厄贝沙坦对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注细胞凋亡与细胞外信号调节激酶通路的影响

目的观察厄贝沙坦对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡的影响,并探讨其与细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)通路的关系。方法健康雄性SD大鼠72只,随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、缺血预处理组、厄贝沙坦组、厄贝沙坦+PD-98059组(PD组)。厄贝沙坦灌胃1周后制作大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型,PD-98059于缺血前15 min尾静脉注射。实验结束后用TTC染色测定心肌梗死面积;免疫组织化学法检测心肌组织BcI-2、Bax表达;Western blot法测定磷酸化ERK的活性;TUNEL检测凋亡细胞指数。结果与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注组、缺血预处理组、厄贝沙坦组、PD组心肌细胞凋亡指数、磷酸化ERK活性及Bcl-2、Bax表达明显增加(P<0.01);与缺血再灌注组比较,缺血预处理组、厄贝沙坦组心肌梗死面积、心肌细胞凋亡指数和Bax表达明显降低,磷酸化ERK活性及Bcl-2表达明显增加(P<0.01);与厄贝沙坦组比较,缺血再灌注组、PD组心肌梗死面积、心肌细胞凋亡指数和Bax表达明显增加,磷酸化ERK活性及Bcl-2表达明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论厄贝沙坦能够激活ERK通路,进一步调控Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达,抑制再灌注心肌细胞的凋亡。     

神经型一氧化氮合酶在小鼠心肌缺血预处理中的作用

目的 应用神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)基因敲除小鼠和nNOS抑制剂,探讨nNOS对心肌缺血预处理后心肌细胞凋亡的影响.方法 实验分为野生型缺血再灌注组(WT IR)、野生型缺血预处理组(WT IP)、野生型缺血预处理L-VNIO处理组(WT IP+ L-VNIO)、基因敲除鼠缺血再灌注组(KO IR)和基因敲除鼠缺血预处理组(KO IP).采用冠状动脉左前降支结扎法建立小鼠缺血再灌注损伤模型,缺血再灌注组缺血30 min再灌注3h,缺血预处理组分别经缺血5 min再灌注5 min连续三个循环后,再缺血30 min再灌注3h,观察TUNEL染色和Caspase-8、Caspase-9、Caspase-3的活性变化,并用Western Blot法观察Bax、Bcl-2和Fas蛋白的表达情况.结果 与WT IR组相比,WT IP组小鼠TUNEL阳性细胞数目减少,Caspase-8、Caspase-9和Caspase-3活性降低,Bax和Fas蛋白表达显著降低,Bcl-2表达显著增加(P＜0.05).而在KO IP组,与KO IR组相比,TUNEL阳性细胞数目和Caspase活性显著增加,Bax和Fas表达显著增高,Bcl-2表达显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 nNOS在心肌缺血预处理时发挥抑制心肌细胞凋亡的作用.     

大鼠心肌再灌注时心肌细胞凋亡,Fas基因表达及缺血预处理对？…

目的 探讨大鼠心肌缺血后不同再灌注时相心肌细胞凋亡,Ｆａｓ基因表达变化及血预处理的影响,方法 １０８只大鼠随分成假手术组（假手术２４小时）缺血３０分钟再灌注６,１２,２４,４８小时组及缺血预处理（ＩＰＣ）组（结扎冠脉５分钟,再灌注５分钟,重复３次后再行结扎冠脉３０分钟,再灌注６小时）口号档端标记法（ＴＵＮＥＬ）标记凋亡细胞,以Ｓ－Ｐ免疫组化及逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）法分别检测Ｆａｓ基因蛋     

