Studies on seminiferous tubule fluid production in the adult rat: effect of hypophysectomy and treatment with FSH, LH and testosterone

Seminiferous tubule fluid production in adult rats was studied using the technique of unilateral efferent duct ligation (EDL), the production rate representing the difference in testis weight over the time since ligation. Following EDL, fluid production increases linearly for 6 h and linearly at a slightly slower rate for a further 18 h with a sharp decrease thereafter. No differences in fluid production were noted for rats aged between 90–310 days. Forty-eight hours after hypophysectomy there was a significant fall (26%) in fluid production prior to any significant decrease in testis weight. Fluid production continued to decline with time after hypophysectomy eventually reaching a plateau 16–44 days later at levels approximately 15% of those found in control rats. Treatment of rats hypophysectomized 4 days earlier with ovine FSH for 3 days did not restore fluid production, but treatment with ovine LH, testosterone propionate (TP) or FSH together with TP for a similar duration all restored fluid production to normal. On the other hand, treatment of intact adult rats with ovine LH significantly increased fluid production but the effect of treatment with testosterone alone did not reach significance. The results indicate that in the adult rat, seminiferous tubule fluid production is controlled principally by testosterone secreted by the Leydig cell in response to LH stimulation.     

Human bone morphogenetic protein 7 transfected nucleus pulposus cells delay the degeneration of intervertebral disc in dogs

The main reason for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is the decrease in the quantity and activity of IVD cells with subsequent reduction of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we investigated a cell‐based repair strategy by injecting nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) transduced with human bone morphogenetic protein (hBMP7) by adeno‐associated virus‐2 into the canine degenerative IVD to determine whether NPCs expressing hBMP7 could delay the degeneration of the IVD. Fourteen canines received annular punctures to induce disc degeneration. Eight weeks later, saline (group A), allogeneic NPCs (group B), or allogeneic NPCs transduced with hBMP7 (group C) were injected into the degenerative discs. Twelve weeks after the injection, MRI scan showed that the degeneration process of groups C was slower and less severe compared with that of groups B and C. The IVD stability in group C was superior to that in groups A and B in left‐right bending and rotation. HE, safranin‐O staining, and ELISA indicated that the degenerative degree of the IVD in group C was significantly milder than that in groups A and B. The study demonstrated that the implantation of NPCs‐hBMP7 could effectively maintained the structural integrity, ECM, and biomechanical properties of the canine degenerated discs. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1311–1322, 2017.

     

Mixed granulosa-Sertoli sex cord-stromal tumor of the testis: clinical,ultrasonic and histopathological features: a case report

Testicular sex cord-stromal tumors are less common in men, while mixed sex cord-stromal tumors (MSCSTs) are rarer. Recently, we found a MSCST in an adult male testis [adult granulosa cell tumor (AGCT) with Sertoli cell tumor]. He was admitted to the hospital based on “left testicular bloating and dull pain for 20 years and aggravating for 10 days”. Routine examination of color Doppler ultrasound showed a size of approximately 1.09 cm × 0.79 cm in the left testis with a low echo area, clear outline, and color flow in it. The patient underwent a radical left orchiectomy to remove the tumor. Pathological results showed that the tumor was diagnosed as testicular MSCST (AGCT with Sertoli cell tumor). He was in good health after the operation and showed no signs of recurrence or metastasis after 6 months of follow-up. We summarized the clinical, ultrasonic, and histopathological characteristics of this case. And immunohistochemical staining was very important in the pathological diagnosis of testicular MSCSTs, which can distinguish different tumor types. MSCSTs were usually mixed Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, while this case is a MSCST of AGCT with Sertoli cell tumor, which is unique from other cases. Moreover, in this case, the doctors could not clearly diagnose the tumor through pre-operative physical, ultrasonic and laboratory examinations until the postoperative pathological examination. This further reflected the importance of pathological examination in the diagnosis of such tumors.     

