Bioequivalence evaluation of norfloxacin 400 mg tablets (Uroxin and Noroxin) in healthy human volunteers

A bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of 400 mg norfloxacin was carried out in 18 healthy volunteers according to a single dose, two-sequence, cross-over randomized design at College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, jointly with King Khalid University Hospital. The two formulations were: Uroxin (Julphar, United Arab Emirates) as test and Noroxin (Merck Sharpe & Dohme, BV, Netherlands). Both test and reference formulations were administered to each subject after an overnight fasting on 2 treatment days separated by 1 week wash-out period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 24 h. Plasma harvested from blood, was analysed for norfloxacin by a sensitive, reproducible and accurate HPLC method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), C(max), T(max), T(1/2), and K(el) were determined from plasma concentrations for both the formulations and found to be in good agreement with reported values. AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), and C(max) were tested for bioequivalence after log-transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on ANOVA; 90% confidence interval for test/reference ratio of these parameters were found within a bioequivalence acceptance range of 80-125%. Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that Uroxin is bioequivalent to Noroxin.     

Bioequivalence evaluation of 320 mg gemifloxacin tablets in healthy volunteers

This study was done to compare the bioavailability of a new tablet formulation of gemifloxacin (gemifloxacin 320 mg/tablet) with that of the reference product (factive 320 mg/tablet). The bioequivalence of a single dose (320 mg) was assessed for gemifloxacin included in the test and reference products by comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters derived from the plasma concentration-time profiles following administration to 24 healthy male volunteers in a balanced, 2-period, 2-sequence, 2-way crossover design. Plasma concentrations of gemifloxacin were analyzed by a validated and sensitive HPLC assay developed in-house. The mean plasma concentration-time profiles are almost superimposable. 18 ANOVAs were performed to compare gemifloxacin plasma levels of the two formulations at each sampling time and there were no statistical differences between the two formulations. The parameters used to measure bioavailability were AUC0-t, AUC0-infinity and Cmax and they were calculated by a model-independent method. The parametric 90% confidence intervals of the mean values for the test/reference ratio were in each case well within the bioequivalence acceptable boundaries of 80-125% for AUCo-t, AUC0-infinity and Cmax. Data obtained in this study prove, by appropriate statistical methods, the essential similarity of plasma levels of gemifloxacin from the test product with those from the reference product suggesting equal clinical efficacy of these two products.     

Bioequivalence evaluation of 2 brands of cefuroxime axetil 250 mg tablets in healthy human volunteers

OBJECTIVE: To assess the bioequivalence of 2 oral cefuroxime axetil (250 mg) tablets formulation. The reference preparation was Zinadol/Glaxo Wellcome, England, while the test preparation was cefuroxime axetil/Pharmathen, Athens, Greece. SUBJECTS, MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was an open, randomized, 2-period, 2-sequence, 2-treatment crossover, involving 24 healthy male and female volunteers. All volunteers completed the study. Cefuroxime axetil plasma concentrations were measured utilizing a sensitive, reproducible and accurate HPLC method. Care was taken through the collection and analysis of the samples due to instability of cefuroxime axetil in light. Pharmacokinetic parameters used to assess bioequivalence were AUC(0-last), AUC(0-inf) for the extent of absorption and Cmax and tmax for the rate of absorption. Statistical evaluation of Cmax, AUC(0-last), and AUC(0-inf) was done using 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) after semilogarithmic transformation. Tmax values were tested using the distribution-free Hodges-Lehman interval. RESULTS: The parametric 90% confidence intervals for ratio T/R ranged from 98.91-111.65% (point estimate 105.09%) for AUC(0-last), 99.41-111.78% (point estimate 105.41%) for AUC(0-inf) and 87.61-102.89% (point estimate 94.95%) for Cmax, respectively. Based on the results of tmax, K(el) and t(1/2) there were no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: The 2 cefuroxime axetil preparations, examined in accordance with the European Union bioequivalence requirements, are equivalent with respect to rate and extent of absorption.     

Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of cefuroxime 500 mg tablets (Cefuzime and Zinnat) in healthy human volunteers

A bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of 500 mg cefuroxime axetil was carried out in 24 healthy volunteers following a single dose, standard two-treatment cross-over design at the College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, working jointly with King Khalid University Hospital. The two formulations used were Cefuzime (Julphar, United Arab Emirates) as the test and Zinnat (Glaxo Wellcome, England) as the reference product. Both test and reference tablets were administered to each subject after an overnight fasting on two treatment days separated by a 1-week washout period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 8 h. Plasma harvested from blood was analysed for cefuroxime by a sensitive, reproducible and accurate high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), C(max), T(max), T(1/2) and K(el) were determined from plasma concentrations of both formulations and found to be in good agreement with reported values. AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) were tested for bioequivalence after log-transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on an analysis of variance (ANOVA); 90% confidence interval for test/reference ratio of these parameters were found within bioequivalence acceptance range of 80-125%. Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that Cefuzime is bioequivalent to Zinnat.     

Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of aceclofenac 100 mg tablets (Aceclofar and Bristaflam) in healthy human volunteers

A randomized, two-way, crossover, bioequivalence study in 24 fasting, healthy, male volunteers was conducted to compare two brands of aceclofenac 100 mg tablets, Aceclofar (Julphar, UAE) as test and Bristaflam (Bristol Myers Squibb, Egypt) as the reference product. The drug was administered with 240 ml of water after a 10 h overnight fast on two treatment days separated by 1 week washout period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 24 h. Plasma harvested from blood was analysed for aceclofenac by a validated HPLC method with UV-visible detection capable of detecting aceclofenac in the range 0.2-8.0 microg/ml with the limit of quantitation as 0.2 microg/ml. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC(0-t), AUC(0- infinity ), C(max), T(max), T(1/2), and lambda(Z) were determined from plasma concentrations for both formulations and found to be in good agreement with reported values. AUC(0-t), AUC(0- infinity), and C(max) were tested for bioequivalence after log-transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on ANOVA; 90% confidence interval (100.0%-106.4% for AUC(0-t), 100.2%-106.8% for AUC(0- infinity ); 83.3%-102.8% for C(max)) of test/reference ratio for these parameters were found to be within the bioequivalence acceptance range of 80%-125%. Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that Aceclofar is bioequivalent to Bristaflam.     

Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of enalapril 20 mg tablets (Narapril and Renitec) in healthy human volunteers

The bioequivalence of two brands of enalapril 20 mg tablets was demonstrated in 24 healthy human volunteers after a single oral dose in a randomized cross-over study, conducted at IPRC, Amman, Jordan. Reference (Renitec, MSD, Netherlands) and test (Narapril, Julphar, UAE) products were administered to fasted male volunteers; blood samples were collected at specified time intervals, plasma separated and analysed for enalapril and its active metabolite (enalaprilat) using a validated LC-MS/MS method at Cartesius Analytical Unit, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The pharmacokinetic parameters AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), Cmax, Tmax, T(1/2) and elimination rate constant were determined from plasma concentration-time profile for both formulations and were compared statistically to evaluate bioequivalence between the two brands, using the statistical modules recommended by FDA. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) did not show any significant difference between the two formulations and 90% confidence intervals fell within the acceptable range for bioequivalence. Based on these statistical inferences it was concluded that the two brands exhibited comparable pharmacokinetic profiles and that Julphar's Narapril is bioequivalent to Renitec of MSD, Netherlands.     

Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of furosemide 40 mg tablets (Salurin and Lasix) in healthy human volunteers

A randomized, two-way, crossover, bioequivalence study was conducted in 24 fasting, healthy, male volunteers to compare two brands of furosemide 40 mg tablets, Salurin (Julphar, UAE) as test and Lasix (Hoechst AG, Germany) as reference product. The study was performed at the International Pharmaceutical Research Centre (IPRC), in a joint venture with Al-Mowasah Hospital, Amman, Jordan. One tablet of either formulation was administered with 240 ml of water after a 10 h overnight fast. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 12 h. Plasma harvested from blood was analysed for furosemide by a validated HPLC method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), C(max), T(max), T(1/2), and elimination rate constant were determined from plasma concentrations of both formulations. Statistical modules (ANOVA and 90% confidence intervals) were applied to AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), and C(max) to assess the bioequivalence of the two brands which revealed no significant difference between them, and 90% CI fell within the US FDA accepted bioequivalence range of 80%-125%. Based on these statistical inferences, Salurin was found to be bioequivalent to Lasix.     

Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of gliclazide 80 mg tablets (Glyzide & Diamicron)--in healthy human volunteers

A randomized, two-way, crossover, bioequivalence study in 24 fasting, healthy, male volunteers was conducted to compare two brands of gliclazide 80 mg tablets, Glyzide (Julphar, UAE) as test and Diamicron (Servier Industries, France) as reference product. The study was performed at the International Pharmaceutical Research Centre (IPRC), in joint venture with Speciality Hospital, Amman, Jordan. The drug was administered with 240 ml of 20% glucose solution after a 10 h overnight fasting. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 48 h. Plasma harvested from blood was analyzed for gliclazide by validated HPLC method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC(0-t), AUC(0- proportional, variant), C(max), T(max), T(1/2), and elimination rate constant were determined from plasma concentrations of both formulations. Statistical modules (ANOVA and 90% confidence intervals) were applied to AUC(0-t), AUC(0- proportional, variant), and C(max) for bioequivalence evaluation of the two brands which revealed no significant difference between them, and 90% CI fell within US FDA accepted bioequivalence range of 80-125%. Based on these statistical inferences, Glyzide was judged bioequivalent to Diamicron.     

Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of metformin 500 mg tablets (Dialon & Glucophage)--in healthy human volunteers

A randomized, two-way, crossover study was conducted in 24 fasting, healthy, male volunteers to compare the bioavailability of two brands of metformin 500 mg tablets; Dialon (Julphar, UAE) as test and Glucophage (Lipha Pharmaceutical Industries, France) as reference product. The study was performed at the International Pharmaceutical Research Centre (IPRC), in joint venture with Al-Mowasah Hospital, Amman, Jordan. The drug was administered with 240 ml of water after a 10-h overnight fasting on two treatment days separated by 1-week washout period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 30 h. Plasma harvested from blood was analyzed for metformin by validated HPLC method with UV-visible detector capable to detect metformin in the range of 0.05-5.0 microg/ml with limit of quantitation of 0.05 microg/ml. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC(0-t), AUC(0-proportional to), C(max), T(max), T(1/2), and lambda(Z) were determined from plasma concentrations of both formulations and found to be in good agreement with reported values. AUC(0-t), AUC(0-proportional to) and C(max) were tested for bioequivalence after log-transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on ANOVA; 90% confidence interval (97.9-110.8% for AUC(0-t), 97.4-110.7% for AUC(0-proportional to); 95.3-110.5% for C(max)) of test/reference ratio for these parameters were found within bioequivalence acceptance range of 80-125%. Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that Dialon is bioequivalent to Glucophage.     

塞克硝唑片剂健康人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究塞克硝唑试验片与参比片的生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。方法:20名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服塞克硝唑试验或参比制剂各2 g;采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度。结果:人体药动学研究表明,口服塞克硝唑片的药-时曲线符合一级吸收的单房室模型。试验片与参比片的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(2.30±1.06)和(2.28±1.10)h;Cmax分别为(49.63±6.35)和(46.17±4.24)mg/L;t1/2分别为(28.84±3.41)和(29.05±4.01)h;AUC0-96分别为(1832.06±180.15)和(1847.14±204.14)mg.h-1.L-1;相对生物利用度为(99.99±11.92)%。结论:塞克硝唑片两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

卵磷脂络合碘片的人体生物等效性考察

目的评价卵磷脂络合碘片的药物动力学特征。方法用催化光度法测定血药质量浓度;采用双周期交叉试验设计,18名受试者单剂量口服4.5 mg受试制剂与参比制剂,用Das 2.0软件计算两者的药物动力学参数。结果受试制剂与参比制剂中卵磷脂络合碘的主要药物动力学参数tm ax、mρax、t1/2、AUC0-48、AUC0-∞分别为(1.3±0.4)、(1.2±0.3)h,(34.5±9.5)、(34.6±12.7)μg.L-1,(5.8±3.2)、(5.7±3.8)h,(176.7±34.9)、(171.9±49.4)μg.h.L-1,(188.2±37.6)、(194.4±60.2)μg.h.L-1;主要药物动力学参数无显著性差异;受试制剂的相对生物利用度(F)为(107.4±23.3)%。结论受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

左乙拉西坦片在中国成年健康志愿者的生物等效性及安全性评价

目的：探讨两种左乙拉西坦片在健康人体内的药代动力学行为,并评价两种制剂间的生物等效性。方法20名健康成年男性受试者随机分为2组,每组10名,分别交叉单剂量口服左乙拉西坦片试验药物或参比药物0．5 g,2次给药间隔1周。用LC／MS／MS法测定血浆中左乙拉西坦浓度,用WinNonlin 6．3计算药代动力学参数。结果受试者口服试验药物和参比药物后,左乙拉西坦的主要药代动力学参数如下：t1／2分别为（8．01±1．16）,（8．02±0．93） h,tmax分别为（0．61±0．41）,（0．76±0．61） h,Cmax分别为（13．65±2．63）,（13．15±2．30）μg? mL－1,AUC0－t分别为（115．84±12．75 ） , （119．29±15．29）μg? mL－1? h, AUC0－∞分别为（121．44±15．17）,（124．89±16．73）μg? mL－1? h。试验药物和参比药物AUC0－t相对生物利用度是（97．55±7．06）％。试验期间未发生严重不良事件。结论受试药物和参比药物具有生物等效性。     