大鼠急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤诱导细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的:观察心肌缺血再灌注(IR)损伤与心肌细胞凋亡关系及凋亡调控基因Bcl-2、Bax表达情况。方法:选用健康雄性SD大鼠29只,随机分为:假手术组(n=8),缺血组(n=12),缺血再灌注组(n=9),分别取上述大鼠心肌组织。(1)观察心肌组织及线粒体的形态结构,并进行体视学分析。(2)采用缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)原位检测凋亡细胞。(3)用免疫组化SP法检测心肌细胞Bcl-2、Bax表达。结果:(1)假手术组心肌纤维排列整齐,细胞间质血管未见明显异常,细胞核膜完整,缺血组及缺血再灌注组可见心肌嗜酸性变、空泡变性、心肌纤维紊乱及收缩带形成,心肌纤维间出血及灶性心肌坏死。心肌细胞线粒体体视学分析,与假手术组比较,心肌缺血组形状因子显著降低(P<0.05),面密度显著增加(P<0.05),缺血再灌注组形状因子显著降低(P<0.01),面密度及周密度均显著增加(均P<0.05)。(2)与假手术组比较,缺血组细胞凋亡率明显升高(P<0.001),缺血再灌注组细胞凋亡率明显升高(P<0.001)。缺血再灌注组与缺血组比较细胞凋亡率明显升高(P<0.05)。(3)与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注组凋亡调控基因Bcl-2、Bax表达明显升高(P<0.01,P<0.001)。缺血再灌注组与缺血组比较凋亡调控基因Bcl-2、Bax表达明显升高(均P<0.01)。结论:心肌缺血及再灌注在导致细胞形态、线粒体超微结构改变的同时,诱导心肌细胞的凋亡,Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达在心肌细胞凋亡的发生中起重要作用,细胞凋亡加重了缺血再灌注损伤。     

Adenosine attenuates reperfusion-induced apoptotic cell death by modulating expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins

This study tests the hypothesis that infarct reduction with adenosine (Ado) is associated with inhibition of apoptotic cell death by modulating expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic Bax proteins and reducing neutrophil accumulation. In three groups of dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 60 min and reperfused for 6 h. Either saline (Control, n=8), Ado (140 microg/kg/min, n=8) or CGS21680, an adenosine A2A receptor analogue, (0.2 microg/kg/min, n=7) were infused during the first 2 h of reperfusion. Myocardial apoptosis was detected by histological TUNEL staining and DNA laddering. Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins was analyzed using Western blot assay. Neutrophil localization was detected by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal anti-neutrophil CD18 antibody. There was no group difference in collateral blood flow (colored microspheres) during ischemia. Intra-left atrial administration of Ado and CGS21680 significantly decreased infarct size from 26+/-2% in Control to 13+/-1%* and 16+/-3%*, respectively. TUNEL positive cells in the peri-necrotic zone of the ischemic myocardium were also significantly reduced from 16+/-2% in Control group to 9+/-1%* and 10+/-2%*, respectively, consistent with the absence of DNA laddering in these two groups. Densitometrically, Ado and CGS21680 at reperfusion significantly increased the expression (% of normal myocardium) of downregulated Bcl-2 from 45+/-6% in Control group to 78+/-12%* and 69+/-10%*, respectively, and attenuated expression of upregulated Bax from 198+/-16% in Control group to 148+/-10%* and 158+/-12%*, respectively. Furthermore, the number of positive CD18 cells (mm(2) myocardium), which was significantly correlated with TUNEL positive cells in peri-necrotic zone, was significantly reduced from 403+/-42 in Control group to 142+/-18* in Ado group and 153+/-20%* in CGS21680 group, respectively. In conclusion, the present study suggests that inhibition of apoptosis by Ado at reperfusion involves alterations in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic Bax proteins and neutrophil accumulation, primarily mediated by an adenosine A2A receptor. * P<0.05 v Control group.     

