陈旧性颈髓损伤的外科治疗

目的：观察颈椎减压融合手术对陈旧性颈椎骨折脱位引起的颈脊髓或神经根损伤的治疗效果。方法：1999年1月～2003年12月手术治疗因颈椎骨折脱位合并不同程度颈脊髓损伤后1个月以上的患者58例，总结临床资料，比较手术前后感觉运动功能的改善程度。结果：平均随访27个月。术前ASIA分级A级的7例患者术后上肢有1～2个神经根功能改善者3例，下肢出现肌肉活动功能改善者2例：术前B级的11例患者术后8例上肢活动有改善，6例出现下肢功能改善；术前C级6例患者术后达D级3例，E级3例：术前D级34例患者术后达到E级24例，10例仍为D级。所有患者术后ASIA的感觉及运动评分较术前明显提高（P〈0．05）。结论：减压融合手术对陈旧性颈椎骨折脱位引起的颈脊髓损伤或神经根损伤仍是有效的治疗方法，脊髓功能的恢复与脊髓损伤程度有关。     

Anterior decompression and arthrodesis of the cervical spine: long-term motor improvement. Part II--Improvement in complete traumatic quadriplegia.

Fifty-one patients who had complete motor quadriplegia secondary to a fracture or dislocation of the cervical spine were managed by anterior cervical decompression and arthrodesis with iliac bone grafts between 1973 and 1983. In all patients, myelography demonstrated that displaced fragments of bone and disc were compressing the anterior aspect of the spinal cord. Decompression was performed in an attempt to gain further improvement of the motor-roots in the upper extremities and thereby to improve the ability of the patients to care for themselves. The average interval from the injury to the decompression was fifteen months (range, one month to eight years). Two patients died within two months after the operation, one had a respiratory arrest that resulted in brain damage one day after the operation, and two died from cardiovascular disease more than one year after the operation. The remaining forty-six patients were followed for an average of five years (range, two to thirteen years). Neurological improvement of at least two new functional motor-root levels was documented in seven patients and of one level, in eighteen. Increased motor strength by two or three grades was seen in six patients. Noteworthy motor improvement did not occur in the remaining twenty patients. The mean modified Barthel index (used to measure improvement in the ability to perform activities of daily living) increased from 17 to 33 (of a possible 100) points. Functionally important improvement of the caudad part of the cord occurred in only one patient. In one patient, neural injury, with loss of one motor-root level, occurred, with only partial improvement. At the latest follow-up examination, the result was poor in nine of eleven patients who had decompression eighteen months or more after the injury. Only two of these patients had any improvement in the Barthel index, and then of only 5 points each. The result also was poor in the five patients who were more than fifty-three years old; two had no improvement in the Barthel index, one improved by 5 points, and two died.     

颈椎骨折或骨折脱位的早期外科治疗

本文报告了对３６例颈椎骨折及骨折脱位的病人早期施行颈椎前路减压及稳定性重建的结果，其中３４例获得随访，２５例不完全损伤者神经功能均有不同程度的改善。对颈椎骨折及骨折脱位的治疗应以及时、彻底的减压，纠正畸形、重建颈椎的稳定性为原则，前路手术是达到手术目的的理想方式，手术的时机应在病人全身情况良好的条件下尽早进行．减压及植骨融合后若辅以颈椎前路钢板内固定，将使融合节段更加稳定。     