头孢丙烯片生物等效性研究

目的 建立高效液相色谱.串联质谱联用法测定人血浆中头孢丙烯浓度,对国产头孢丙烯片受试与参比制剂进行人体药动学和生物等效性研究.方法 22例男性健康受试者双周期、交叉、随机、单剂量口服0.5g头孢丙烯片剂,2次试验间隔为7d.应用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法测定血药浓度,计算药动学参数.结果 头孢丙烯血药浓度在0.0190-14.2μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,日内、日间精密度良好,RSD均小于15%,准确度均在士15%范围内.头孢丙烯受试与参比制剂的主要药动学参数C_(max)分别为(9.49±1.55)和(10.06±1.70)μg/mL;T_(max)分别为(1.71±0.45)h和(1.61±0.46)h;t_(1/2)分别为(1.58±0.25)h和(1.59±0.26)h:AUC_(0-12)分别为(32.473±4.343)h·μg/mL和(32.541±3.548)h·μg/mL,头孢丙烯受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(100.7±15.8)%.结论 本分析方法操作简便,结果准确可靠,统计分析结果表明2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

兰索拉唑片的人体生物等效性研究

目的 研究兰索拉唑在健康人体内的药物动力学,评价供试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性.方法 20名健康男性志愿者按自身交叉对照设计,单剂量口服30 mg兰索拉唑供试片和参比片.采用HPLC法测定不同时间点血浆中兰索拉唑的药物浓度,用DAS软件处理所得数据,评价其生物等效性.结果 兰索拉唑供试制剂和参比制剂的Cmax分别为0.87±0.36、0.95±0.43 μg·ml-1;Tmax分别为3.30±0.97、3.40 ±0.90 h;T1/2分别为2.42 ±1.67、1.84±0.99h;AUC0-24h分别为3.47±1.81、3.57±2.53μg·ml-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为4.10±3.31、3.90±3.36 μg·ml-1.h.其相对生物利用度F0～24h、F0-∞分别为111.8%±55.5%、1 15.3%±52.9%.结论 新建立方法准确、可靠、简便.两制剂具有生物等效性.     

尼麦角林在健康人体中的生物等效性

目的:研究两种尼麦角林片剂在健康人体的生物等效性。方法:20名健康志愿者随机双交叉、单剂量口服受试制剂尼麦角林片和参比制剂尼麦角林片,剂量均为20mg,剂间间隔为1周。其中尼麦角林在体内的最主要的代谢产物为10α-甲氧基-9,10-二氢麦角醇(MDL),故用LC-MS内标法测定血浆中MDL浓度,应用DAS药动学程序进行有关药代动力学参数、相对生物利用度计算,并根据新药审批指导原则评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果:表明该分析方法专属性强,方法简便。受试制剂与参比制剂的药代动力学参数,尼麦角林:tmax分别为(3.3±0.9)和(3.2±0.7)h,t1/2分别为(12.9±4.0)和(12.8±2.4)h,Cmax分别为(23±6)和(22±6)μg/L,AUC0-t分别为(291±51)和(282±44)μg.L-1.h,AUC0-∞分别为(316±50)和(299±46)μg.L-1.h。尼麦角林的相对生物利用度为(104±17)%。结论:两种尼麦角林片剂在健康人体具有生物等效性。     

阿奇霉素片剂的人体生物等效性

目的评价单剂量口服2种阿奇霉素片剂后的人体药动学和生物等效性。方法20名男性健康受试者随机分成2组,采用自身对照交叉给药的方式,单剂量口服2种阿奇霉素片剂500 mg,采用HPLC-MS法测定血药浓度;计算药动学参数及相对生物利用度,评价其生物等效性。结果20名受试者口服阿奇霉素试验制剂和参比制剂后的药动学参数分别为:tmax (1．9±0．4)、(2．1±0．5)h;ρmax(382．67±94．96)、(390．00±57．80)μg·L-1;t1/2(48．40±7．92)、(47．08±7．66)h;AUC0→144h (3 525．31±949．10)、(3708．13±1 085．98)μg·h·L-1;AUG0→∞(3 894．86±1138．13)、(4 054．76±1 238．47)μg·h·L-1。试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(97．4±16．5)％。结论2种片剂具有生物等效性。     

