明显的异常改变。结论在实际动物具有３级以上动脉分     

脾动脉栓塞后上消化道出血分析

目的探讨脾动脉栓塞后上消化道出血的可能原因。方法对43例肝癌合并肝硬化门脉高压患者采用肝动脉化疗栓塞及脾动脉栓塞,脾实质栓塞面积为30%～60%左右。结果7例患者栓塞后在1～3d出现上消化道出血,均为轻度。结论脾动脉栓塞能有效的降低门脉压力,缓解脾功能亢进。但在少数情况下可能导致上消化道出血。     

Outcomes of Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Acute Hemorrhage Originating from Gastric Adenocarcinoma

PurposeTo evaluate the indications, complications, and clinical outcomes of transcatheter embolization for acute hemorrhage associated with gastric adenocarcinoma.Materials and MethodsTen patients underwent catheter-directed arterial embolization at two institutions for acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage related to pathology-proven gastric adenocarcinoma from March 2002 to March 2012. The electronic medical record for each patient was reviewed for clinical presentation, endoscopy history, procedural complications, and long-term follow-up results.ResultsBetween March 2002 and March 2012, 10 patients (eight men; mean age, 61.1 y ± 15.3) underwent transcatheter arterial embolization for gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by gastric adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic therapy had failed in all patients before embolization. Embolization involving branches of the left gastric artery was performed in all patients. No deaths or complications related to the procedure were identified. Mean survival was 301 days, but with a wide range, from 1 day to 1,852 days and counting. Those with unresectable disease (n = 7; 70%) had a median survival time of 9 days, significantly worse (P < .01) than those with resectable disease (n = 3; 30%), who had a median survival of 792 days. Six patients, all with unresectable disease, did not live beyond 30 days. Two of the three patients with resectable disease had subsequent curative resection.ConclusionsTranscatheter arterial embolization can be considered for cases of acute hemorrhagic gastric adenocarcinoma, with improved outcomes in patients with localized disease compared with nonresectable gastric adenocarcinoma.     

PTVE联合PSE治疗胃底曲张静脉出血的疗效观察

目的探讨经皮胃底曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)联合部分脾动脉栓塞术(PSE)治疗胃底曲张静脉出血的疗效。资料与方法27例肝硬化合并食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血患者(18例急性出血,9例择期手术),21例患者同时实施PTVE+PSE,6例患者PTVE后5～7天再行PSE。对术前、术后门静脉压力变化进行测量;术后1～24个月观察再出血的发生率及胃镜随访胃底曲张静脉消退情况。结果18例急诊手术患者术后出血即刻停止,即时止血率100%。PTVE栓塞后门静脉压升高,同术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PTVE+PSE后门静脉压有所降低,但同术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。23例术后胃镜随访,显示胃底曲张静脉完全消失9例,部分消失14例,4例门静脉高压性胃病表现。随访期间1～12个月内再出血率为11.11%(3/27),12～24个月因肝功能衰竭死亡2例,再出血率为28.0%(7/25)。6例为曲张静脉出血,其中1例再次行PTVE栓塞曲张静脉后止血,4例为门静脉高压性胃病出血。结论PTVE具有满意的止血效果和消除胃底曲张静脉,联合PSE能抵消PTVE所致的门静脉压升高。PTVE联合PSE既可行急诊止血,亦可作为...     

经导管栓塞或药物灌注治疗胃肠道出血

目的 探讨动脉栓塞或药物灌注术在胃肠道动脉性出血疾病中的临床疗效及应用价值.方法 21例胃肠道出血患者均行肠系膜动脉和腹腔动脉造影,对其中16例明确出血动脉的患者,再超选择插管造影并栓塞治疗.栓塞材料为明胶海绵颗粒12例,明胶海绵颗粒+弹簧圈4例.另5例未发现出血动脉,用垂体后叶素灌注治疗.结果 21例中16例造影为阳性征象,表现为对比剂外溢7例,动脉杵状扩张、扭曲、回流静脉早显5例,肿瘤染色伴出血4例.21例治疗后出血停止,20例随访3～30个月均未再出血,1例栓塞后第4天再次出血,行外科手术治疗.本组无1例肠缺血、肠坏死等并发症发生.结论 经导管栓塞或药物灌注治疗胃肠道动脉性出血疗效确切,安全、创伤小、并发症少,值得临床进一步推广应用.