Variability in rates of arthrodesis procedures for patients with cervical spine injuries with and without associated spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND: Cervical spine injury, with or without spinal cord injury, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. While substantial regional variation has been shown in per capita rates of elective cervical spine surgery, similar data regarding arthrodesis rates for traumatic cervical injury have not been reported, to our knowledge. We assessed the rates of cervical spinal arthrodesis for patients who had a cervical spine injury with or without an associated spinal cord injury. METHODS: The data for the present study came from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2002. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes were used to identify patients with a cervical vertebral fracture or dislocation with or without an associated spinal cord injury. Hospitals were grouped according to their teaching status, location (urban or rural), and volume of cervical spine injury patients. The rates of spinal arthrodesis and halo/tong placement were compared for patients within each diagnostic category. RESULTS: Twenty-eight thousand, five hundred and eighteen patients with a cervical spine injury were analyzed. Spinal arthrodesis was performed for 16.5% of patients who had a cervical fracture without an associated spinal cord injury, for 50.4% of patients who had a cervical spine fracture with an associated spinal cord injury, and for 44.1% of patients who had a cervical dislocation. With the numbers available, the rates of arthrodesis for patients who had a fracture without a spinal cord injury and for patients who had a cervical dislocation were not significantly different between high and low-volume centers, although the rate for patients who had a cervical fracture with a spinal cord injury was significantly higher at high-volume hospitals. The rates of arthrodesis did not vary significantly between urban teaching and nonteaching hospitals, with the numbers available, for patients in any of the three diagnostic categories. Individual hospitals had a threefold to fivefold variation in the arthrodesis rate for patients with a cervical spine injury, depending on the diagnostic category. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated substantial differences in the rate of arthrodesis for patients with cervical spine trauma, depending on the diagnostic category. The variations in the rates of arthrodesis within diagnostic categories appear to be lower than the previously reported variation in the rates of elective cervical spine procedures.     

One-stage anterior cervical decompression and posterior stabilization with circumferential arthrodesis. A study of twenty-four patients who had a traumatic or a neoplastic lesion

Twenty-four patients had a combined anterior cervical decompression and posterior stabilization with circumferential spinal arthrodesis for treatment of either a tumor or an injury. The indication for operation was a fixed kyphosis and an incomplete neurological deficit or cervical instability. All but two patients had substantial improvement, having regained strength or had a reduction in the deformity, or both. The two exceptional patients, both of whom were quadriparetic, had no change. The operation is formidable and requires an average of 6.9 hours of general anesthesia; however, its use is justified in patients who have the appropriate indications.     

Myelotomy for acute cervical cord injury. Report of four cases

Four cases of acute cervical cord injury treated by posterior midline myelotomy are described. The initial neurological examinations of these four patients indicated complete cord lesions. On plain neck X-rays, two exhibited anterior dislocation and two showed no bony injury other than ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Myelography via C1/2 lateral puncture showed complete block of the subarachnoid space in two cases, and incomplete block in the other two. Computed tomographic myelography revealed cord swelling in all cases. Posterior midline myelotomy was performed after administration of a steroid and mannitol, or reduction of spinal dislocation. The time from injury to myelotomy ranged from 5 to 21 hours. No patient developed new deficits postoperatively. During long-term follow-up, which ranged from 10 to 19 months, all patients showed improvement in motor function of the upper extremities. Sensory disturbances also diminished to some degree. However, in one patient, who underwent myelotomy 18 hours after injury and had shown progressive neurological deterioration before surgery, the improvement in motor function was only slight. In this case, earlier myelotomy may have been more beneficial. These results support the indication for myelotomy in cases of acute cervical cord injury with cord swelling. Particularly if performed early, this procedure is effective in preventing secondary neurological damage.     

前后路一期手术治疗急性下颈椎严重损伤

目的 探讨前后路一期手术治疗急性严重颈椎损伤的价值。方法 分析总结采取前后路一期手术治疗8例急性严重颈椎损伤病人的临床资料及治疗效果。结果 所有病例均在受伤后96h内实施手术治疗，其中2例为爆裂骨折伴椎管狭窄，6例为骨折脱位伴有相应节段的椎间盘突出。术前脊髓功能7例为A级，1例为B级。平均随访14个月。脊髓功能有2例达到D级，3例C级，1例B级，2例无变化仍为A级。所有植骨椎间隙均已融合，椎间高度及生理曲度保持良好。结论 对于急性颈椎损伤，在影像学显示颈椎管前后方均有明显压迫且脊髓功能严重受损时，实施前后路一期手术是达到及时充分减压、即刻稳定、为脊髓功能恢复创造有利条件及减少并发症的有效手段。     