Assessment of the role of Leydig cell products other than testosterone in spermatogenesis and fertility in adult rats

Adult male rats were treated with ethane dimethanesulphonate (EDS) to destroy the Leydig cells and were then supplemented for 3-10 weeks with testosterone esters (TE) by injection every 3 days. The latter treatment prevented Leydig cell regeneration but maintained quantitatively the androgen-dependent aspects of spermatogenesis, as judged by germ cell counts at stage VII of the spermatogenic cycle. Other than the absence of Leydig cells, the testes of EDS-treated, TE-supplemented rats showed only two morphological changes, (1) the appearance of mast cells throughout the interstitium, and (2) a 3- to 4-fold increase in the number of degenerating germ cells (secondary spermatocytes) at stages XIV-I; this was reflected in a significant decrease in the ratio of spermatids to pachytene spermatocytes at stage VII. These changes were not observed in either oil-treated or TE-treated control rats although similar, but less marked, changes in cell degeneration at stages XIV-I were observed in rats actively immunized against oxytocin. Epididymal sperm number was reduced marginally (approximately 15%) in EDS-treated, TE-supplemented rats while sperm motility was affected even less. In a serial mating trial, some of these treated rats showed evidence of subfertility/infertility, but this was mostly transient and may have been the result of epididymal effects of EDS. These results suggest that Leydig cell products other than testosterone are not essential for maintenance of spermatogenesis and fertility in rats, although because of increased germ cell degeneration during the final stages of meiosis (perhaps as the result of oxytocin withdrawal), a small reduction in sperm count may occur.     

Effects of aging and degeneration on the human intervertebral disc during the diurnal cycle: A finite element study

A significant biochemical change that takes place in intervertebral disc degeneration is the loss of proteoglycans in the nucleus pulposus. Proteoglycans attract fluid, which works to reduce mechanical stresses in the solid matrix of the nucleus and provide a hydrostatic pressure to the annulus fibrosus, whose fibrous nature accommodates this stress. Our goals are to develop an osmo‐poroelastic finite element model to study the relationship between proteoglycan content and the stress distribution within the disc and to analyze the effects of degeneration on the disc's diurnal mechanical response. Stress in the annulus increased with degeneration from ～0.2 to 0.4 MPa, and an increase occurred in the center of the nucleus from 1.2 to 1.6 MPa. The osmotic pressure in the central nucleus region decreased the most with degeneration, from ～0.42 to ～0.1 MPa in a severely dehydrated disc. A 3% decrease in diurnal fluid lost with degeneration equated to ～21% decrease in fluid exchange, and hence a decrease in nutrients that require convection to enter the disc. We quantified the increases in internal stresses in the nucleus and annulus throughout the various stages of degeneration, suggesting that these changes lead to further remodeling of the tissue. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:122–128, 2012     

便秘大鼠肠壁内一氧化氮合酶表达和肠嗜铬细胞改变的可复性研究

目的 观察便秘模型大鼠回肠和结肠一氧化氮合酶和肠嗜铬细胞的变化及自然恢复情况,了解大黄所致便秘的可恢复性.方法 Wistar大鼠60只,按照完全随机的方法分为便秘组、恢复组、对照组,便秘组和恢复组给予大黄建立便秘大鼠模型,恢复组于建立模型完成后任其自然恢复6周.以放射免疫方法和免疫组织化学方法测定比较各组大鼠回肠和结肠一氧化氮合酶和肠嗜铬细胞的变化.结果 便秘组和恢复组大鼠的回肠、结肠NOS含量均明显升高(P<0.05),恢复组回肠NOS含量明显低于便秘组(P<0.05),恢复组结肠NOS含量与便秘组比较无差别(P>0.05).便秘组大鼠肠道5-HT免疫反应阳性的肠嗜铬细胞密度高于对照组,(回肠、横结肠P<0.05).恢复组大鼠肠道5-HT免疫反应阳性的肠嗜铬细胞密度低于便秘组(回肠、横结肠P<0.05)但高于对照组 (回肠、横结肠P<0.05).结论 长期应用大黄等蒽醌类泻剂对肠道神经系统有明显的损害作用,回肠和结肠NOS含量和肠嗜铬细胞密度升高,停用大黄恢复性饲养6周后肠道神经递质部分恢复.     