扎来普隆片人体生物等效性

目的 :评价国产扎来普隆片和胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法 :采用高效液相色谱荧光检测法 ,测定 2 0名健康男性志愿者单次交叉口服 1 5mg扎来普隆供试片和参比胶囊后血浆中不同时间点药物浓度 ,用 3P97程序 ,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度 ,评价两制剂的生物等效性。结果 :扎来普隆供试片和参比胶囊的药 时曲线均符合一房室模型 ,其AUC0 - 8分别为 (1 2 3 .6± 2 5 .6) μg·L- 1 ·h与 (1 2 8.6± 2 9.0 ) μg·L- 1 ·h ;Cmax分别为 (55 .9± 1 6 .2 ) μg·L- 1 与 (6 1 .6± 1 6 .7) μg·L- 1 ;Tpeak分别为 (1 .0± 0 .3)h与 (0 .99± 0 .2 2 )h ;T1 /2ke分别为 (1 .0 0± 0 .2 9)h与 (0 .93± 0 .1 3)h。经配对t检验 ,各药动学参数均无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5)。结论 :供试片相对于参比胶囊的人体生物利用度为 (97.7± 1 4 .5) % ,两制剂具有生物等效性     

地奥司明片的生物等效性

目的研究地奥司明片的人体生物等效性。方法20名健康男性受试者采用2种制剂双周期交叉试验设计,分别单剂量口服1g地奥司明片试验制剂(T)和参比制剂(R)。采用HPLC紫外检测法测定血浆中地奥司明代谢物地奥亭浓度。结果T与R的主要药动学参数分别为:t_(max)(1.04±0.17)和(0.96±0.09)h;ρ_(max)(1150.995±176.231)和(1179.677±203.309)μg·L~(-1);AUC_(0→48)(8206.344±1845.794)和(8589.119±1517.918)μg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0→∞)(10941.115±3191.603)和(11036.951±2 464.906)μg·h·L~(-1),t(1/2)(21.925±13.042)和(21.360±10.555)h。相对生物利用度:(97.05±21.748)%。药动学参数经多因素方差分析显示周期间与制剂间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),双单侧t检验表明接受T与R生物等效的假设,经计算90%置信区间均在规定值内。结论T与R具生物等效性。     

硫唑嘌呤片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究硫唑嘌呤片(免疫抑制剂)在健康人体的相对生物利用度并评价其生物等效性。方法20名健康志愿者自身交叉、单剂量口服硫唑嘌呤受试和参比制剂各100 mg后,用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中其代谢物6-巯基嘌呤浓度。应用DAS软件计算药代动力学参数和相对生物利用度。结果6-巯基嘌呤受试制剂和参比制剂的平均药物浓度-时间曲线均符合一室模型,主要药代动力学参数:t1/2分别为(1.30±0.25),(1.30±0.34)h;tmax分别为(1.25±0.16),(1.24±0.21)h;Cmax分别为(48.44±17.09),(52.32±24.37)μg.L-1;AUC0-t分别为(89.49±19.25),(91.90±25.31)μg.h.L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(96.11±19.74),(98.36±24.66)μg.h.L-1。与参比制剂比较,受试制剂的相对生物利用度F0-t为(99.62±15.29)%,F0-∞为(99.39±13.59)%。结论2种硫唑嘌呤制剂具有生物等效性。     

秋水仙碱片在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性

目的研究秋水仙碱片(痛风性关节炎药)在健康人体的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法健康志愿者18名,用随机双交叉试验方法,单剂量po受试及参比制剂1mg,剂间隔为2周。用液质联用法测定血浆中秋水仙碱浓度,计算2者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。结果单剂量po试验及参比制剂的Cmax分别为(6.38±2.75),(6.63±3.12)μg.L-1;tmax分别为(1.7±1.3),(1.5±0.7)h;t1/2分别为(17.28±5.59),(15.78±2.58)h;AUC0-48分别为(50.19±14.93),(48.22±16.23)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-inf分别为(57.70±15.91),(54.24±18.12)μg.h.L-1;以AUC0-t计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(110.3±39.1)%。结论2制剂在单剂量下具有生物等效性。