颈椎前纵韧带损伤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨颈椎前纵韧带损伤的诊断与治疗.方法 2001年3月至2003年7月经影像学证实为前纵韧带损伤的患者46例.患者均在伤后3 h～3 d内摄颈椎正、侧位X线片并行MRI检查.颈椎椎前阴影增宽35例,椎体不稳征象14例.颈椎MRI T<,1>加权像表现为前纵韧带呈灰色或灰白色信号,部分可见连续性中断、增厚;T<,2>加权像表现为椎体前缘增厚的片状纵行不均匀高信号,边界不清晰,部分可见高信号掀起、连续性中断.19例合并脊髓损伤的患者行早期手术治疗.27例单纯颈部疼痛患者中,早期前路手术治疗6例,颈围石膏固定5例,颈托固定16例. 结果 45例患者获6～41个月(平均16.7个月)随访.5例脊髓完全性损伤患者术后有2例转为不完全性损伤,14例脊髓不完全损伤患者术后有10例获得不同程度的好转.21例单纯颈部疼痛患者中,早期手术的6例无神经症状患者随访时未发生颈椎后凸畸形及颈部慢性疼痛症状;21例早期保守治疗的患者中,7例伤后4～6周因存在颈椎不稳征象而行颈椎前路手术,2例伤后2～3年因损伤节段椎间盘退变突出压迫脊髓而行前路减压植骨内固定术,3例有慢性颈部疼痛不适,余8例患者无特殊不适主诉,另1例失访.结论 MRI检查是诊断颈椎前纵韧带损伤最有价值的方法.合并脊髓受压征象或椎间严重不稳的颈椎前纵韧带损伤,可早期行减压融合术;不伴脊髓损伤的颈椎前纵韧带合并椎间盘损伤,可考虑早期行前路椎间盘切除融合术.     

颈椎脱位复位后继发脊髓损伤

本文报告颈椎脱位复位后继发或加重脊髓损伤14例.其中发生在颅骨牵引后9例,手法复位后4例,手术复位后1例.复位前神经功能正常5例,有轻微损伤9例,复位后发生全瘫7例,有感觉无运动7例.本文讨论了继发损伤的原因及其预防.     

上胸椎骨折脱位

目的 探讨上胸椎骨折脱位的特点及治疗。方法 17例上胸椎骨折脱位患者，压缩骨折5例，骨折脱位7例，爆裂骨折3例，爆裂骨折伴脱位2例。完全瘫痪10例，不完全瘫痪7例。根据上胸椎骨折的类型以及脊髓受压的程度，采用前路和后路手术方法。T1，2骨折6例，采用前路手术经胸锁关节或切除锁骨段。切除骨折椎体后采用自体骨块或钛质网笼与自体骨植入，自锁钢板固定。其余11例行后路手术。完成减压复位后采用椎弓根钉或钩棒系统进行固定。结果 随访2—7年。完全瘫痪的10例中有2例改善，不完全瘫痪的7例中有6例改善。结论 上胸椎骨折脱位损伤重，预后差，应根据骨折的类型和脊髓受压的程度及时减压和固定。     

Cervical kyphosis and myelopathy. Treatment by anterior corpectomy and strut-grafting