Reperfusion induces myocardial apoptotic cell death

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether apoptosis is triggered during ischemia (I) and reperfusion (R) and whether I/R-induced apoptosis is correlated with changes in expression of Bcl-2 and Bax. METHODS: Anesthetized open-chest dogs were divided into two groups. Group I: 7 h of permanent I without R (PI, n = 7); Group II: 60 min I followed by 6 h R (I/R, n = 8). Apoptosis was identified as "DNA ladder" by agarose gel electrophoresis or confirmed histologically using the terminal transferase UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. RESULTS: Collateral myocardial coronary blood flow during I, confirmed by colored microspheres was comparable in both groups. Although PI caused 72 +/- 5% infarct size, very few TUNEL-positive cells were detected in the necrotic area (0.2 +/- 0.1% of total normal nuclei), consistent with an absence of DNA laddering. In contrast, the appearance of TUNEL-positive cells was significantly displayed after 6 h R in the necrotic area in I/R group (26 +/- 4%, P < 0.001 vs. PI group), and DNA ladder occurred in all experimental animals, suggesting that myocardial apoptosis is primarily elicited by R. Densitometrically, Western blot analysis showed significant reduction in expression of Bcl-2 (16 +/- 1%) and increase in Bax (29 +/- 8%) after 6 h R in the necrotic area compared with normal tissue while expression of these two proteins was not changed in the PI group. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) accumulation in the necrotic area determined either by immunohistochemistry with anti-CD18 antibody or by myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased in the I/R group compared to the PI group (358 +/- 24 vs. 24 +/- 2, mm2 myocardium, P < 0.01) and (2.9 +/- 0.3 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.1, U/100 mg tissue, P < 0.01). There was a significant linear relationship between CD18-positive PMNs and TUNEL-positive cells (P < 0.05) in the I/R group. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that (1) PI without R did not induce apoptotic cell death, while two types of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis were found after I/R, (2) the Bcl-2 family may participate in early R-induced myocardial apoptosis, (3) PMN accumulation may play a role in the development of apoptosis.     

肾脏缺血后处理对兔急性缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡和Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的研究肾脏缺血后处理对兔急性缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡的影响,并探讨其保护机制。方法24只新西兰大白兔随机分为3组,每组8只。（1）缺血再灌注组（IR组）：结扎左冠状动脉前降支1h,再灌注6h。（2）肾脏缺血后处理组（RI-Post组）：操作同IR组,在再灌注即刻用动脉血管夹反复夹闭左侧肾动脉（阻断30S,再通30S,重复3次）,再灌注6h。（3）药物干预组（MI组）：结扎左冠状动脉前降支1h,再灌注前10min给予蛋白激酶C抑制剂-GF109203X（O．05mg／kg）耳缘静脉注射持续10min,再灌注即刻行RI-Post组操作,最后心肌再灌注直至6h。实验结束,采用Tunel法检测24只兔梗死区的心肌细胞凋亡,用免疫组化法检测Bax和Bcl-2蛋白在心肌细胞中的表达水平。结果肾脏缺血后处理组与对照组和药物干预组比较,心肌细胞凋亡指数明显减少（P〈0．05）,Bcl-2表达明显增多（P〈0．01）,Bax表达明显减少（P〈0．05）;而药物干预组与对照组相比各检测指标无明显差别（P〉0．05）。结论肾脏缺血后处理可减少急性缺血再灌注后心肌细胞凋亡,并影响Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达,从而对缺血心肌产生保护作用,其保护机制可能与激活蛋白激酶C有关。     

参附注射液对缺血/再灌注损伤诱导大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的:通过观察参附注射液对缺血/再灌注损伤时,心肌细胞超微结构及心肌细胞凋亡参数的影响,探讨参附注射液拮抗心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用机制。方法:建立心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支(LAD)30min,再灌注10min。将46只大鼠随机分为5组,(Ⅰ)假手术组;(Ⅱ)对照组心肌缺血30min+生理盐水;(Ⅲ)对照组心肌缺血30min/再灌注10min+生理盐水;(Ⅳ)给药组心肌缺血30min+参附注射液;(Ⅴ)给药组心肌缺血30min/再灌注10min+参附注射液。以上各组分别采集相同部位的心室肌组织;应用透射电镜观察心肌细胞超微结构,通过CIMAS多功能真彩色病理图像分析CIMAS系统对心肌细胞线粒体进行体视学分析。原位标记TUNEL法凋亡的心肌细胞,免疫组化方法检测心肌细胞Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达,病理图像分析系统进行凋亡心肌细胞、Bcl-2及Bax蛋白的表达分析。结果:与假手术组比较,给药组(Ⅳ、Ⅴ)心肌细胞的Bcl-2蛋白表达显著增多(P0.05),Bax蛋白表达略增加(P0.05)和显著降低(P0.05),心肌细胞凋亡明显减少(P0.05);心肌细胞组织结构损害明显减轻;对照组与假手术组比较线粒体有显著变化(P0.01),给药组(Ⅳ、Ⅴ)与假手术组比较线粒体变化程度差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:参附注射液能明显抑制心肌缺血/再灌注损伤引起的心肌细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与上调Bcl-2蛋白表达,下调Bax蛋白表达和保护线粒体相关。     