动静力失衡对大鼠颈椎不同节段椎间盘退变影响的显微CT形态学和组织学研究

目的:评价大鼠动静力失衡颈椎退变模型对C4～C7各节段终板磨损面积、椎间高度和椎间盘退变的影响,并分析终板磨损面积和椎间高度与椎间盘退变的相关性.方法:24只3月龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为模型组(14只)和对照组(10只).对照组仅做皮肤切口;模型组大鼠横向切断颈背部肌肉以及韧带,制作大鼠动静力失衡颈椎退变模型.术后12周、18周、24周分三次取大鼠颈椎标本.标本取材后进行显微CT扫描以及番红O快绿染色.测量C4/5、C5/6、C6/7各个节段椎间高度,计算上述三个节段的终板磨损比例,并对椎间盘退变程度进行评分.应用SPSS 13.0比较不同组相同节段椎间盘的终板磨损率,椎间高度和退变评分,并分析终板磨损率与椎间盘退变之间的相关性.结果:显微CT扫描发现模型组术后12周各个节段软骨终板均出现明显的磨损,磨损主要位于终板的腹侧.颈椎节段越高,磨损程度越轻.术后18周、24周,模型组C5/6、C6/7软骨终板磨损比例明显大于对照组,有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后各个时间点,模型组不同节段终板磨损率情况不同,其中C6/7节段明显大于C4/5节段(P＜0.05).组织学切片显示,软骨终板的形态学改变早期以磨损为主,晚期则出现了大量钙化.术后12周,模型组C5/6、C6/7椎间高度明显低于对照组,术后18周、24周时高度进一步下降.术后12周,模型组的各节段椎间盘退变评分明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).术后24周时,模型组C4/5退变评分为11.5±1.0分,C5/6为11.8±1.0分,C6/7为12.8±0.8分.不同节段椎间盘退变评分差异有显著性(P＜0.05),其中C6/7椎间盘退变评分最高,明显大于C4/5、C5/6节段(P＜0.05).相关分析显示:终板磨损比例与椎间盘高度、椎间盘退变评分具有明显的相关性.结论:在大鼠动静力失衡颈椎退变模型中C6/7终板磨损比例较大,椎间盘高度降低出现较早,组织学上椎间盘退变程度也较严重,是该模型椎间盘退变的主要节段.软骨终板的形态学改变与椎间高度的降低和椎间盘退变程度有明显的相关性.     

Quantitative T2* (T2 star) relaxation times predict site specific proteoglycan content and residual mechanics of the intervertebral disc throughout degeneration

Degeneration alters the biochemical composition of the disc, affecting the mechanical integrity leading to spinal instability. Quantitative T2* MRI probes water mobility within the macromolecular network, a potentially more sensitive assessment of disc health. We determined the relationship between T2* relaxation time and proteoglycan content, collagen content, and compressive mechanics throughout the degenerative spectrum. Eighteen human cadaveric lumbar (L4–L5) discs were imaged using T2* MRI. The T2* relaxation time at five locations (nucleous pulposus or NP, anterior annulus fibrosis or AF, posterior AF, inner AF, and outer AF) was correlated with sulfated‐glycosaminoglycan (s‐GAG) content, hydroxyproline content, and residual stress and strain at each location. T2* relaxation times were significantly correlated with s‐GAG contents in all test locations and were particularly strong in the NP (r = 0.944; p < 0.001) and inner AF (r = 0.782; p < 0.001). T2* relaxation times were also significantly correlated with both residual stresses and excised strains in the NP (r = 0.857; p < 0.001: r = 0.816; p < 0.001), inner AF (r = 0.535; p = 0.022: r = 0.516; p = 0.028), and outer AF (r = 0.668; p = 0.002: r = 0.458; p = 0.041). These strong correlations highlight T2* MRI's ability to predict the biochemical and mechanical health of the disc. T2* MRI assessment of disc health is a clinically viable tool showing promise as a biomarker for distinguishing degenerative changes. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1083–1089, 2014.     

靶控输注丙泊酚期间血药浓度与血液动力学变化关系的探讨

目的　探讨恒定靶浓度变速输注丙泊酚期间血药浓度与血液动力学变化及与意识消失时间的相关性。方法　61例择期腹部手术患者,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级。选用Stelpump软件内嵌 Tackley药代动力学参数,恒定靶血浆药物浓度 3μg/ml持续输注 1 h,采样时间 1 5 h。应用气 质联机(GC- MS)测定丙泊酚血药浓度。连续监测平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR),记录意识消失时间。结果　意识消失时间为(2. 01±0 .53) min。血药浓度达峰时间为 2 min,随着输注时间延长,浓度逐渐下.降接近靶浓度。血药浓度>4 59μg/ml时,MAP由基础值的(93 .0±10 .2) mmHg降至(72 .5±11. 7)mmHg,下降幅度为22. 1%;血药浓度<4 45μg/ml时,MAP逐渐恢复到(80 2±11 2) mmHg,但仍较基础值低14 0%。血药浓度>3 73μg/ml时,HR由基础值的(89. 2±13. 6)次/分减至(75. 4±12. 1)次/分,下降幅度为 15 5%;而血药浓度<3 73μg/ml时,HR逐渐恢复至(77. 9±13 .8) 次/分,较基础值低13 .5%。结论　靶浓度3μg/ml能提供满意的镇静及气管插管条件;诱导期丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)的血药浓度和血液动力学变化之间具有密切的相关性。     