Between 1976 and 1984, fourteen patients who had severe cervical kyphosis and myelopathy were treated with anterior decompression and arthrodesis. Eight had had spondylosis; five, a traumatic injury; and one, a benign intradural tumor. In eight of the fourteen patients, the severe kyphosis and myelopathy had developed after a laminectomy of three, four, or five cervical vertebrae. The laminectomy had been done for the treatment of spondylosis in five patients, of a traumatic lesion in two, and of a tumor in one. Considering all fourteen patients, an average of 2.25 vertebral bodies was removed from each, and the average extent of the subsequent fusion was 3.25 levels. Eight patients (six of whom had spondylosis; one, a traumatic lesion; and one, a tumor) were treated with a fibular graft that spanned an average of 4.10 levels, and six patients (four of whom had a traumatic lesion and two, spondylosis) were treated with an iliac graft that spanned an average of 2.70 levels. Of the five patients who had a traumatic lesion, four were treated with anterior decompression and arthrodesis, combined with posterior arthrodesis that was performed during the same period of anesthesia. In three patients, the anterior graft dislodged during the immediate postoperative period. Two of the three patients had posterior instability due to a prior laminectomy, and in the third the graft dislodged because of technical difficulties. Two of these grafts were revised to restore stability. At the latest follow-up, twelve of the fourteen fusions were solid. In the other two patients, who died six and ten months postoperatively, the fusion had been solid, as shown by radiographs, before the time of death. The average amount of correction of the kyphotic deformities was 32 degrees, a reduction from an average of 45 degrees to an average of 13 degrees. All but one patient had some recovery of neural function; nine had complete and four, partial recovery. The remaining patient had relief of pain, but he continued to be completely quadriplegic although he had some sensory sparing. Of the four patients who had been unable to walk preoperatively, three were able to walk postoperatively. No patient lost neural function after the anterior decompression and arthrodesis. We concluded that, in the presence of severe cervical kyphosis and myelopathy, adequate anterior decompression of the spinal cord, correction of the kyphosis, and anterior arthrodesis using a strut graft can yield excellent results without undue risk.     

颈椎侧块及椎弓根钉棒治疗颈椎骨折脱位

目的探讨颈椎侧块及椎弓根钉棒固定、减压治疗颈椎骨折脱位伴多节段颈髓损伤的疗效。方法 2007年1月至2010年12月我科采用改良A nderson方法固定颈椎侧块,结合C2、C7椎弓根螺钉的联合应用,治疗颈椎骨折脱位伴多节段脊髓损伤34例,其中男26例,女8例;年龄18~64岁,平均41岁。按F ranke l分级标准评价,A级5例,B级20例,C级9例,入院时JOA评分平均6.8分,评价术后效果。结果术后随访6~24个月,平均15个月。术后颈椎完全复位33例,复位不完全1例。依据术前、术后JOA评分结果,术后改善率平均为62%;术后F ranke l分级平均提高1级以上。结论颈椎侧块联合椎弓根钉棒内固定可使受损颈椎获得即刻稳定,有利于脊髓功能恢复。     

下颈椎骨折脱位手术方式的初步探讨

[目的]探讨下颈椎骨折脱位合理的手术方式及相关处理.[方法]回顾性分析自2006年2月-2008年8月,分别采用颈椎前路、后路、前后联合入路减压、植骨内固定治疗颈椎骨折脱位23例,其中前路手术12例,后路手术7例,前后联合入路4例,观察手术前后神经功能恢复、脱位纠正、椎体高度恢复、植骨融合等情况,评估手术疗效.[结果]术后随访5～32个月,平均18个月,所有病例术后神经症状无加重;7例完全截瘫患者(神经功能Frankel A级)无任何恢复,14例不完全截瘫患者中,5例Frankel B级恢复到Frankel C级,4例 Frankel C级恢复到Frankel D级,3例Frankel D级恢复到Frankel E级,2例 Frankel D级术后仍为Frankel D级;2例Frankel E级术后无加重.Frankel分值平均由术前的1.6增加到术后2.1(P<0.05);所有病例均复位、颈椎椎体高度恢复;椎体间植骨全部融合,平均融合时间为3.5个月;术后X线片上提示钢板位置正常,椎体螺丝钉无折断及松动,无植骨块松动和脱出.[结论]对于下颈椎骨折脱位来说,应当根据不同的伤情采取合理的手术方式.前路手术可以直接处理损伤椎间盘、即刻消除颈椎不稳;后路手术可以直接解除关节绞锁、脱位,但需排除颈椎间盘损伤的存在,以免在复位时加重脊髓损伤;前后联合入路可以同时处理脱位和损伤椎间盘,但手术创伤和风险较大,应有充分的认识和准备.     