缺血后处理对高血脂大鼠缺血再灌注心肌Bcl-2及Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察缺血后处理对高血脂大鼠缺血再灌注心肌Bcl-2及Bax蛋白表达的影响.方法 选择高血脂SD大鼠36只,随机分为3组:假手术组、缺血再灌注组、缺血后处理组,每组12只.制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型.缺血再灌注组:收紧结扎线缺血40 min,放松结扎线再灌注240 min;缺血后处理组:缺血40 min后,再灌注10 s,缺血10 s,连续3个循环,然后再灌注240 min;假手术组:开胸后穿线做套环,但不收紧结扎线.再灌注结束后自右颈动脉采血测定血清肌酸激酶(CK)活性,用TUNEL法检测再灌注心肌凋亡程度,采用免疫组织化学方法检测Bcl-2及Bax蛋白的表达情况.结果 ①血清中CK活性的测定:再灌注结束后缺血后处理组和缺血再灌注组CK活性明显高于假手术组[分别为(789.68±67.34),(932.86±84.17),(252.48±19.78)U/L,P<0.05],缺血后处理组明显低于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05).②心肌凋亡细胞计数:再灌注结束后假手术组未见明显细胞凋亡(<5%),缺血后处理组心肌细胞凋亡率明显低于缺血再灌注组[分别为(11.9±2.7)%,(21.2±3.5)%,P<0.05].③与缺血再灌注组相比,缺血后处理组Bcl-2蛋白表达增加(P<0.05),Bax蛋白表达减低(P<0.05).结论 缺血后处理可以增加高血脂大鼠缺血再灌注心肌Bcl-2蛋白表达、降低Bax蛋白表达,进而抑制凋亡.     

Redox signaling triggers protection during the reperfusion rather than the ischemic phase of preconditioning

In ischemic preconditioning (IPC) brief ischemia/reperfusion renders the heart resistant to infarction from any subsequent ischemic insult. Protection results from binding of surface receptors by ligands released during the preconditioning ischemia. The downstream pathway involves redox signaling as IPC will not protect in the presence of a free radical scavenger. To determine when in the IPC protocol the redox signaling occurs, seven groups of isolated rabbit hearts were studied. All hearts underwent 30 min of coronary branch occlusion and 2 h of reperfusion. IPC groups were subjected to 5 min of regional ischemia followed by 10 min of reperfusion prior to the 30-min coronary occlusion. The Control group had only the 30-min occlusion and 2-h reperfusion. In the second group IPC preceded the index coronary occlusion. The third group was also preconditioned, but the free radical scavenger N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine (MPG 300 microM) was infused during the 10-min reperfusion and therefore was present in the myocardium in the distribution of the snared coronary artery during the entire reperfusion phase and also during the subsequent 30-min ischemia. In another preconditioned group MPG was added to the perfusate before the preconditioning ischemia and therefore was present in the tissue only during the preconditioning ischemia and then was washed out during reperfusion. In the fifth group MPG was added to the perfusate for only the last 5 min of the preconditioning reperfusion and therefore was present in the tissue during the last minutes of the reperfusion phase and the 30 min of ischemia. In an additional group of IPC hearts MPG was infused for only the initial 5 min of the preconditioning reperfusion and then allowed to wash out so that the scavenger was present for only the first half of the reperfusion phase. Infarct and risk zone sizes were measured by triphenyltetrazolium staining and fluorescent microspheres, resp. IPC reduced infarct size from 31.3 +/- 2.7% of the ischemic zone in control hearts to only 8.4 +/- 1.9%. MPG completely blocked IPC's protection in the third (39.4 +/- 2.8%) and sixth (36.1 +/- 7.7%) groups but did not affect its protection in groups 4 (8.1 +/- 1.5%) or 5 (7.8 +/- 1.1%). When deoxygenated buffer was used during IPC's reperfusion phase in the seventh group of hearts, protection was lost and infarct size was increased over that seen in control hearts (74.5 +/- 9.0%). Hence redox signaling occurs during the reperfusion phase of IPC, and the critical component in that reperfusion phase appears to be molecular oxygen.     