Structural changes in the bladder walls of pregnant and hormone-treated rats: correlation with bladder dynamics

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of oestrogen, progesterone and pregnancy on bladder dynamics, and assess the associated histological and structural changes in the bladder wall in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups and treated as follows: nonpregnant controls (NC); pregnant (PG); oophorectomized and treated with oestrogen (ES); oophorectomized and treated with progesterone (PR); and oophorectomized controls (OO). Simultaneous and continuous renal pelvic and bladder pressures were recorded during bladder filling and emptying. Connective tissue and smooth muscle were analysed morphometrically and quantitatively, and immunohistochemistry used to evaluate the distribution and expression of collagen types I, III and IV. RESULTS: PG rats had significantly greater bladder compliance than NC, OO and PR rats (P < 0.05). This correlated with the morphometric analysis, with bladders of PG and PR rats having lower connective tissue to smooth muscle ratios than NC, ES and OO rats (P < 0.05). Collagen I was increased in the lamina propria of PG and ES rats, and the detrusor muscle layer showed greater localization of collagen III in the interfascicular space in the PG and PR rats than in the other groups. There was no change in the distribution of collagen IV. CONCLUSION: PG and PR rats had the highest bladder compliance and the changes paralleled structural changes in the bladders, specifically in the ratio of connective tissue to smooth muscle, and the distribution and expression of collagens I and III. These changes have age-related implications in the urinary tract.     

Intratesticular factors and testosterone secretion: The effect of treatment with ethane dimethanesulphonate (EDS) and the induction of seminiferous tubule damage

The role of seminiferous tubule dysfunction in regulating the levels of a factor (or factors) in testicular interstitial fluid (IF) which stimulates Leydig cell testosterone secretion in vitro, was assessed by injecting rats with the Leydig cell toxin, EDS. Within 72 h of treatment EDS destroyed the Leydig cells and concomitantly reduced IF testosterone to undetectable levels. This was associated with nearly a 2-fold increase (P less than 0.001) in levels of the IF-factor(s) as judged by the enhancement of hCG-stimulated testosterone production (= IF bioactivity). By 3 weeks, and thereafter up to 10 weeks post-EDS, Leydig cells regenerated within the testis, and testosterone levels returned to control values, but IF-bioactivity remained significantly increased. The latter was associated with seminiferous tubule dysfunction as indicated initially by testicular morphology, raised serum levels of FSH and reduced testicular weight. For animals with normal testosterone levels, there was a significant negative correlation (r = -0.57, N = 46; P less than 0.001) between testicular weight and IF bioactivity. A similar increase in IF bioactivity in the presence of normal testosterone levels was observed in rats in which patchy severe seminiferous tubule damage had been induced by short-term cryptorchidism. It is concluded that, in addition to testosterone, seminiferous tubule function may dictate the intratesticular levels of the testosterone-stimulating factor(s) in IF.     

大鼠烧伤后库普弗细胞在促炎细胞因子产生中的作用

目的　观察大鼠严重烧伤后早期 ,库普弗细胞在肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、白细胞介素(IL) 1β、IL 6产生中的作用。方法　观察 (1)烧伤血清对体外培养的大鼠库普弗细胞分泌TNFα、IL 1β、IL 6的刺激作用 ;(2 )烧伤后大鼠库普弗细胞的细胞因子mRNA表达变化 ;(3)应用库普弗细胞特异性抑制剂三氯化钆后 ,烧伤大鼠血浆内细胞因子含量变化。　结果　烧伤血清能刺激库普弗细胞释放TNFα、IL 1β、IL 6 ;大鼠烧伤后库普弗细胞TNFα、IL 1β、IL 6mRNA表达量显著升高 ;预先抑制库普弗细胞的活性 ,烧伤后血浆TNFα、IL 1β、IL 6水平均显著降低 ,分别为烧伤组的 34.71%、36 99%、33.70 %。结论　库普弗细胞是大鼠烧伤后血浆中TNFα、IL 1β、IL 6的主要来源     