下颈椎骨折脱位并关节突交锁的手术方式选择

目的：探讨下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁的手术方式选择。方法：对68例下颈椎骨折脱位合并关节突交锁患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中单侧小关节脱位33例,双侧小关节脱位35例。美国脊髓损伤学会（ASIA）评分：A级5例,B级11例,C级9例,D级10例。所有患者均于术前行颅骨牵引,关节突交锁复位的则行前路减压植骨融合内固定术治疗,否则,则行后路切开撬拨复位或关节突切除复位固定,前路植骨融合内固定术。结果：术中均无大血管、气管、食道、脊髓意外损伤。平均随访41．5个月,所有患者均复位良好,颈椎椎间高度和生理曲度维持良好,术后6个月后植骨全部融合,无钢板螺钉并发症。不完全性脊髓损伤患者术后神经功能均有一定程度恢复。结论：手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位并关节突交锁疗效确切,根据损伤的具体类型采用适合的手术方式是手术成功的关键。     

Anterior surgery for unstable lower cervical spine injuries

The authors reviewed the medical records of 53 patients with a lower cervical spine injury who were treated by anterior decompression, bone grafting, and instrumentation using an anterior cervical spine plate and screws. The average age of the patients was 36 years and the mean followup was 58 months. Twenty-six patients predominantly had anterior lesions and 27 patients predominantly had posterior lesions. Thirteen patients were neurologically intact. Fusion was achieved in all patients at an average of 3.4 months postoperatively. Radiographic followup detected 15% of hardware malposition. There were no pseudarthrosis, dysphagia, or neurologic complications. Incomplete spinal cord lesions improved on average one Frankel grade after surgery. Anterior decompression and stabilization is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of acute lower cervical spine injuries and permits immediate postoperative mobilization of the patient.     

Bryan颈人工椎间盘置换术失败原因分析

目的 对Bryan颈人工椎间盘置换术治疗颈椎病的失败原因进行分析.方法 2004年10月至2007年10月,采用Bryan颈人工椎间盘对48例颈椎病患者的56个椎间盘进行治疗,其中单节段40例,双节段8例.术后随访2～38个月,平均18个月.手术失败4例,男1例,女3例;年龄分别为42、51、40、49岁.患者均为经6周的保守治疗无效后行Bryan颈人工椎间盘置换.结果 1例全麻后在用胶带固定患者体位的过程中造成对臂丛的过度牵拉,术后双上肢肌力下降到2～3级.1例术前CT及MRI显示C4～C6水平后纵韧带骨化,其中C4,5节段骨桥形成,向后方压迫脊髓;手术切除部分骨化后纵韧带,使之漂浮;术后患者症状无改善,并出现锥体束征阳性,复查CT及MRI示存在骨化后纵韧带压迫脊髓.1例术前MRI显示C4-5椎间盘突出,椎管前后径约为5 mm,C4,5水平脊髓变性;术中向外侧减压时致椎管内静脉破裂,出血影响术野;术后左侧肢体肌力下降至0级.1例术后1年发现假体后方异位骨化,但不影响关节活动.结论 臂丛损伤、减压不彻底、术中椎管内静脉出血和异位骨化可能是引起颈椎人工椎间盘置换术失败的主要原因.     

The results of treatment of acute injuries of the upper thoracic spine with paralysis

We studied the cases of 218 patients who had had trauma to the upper region of the thoracic spine (first to tenth thoracic vertebra) that resulted in paralysis. Of these, 184 patients had a complete and thirty-four had an incomplete lesion of the spinal cord. Of the 184 patients who had a complete lesion of the spinal cord, none of the 149 patients who were followed for two to fifteen years recovered any significant neurological function, regardless of the type of operative or non-operative treatment. Thirty of the patients with an incomplete lesion of the spinal cord were followed for two to twenty years. Three others were lost to follow-up, and one died with ascending necrosis of the spinal cord and pulmonary failure three months after the laminectomy. Of the remaining thirty patients, twenty-three had an anterior cord syndrome, four had a central cord syndrome, and three had a Brown-Séquard syndrome. Five patients with an incomplete lesion were treated without surgery. Three of these patients recovered the ability to walk while two recovered some function but were still not able to walk. Seventeen patients with an incomplete lesion of the spinal cord were treated by laminectomy. Of these patients, two also had cord-cooling, two had a posterior fusion, and one had cord-cooling, spine fusion, and posterior instrumentation with Harrington rods. Five patients recovered partial ability to walk with braces, four did not, and eight lost neurological function or became completely paraplegic after surgery and did not recover. Eight patients with an incomplete lesion of the spinal cord were treated with anterior transthoracic decompression and fusion, three of whom had had a previous laminectomy that had not improved their status. Five patients recovered the ability to walk without aids, two walked with braces, and one recovered some motor function but was not able to walk. From this study, we concluded that laminectomy is contraindicated for incomplete lesions of the upper region of the thoracic spinal cord and that anterior transthoracic decompression and fusion offers the best chance of recovery of neurological function.     