右美托咪定联合远隔缺血预处理对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的 研究右美托咪定联合远隔缺血预处理对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤（MI/RI）的影响以及探讨其对细胞凋亡的影响 方法 选取80例择期体外循环下行心脏瓣膜术病患，随机分成4组(n = 20)；对照组（C组）, 远隔缺血预处理组（R组），右美托咪定组（D组），右美托咪定联合远隔缺血预处理组(DR组)；R组于麻醉诱导后行上肢缺血预处理，D组将盐酸右美托咪定以1 μg/kg负荷剂量泵注10 min后以0.41 μg/ (kg·h)注入至手术结束，DR组联合应用D组和R组两种方法；测主动脉阻断前（T₀）、体外循环结束时（T₁）和结束手术后（T₂）血浆肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)浓度。检测T₀和T₁ 时Bcl-2和Bax蛋白含量及计数心肌细胞凋亡指数（AI）。 结果 T₁和T₂时，与对照组比较，各组血浆cTnI均降低(P<0.05)。与阻断主动脉前相比，体外循环结束后4组心肌组织Bcl-2、Bax蛋白值含量和AI均升高，Bcl-2/Bax下降（P<0.05）；与C组比较，D组、R组和DR组Bcl-2、Bcl-2/Bax均增高，Bax和AI降低（P<0.05）；与R组、D组比较，DR组Bcl-2、Bcl-2/Bax升高，Bax和AI降低（P<0.05）。 结论 右美托咪定与远隔缺血预处理均能减轻MI/RI，二者联合作用优于单独使用，其机制可能与抑制细胞凋亡有关。     

β结合素与大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用机制

目的：研究大鼠心肌缺血、缺血再灌注、无创性缺血预处理以及氯化锂干预后心肌细胞β结合素的阳性表达率及细胞凋亡指数的变化,以探讨β结合素与心肌缺血、缺血再灌注的关系以及可能机制。方法将入选的60只大鼠随机分为假手术对照组（C ）、缺血组（I ）、缺血再灌注组（IR ）、氯化锂药物预处理组（PPC ）。以TUNEL方法评估各组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡情况,以免疫组化方法测定各组大鼠心肌细胞中β结合素的表达,并计算各组大鼠的心肌细胞凋亡指数及β结合素。结果与C组比较,I、IR、PPC四组凋亡指数均升高（ P＜0.05）,各组心肌细胞凋亡指数比较的结果为：IR组＞I组＞PPC组＞C组（各组两两比较均 P＜0.05）;各组心肌细胞β-cat阳性表达率比较的结果为：PPC组＞C组＞I组＞IR组。β-cat阳性表达率与凋亡指数呈负相关,R＝-0.90。结论β-cat阳性表达率与凋亡指数呈负相关,提示β-cat可以减少心肌缺血、缺血再灌注引起的细胞凋亡。     