肠道手术和骨科手术围术期胃粘膜pH值及其相关因素的变化

目的本研究观察了不同手术围术期胃粘膜pH值(ipH)和血浆乳酸浓度的变化,探讨ipH作为反映微循环状态指标的灵敏性。方法随机选择全麻下行椎管手术(Ⅰ组)和直肠结肠癌根治术(Ⅱ组)的病人各10例,测定术前、手术开始(切皮)后2、4和6h的ipH和血浆乳酸浓度,同时记录心率、血压、失血量等常规指标。结果两组的ipH自手术开始后均逐渐降低,切皮后4h达最低点,与手术时间长短呈弱负相关(r=-0.505),而Ⅱ组比Ⅰ组降低更明显(P<0.05);血浆乳酸浓度随手术进行呈升高趋势,其变化迟于ipH。结论ipH可较早和更灵敏地反映组织灌流和微循环的障碍,比乳酸更灵敏;肠道手术比骨科手术对ipH的影响更明显,可能与肠道手术操作对肠粘膜屏障的损伤以及术前禁食过长有关。     

Thoracic surgical radiographic and CT pathology: radiology in the radical treatment of lung cancer

Radiology has an important role in the diagnosis, staging and treatment of lung cancer and can offer minimally invasive therapies for poor surgical candidates. Radiology is also important in the follow-up of patients after treatment, the assessment of treatment complications and detection of recurrent disease. Understanding the normal postoperative and post-radiation appearances, and recognizing early and late complications is useful for all clinicians involved in the care of patients with cancer.     

Thoracic surgical radiographic and CT pathology: radiology in the radical treatment of lung cancer

Radiology has an important role in the diagnosis, staging and treatment of lung cancer and can offer minimally invasive therapies for poor surgical candidates. Radiology is also important in the follow up of patients after treatment, the assessment of treatment complications and detection of recurrent disease. Understanding the normal post-operative and post-radiation appearances, and recognizing early and late complications is useful for all clinicians involved in the care of patients with cancer.     

大鼠烫伤早期肠黏膜组织热休克蛋白HSP70和HSP90的表达

目的 研究烧伤早期肠黏膜组织热休克蛋白HSP70和HSP90的表达、组织含量和分布的变化规律,探讨烧伤早期肠黏膜组织细胞的热休克反应在机体的病理生理反应中的意义。方法 以烫伤大鼠为模型,利用ELISA、免疫印迹分析和免疫组织化学方法,分析和研究肠黏膜组织HSP70和HSP90的表达、组织含量和分布及其功能状态。结果 (1)大鼠烫伤早期肠黏膜游离HSP70的含量有非常显的短暂降低;(2)肠黏膜组织HSP70和HSP90的总体含量在烧伤后有显升高;(3)烧伤早期肠黏膜组织HSP70的分子结构存在显的不均一性。结论 肠黏膜组织细胞中两种热休克蛋白表达、含量和分布的规律性变化,在肠黏膜组织细胞的应激反应、进而在肠道的黏膜屏障机制中,可能有重要的意义。     

脂肪切除术后大鼠体重、血糖、胰岛素及OB基因表达的研究

目的探讨大量脂肪去除术后体重,部分血生化指标如血糖、胰岛素、及OB基因表达受到的影响,同时摸索出一套由动物脂肪组织提取mRNA进行RT-PCR的方法。方法本实验采用配对分组,自身前后对照的动物实验研究方法。参考文献,选用大鼠为实验动物模型。取血采用断尾法,脂肪标本通过开腹采取宫旁,肾周及腹膜后脂肪;各生化指标利用相应的生化方法进行测定;OB基因表达变化用分子生物学方法进行半定量分析。统计分析用配对T检验。结果手术组大鼠体重,血清胰岛素水平无明显变化(P＞0.05),血糖,基因表达水平降低。对照组体重明显增加(P＜0.05)。结论大量脂肪切除,可降低大鼠的血糖水平;不会导致大鼠的体重很快增加。但OB基因表达水平的降低,会使脂肪组织产生较少的瘦素,理论上将导致受术者食欲增加。