儿童上颈椎畸形及不稳的手术治疗远期疗效评价

目的评价儿童枕颈部发育畸形早期临床特点和评价10年以上的远期手术治疗效果.方法回顾42例儿童枕颈畸形诊断要点及经手术减压和寰枢椎、枕颈融合术对脊髓功能、稳定功能、枕颈部发育的影响,并观察远期治疗效果.结果(1)枕颈和寰枢椎植骨均获坚强骨性融合;(2)37例术前神经功能障碍,33例完全恢复,2例神经根刺激症,2例仍有轻微脊髓压迫症状;(3)38例术后长达10年以上未发生枕颈发育障碍,4例发育后出现轻度畸形,其中1例轻度后伸,3例枕颈前屈.结论儿童枕颈部发育畸形早期作出诊断,在无脱位和明显脊髓压迫症出现之前手术稳定,对防止加重脊髓功能障碍有重要作用,并对其生长发育无明显影响.     

Complications of posterior arthrodesis of the cervical spine in patients who have Down syndrome.

Ten patients who had Down syndrome and had had a posterior arthrodesis of the upper cervical spine were studied. The mean age at the time of the operation was 8.9 years, and the patients had been followed for three days to forty-nine months. Complications related to the operation occurred in all patients. They included infection and dehiscence at the site of the wound, incomplete reduction of the atlanto-axial joint, instability of the adjacent motion segment, neurological sequelae, resorption of the autogenous bone graft, and death in the postoperative period. Resorption of the bone graft, which occurred in six of the patients, has not previously been reported in patients who have Down syndrome, to our knowledge. Several theoretical mechanisms for this complication are proposed. We recommend non-operative management for patients who have Down syndrome and atlanto-axial instability without neurological signs or symptoms. If the severity of symptoms necessitates a posterior arthrodesis, a high rate of complications must be anticipated.     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤外科治疗随诊观察

目的 :探讨脊髓损伤程度、治疗方法及手术时机对无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤疗效的影响。方法 :对 118例手术治疗的无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者平均随访 30 3个月 (1～ 16 3个月 ) ,74例随访 1年以上 (平均 4 6 3个月 )。观察 :(1)伤后 3种不同脊髓功能状况的治疗效果 (A组 :受伤时呈完全性瘫痪 ,70例 ;B组 :不完全性瘫痪 ,4 2例 ;C组 :上肢部分瘫痪、下肢完全性瘫痪 ,6例 )。 (2 )保守治疗与手术治疗的效果。 (3)手术时机 (伤后 <12个月、>12个月 )对疗效的影响。并做统计学分析。结果 :(1) 3组之间在保守治疗效果、术后近期效果和后期随访结果上无显著性差异。 (2 ) 3组均经保守治疗 ,平均为 2 1 3个月。保守治疗的效果与术后近期、尤其与后期随访结果相比 ,JOA评分较低 ,存在统计学上的差异。 (3)伤后 <12个月和 >12个月手术的患者后期随访结果具有统计学上的差异。前者术后近期和后期脊髓功能恢复都较满意 ;后者术后近期恢复较明显 ,但后期脊髓功能却出现倒退现象。结论 :无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤患者不同的脊髓功能状况对脊髓功能恢复程度无影响 ;手术治疗效果明显优于保守治疗 ;手术时机对后期脊髓功能恢复有重要影响。最迟不应超过伤后 12个月