缺血预适应减少心肌缺血损伤机制的研究

目的　通过对心肌缺血预适应的动物模型观察 ,探讨细胞凋亡在其中的作用 ,以及p5 3,bcl 2 ,Bax基因对其发生进行的调控。方法　采用TUNEL标记技术研究心肌缺血预适应心肌细胞中细胞凋亡现象 ,并采用免疫组化染色技术及原位分子杂交技术研究p5 3,bcl 2及Bax基因的蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果　缺血预适应组 (P)及非缺血预适应组 (NP)非缺血区均未见凋亡细胞 ,但在P组缺血区可见散在的凋亡细胞 ,而在NP组缺血区则多见。P组p5 3蛋白表达显著低于NP组 ,bcl 2蛋白表达在P组显著高于NP组 ,Bax蛋白表达在P组显著低于NP组 ,并且bcl 2 /Bax的比值P组与NP组相比显著升高。P组p5 3基因mRNA表达显著低于NP组 ,bcl 2基因mRNA表达在P组显著高于NP组。结论　心肌缺血预适应对心肌的保护可通过抑制细胞凋亡来实现 ,并且通过bcl 2表达增加 ,p5 3、Bax表达减少对其进行调控。     

脂质胞壁酸诱导的预适应对自发性高血压大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨脂质胞壁酸(LTA)诱导的延迟预适应对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心脏缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤的保护作用及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)是否参与其作用。方法:采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支30min,再灌注复制大鼠心肌I/R模型,结扎前24h注射LTA,检测心肌再灌注60min后血清心肌型肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),并用dUTP缺口末端标记法检测心肌细胞凋亡,用Western Blot方法检测凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白表达。同时采用实时RT-PCR技术和Western Blot方法分别检测心肌再灌注末iNOS mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果:与I/R组比较,LTA预适应组能显著减少室性心律失常(VA)评分值(P<0.01);LTA预适应还能明显减少I/R后血清CK-MB和LDH的漏出(P<0.01,P<0.05),减少心肌细胞凋亡(P<0.01),凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2表达明显上调(P<0.01),而Bax蛋白表达则下调(P<0.01)。再灌注末,预适应组iNOS mRNA的平均相对表达量较I/R组增加了0.71倍(P<0.01),LTA预适应组iNOS蛋白的表达量较I/R组增加了0.96倍(P<0.05)。不论在LTA预适应前或缺血前期给予iNOS抑制剂氨基胍或是单独给予氨基胍,上述观测指标均与I/R组比较差异无统计学意义。结论:LTA预适应能显著减轻SHRI/R导致肥厚心肌的坏死和细胞凋亡,iNOS/NO作为触发和效应环节在介导LTA预适应中发挥关键作用。     

Ischemic preconditioning protects the mouse liver by inhibition of apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway.

A short period of ischemia and reperfusion, called ischemic preconditioning, protects various tissues against subsequent sustained ischemic insults. We previously showed that apoptosis of hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells is a critical mechanism of injury in the ischemic liver. Because caspases, calpains, and Bcl-2 have a pivotal role in the regulation of apoptosis, we hypothesized that ischemic preconditioning protects by inhibition of apoptosis through down-regulation of caspase and calpain activities and up-regulation of Bcl-2. A preconditioning period of 10 minutes of ischemia followed by 15 minutes of reperfusion maximally protected livers subjected to prolonged ischemia. After reperfusion, serum aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were reduced up to 3-fold in preconditioned animals. All animals subjected to 75 minutes of ischemia died, whereas all those who received ischemic preconditioning survived. Apoptosis of hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells, assessed by in situ TUNEL assay and DNA fragmentation by gel electrophoresis, was dramatically reduced with preconditioning. Caspase activity, measured by poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteolysis and a specific caspase-3 fluorometric assay, was inhibited by ischemic preconditioning. The antiapoptotic mechanism did not involve calpain-like activity or Bcl-2 expression because levels were similar in control and preconditioned livers. In conclusion, ischemic preconditioning confers dramatic protection against prolonged ischemia via inhibition of apoptosis through down-regulation of caspase 3 activity, independent of calpain-like activity or Bcl-2 expression.     

Omapatrilat Limits Infarct Size and Lowers the Threshold for Induction of Myocardial Preconditioning Through a Bradykinin Receptor-Mediated Mechanism

Bradykinin is an important endogenous trigger of myocardial ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Through simultaneous inhibition of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin converting enzyme, omapatrilat prevents enzymatic degradation of bradykinin. The aim of this study was to investigate if omapatrilat, through its ability to augment bradykinin levels, can augment a subthreshold IPC stimulus (Sub-IPC) and to compare the action of omapatrilat with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril. Langendorff perfused rat hearts were subjected to 35 min left coronary artery occlusion and 120 min reperfusion. Full IPC was induced with 5 min global ischemia/10 min reperfusion and substantially limited infarct size (21.5 +/- 3.5% of risk zone vs 53.4 +/- 2.0% in controls, P < 0.01). Sub-IPC (2 min global ischemia/10 min reperfusion) did not limit infarct size (48.4 +/- 3.8%). Omapatrilat (10 micromol/L) or captopril (200 micromol/L) were administered alone or in conjunction with Sub-IPC. Reduced infarct size comparable to that observed with the full IPC protocol was seen when sub-IPC was combined with either omapatrilat (19.7 +/- 2.5%) or captopril (20.3 +/- 4.9%). Omapatrilat alone caused modest reduction of infarct size (34.6 +/- 1.5%, P < 0.01 v control), an effect not observed with captopril. Hoe140, a selective kinin B(2) receptor antagonist, eliminated the cardioprotective effect of omaptrilat alone or in combination with sub-IPC. We conclude that omapatrilat elicits cardioprotection via inhibition of bradykinin degradation and that dual inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase may have beneficial effects beyond standard angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes who are at risk of myocardial infarction.     

Effect of ischemic preconditioning on P-selectin expression in hepatocytes of rats with cirrhotic ischemia-reperfusion injury

AIM: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of liver cirrhosis in rats and the effect of IPC on P-selectin expression in hepatocytes.METHODS: Forty male SD rats with liver cirrhosis were randomly divided into sham operation group (SO group),ischemia/reperfusion group (I/R group), ischemic preconditioning group (IPC group), L-Arginine preconditioning group (APC group), L-NAME preconditioning group (NPC group), eight rats in each group. Hepatocellular viability was assessed by hepatic adenine nucleotide level and energy charge (EC) determined by HPLC, ALT, AST and LDH in serum measured by auto- biochemical analyzer and bile output.The expression of P-selectin in the liver tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemical technique. Leukocyte count in ischemic hepatic lobe was calculated.RESULTS: At 120 min after reperfusion, the level of ATP and EC in IPC and APC groups was higher than that in I/R group significantly. The increases in AST, ALT and LDH were prevented in IPC and APC groups. The livers produced more bile in IPC group than in I/R group during 120 min after reperfusion (0.101±0.027 versus 0.066±0.027 ml/g liver,P=0.002). There was a significant difference between APC and I/R groups, (P=0.001). The leukocyte count in liver tissues significantly increased in I/R group as compared with SO group (P＜0.05). The increase in the leukocyte count was prevented in IPC group. Administration of L-arginine resulted in the same effects as in IPC group. However,inhibition of NO synthesis (NPC group) held back the beneficial effects of preconditioning. Significant promotion of P-selectin expression in hepatocytes in the I/R group was observed compared with the SO group (P＜0.01). IPC or L-arginine attenuated P-selectin expression remarkably (P＜0.01). However, inhibition of NO synthesis enhanced Pselectin expression (P＜0.01). The degree of P-selectin expression was positively correlated with the leukocyte counts infiltrating in liver (r=0.602, P=0.000).CONCLUSION: IPC can attenuate the damage induced by I/R in cirrhotic liver and increase the ischemic tolerance of the rats with liver cirrhosis. IPC can abolish I/R induced leukocyte adhesion and infiltration by preventing postischemic P-selectin expression in the rats with liver cirrhosis via a NO-initiated pathway.     

通心络胶囊减轻再灌注诱导的家兔心肌细胞凋亡效应的研究

目的观察通心络胶囊的抗心肌细胞凋亡效应,并探讨凋亡相关基因蛋白Bcl-2和Bax在其中的作用.方法制备在体兔心肌缺血/再灌注模型,并随机分成3组,观察各组心肌梗死范围、心肌细胞凋亡以及Bcl-2和Bax的表达.用氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)确定心肌梗死范围.心肌细胞凋亡采用末端标记法(TUNEL)和DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳(DNA Laddering)检测,Bcl-2和Bax的表达用原位免疫组化检测.结果通心络组能明显缩小心肌梗死范围,凋亡细胞较生理盐水组稀疏,生理盐水组梗死周边心肌组织DNA呈云梯状条带,通心络组则较为整齐.结论通心络可抑制再灌注诱导的心肌细胞凋亡,抑制Bcl-2、Bax的表达.     

犬急性心肌缺血早期心肌葡萄糖、脂肪酸代谢相关酶变化的初步研究

目的探讨急性心肌缺血早期,心肌葡萄糖、脂肪酸代谢相关酶信使核糖核酸(mRNA)及蛋白表达的变化。方法采用12只美国比格犬,分为对照组(假手术组)、心肌缺血组,缺血组分为心肌缺血20min组、心肌缺血40min组2个亚组,分别取非缺血区、缺血区心肌组织样品各1份。应用实时定量PCR(SYBRGreenRT-PCR)方法,测定磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、甘油醛-3-磷酸酯脱氢酶(GAPDH)、葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)和葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)、链乙酰辅酶-A-脱氢酶(MCAD)、心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)等基因mRNA的表达量。应用免疫组织化学检测GLUT1的表达。应用TUNEL阳性细胞计数法检测心肌细胞凋亡程度。结果(1)与对照组比较,缺血组mRNA表达明显增加的基因有GLUT1(P=0.044);mRNA有增加趋势的基因是PFK(P=0.065)。mRNA表达明显降低的基因有H-FABP(P=0.008)。(2)心肌缺血20min与40min组之间的比较发现,在缺血40min组心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白mRNA的表达呈下降的趋势,GLUT1、GLUT4、PFK和MCAD呈上升状态,但差异无统计学意义。(3)心肌缺血20min与40min组GLUT1的免疫组织化学检测结果都有阳性表达。(4)TUNEL阳性细胞计数法测得阳性细胞数,缺血组的平均值均高于假手术组,假手术组为(6.4±0.9)%,缺血20min组(28.0±3.7)%(P=0.008),缺血40min组(38.4±1.9)%(P=0.008)。结论即使是在急性心肌细胞缺血早期,心肌葡萄糖、脂肪酸代谢相关酶mRNA及蛋白的表达都有改变,这些酶mRNA表达的增减与无氧糖代谢的增强可能关系密切。     

糖尿病大鼠缺血/再灌注心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因表达的研究

目的观察链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠缺血/再灌注(I/R)模型心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因的表达。方法采用STZ(45 mg/kg)诱导大鼠糖尿病4周后制备心肌缺血30 min再灌注120 min模型,用2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑染色法(TTC)测定心肌梗死面积,用TUNEI法检测细胞凋亡,用免疫组化方法检测凋亡相关基因的表达,透射电镜观察心肌组织超微结构的凋亡改变。结果与非糖尿病组相比,糖尿病组大鼠由I/R损伤引起的心肌梗死面积并没有增加,但是细胞凋亡指数增加(17%±3%比26%±3%,P<0.001)、Bcl-2表达降低(11.0%±3.8%比3.8%±2.5%,P<0.001)、Bax表达升高(26%±3%比36%±7%,P<0.001)、超微结构观察心肌凋亡损伤更为严重。结论糖尿病大鼠I/R心肌细胞凋亡增加,这可能与凋亡相关基因Bcl-2表达降低、Bax表达升高有关。