舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼对神经外科手术麻醉苏醒期的影响

目的观察舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼对神经外科手术麻醉苏醒期的影响。方法选取120例患者随机分成2组,对照组予以瑞芬太尼静脉复合麻醉,实验组予以舒芬太尼静脉复合麻醉,观察2组清醒时间、拔管时间、血液动力学指标变化、围拔管期不良反应、VAS疼痛评分及术后镇痛药物使用情况。结果实验组清醒时间、拔管时间明显高于对照组,但血流动力学指标显著优于对照组,围拔管期躁动、寒战明显低于对照组,拔管后5min、30min、1hVAS评分及术后24h使用镇痛药物比例均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论舒芬太尼在神经外科手术中的麻醉效果优于瑞芬太尼,值得临床推广。     

静推与泵注舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉在颅脑手术中的应用

目的 观察舒芬太尼两种不同用药方法在颅脑手术中的麻醉效果及对麻醉恢复的影响.方法 40例ASAI～II级行颅脑手术患者,随机分为2组（每组20例）,间断静推舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚组和持续泵注舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚组.观察并记录诱导前（T1）、切头皮前（T2）、钻头骨时（T3）、拔管即刻（T4）的血压和心率,及苏醒时间、定向力恢复时间、拔管时间.结果 2组T2的血压和心率及T3时的心率较T1下降（P＜0.05）,余时点的血压、心率与诱导前比无差异（P＞0.05）;持续组患者苏醒时间、定向力恢复时间及拔管时间迟于间断组（P＜0.05）.结论 持续泵注舒芬太尼和间断静推舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉用于颅脑外科手术围术期血流动力学稳定,均取得良好的麻醉镇痛效果;但间断静推舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉恢复更快.     

七氟烷丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼维持麻醉对颅脑术后患者苏醒质量的影响

目的观察七氟烷、丙泊酚分别复合瑞芬太尼维持麻醉对颅脑手术患者术后苏醒质量的影响。方法选取ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期行颅脑手术患者98例,按随机数字表法随机分为七氟烷+瑞芬太尼组(A组)49例,丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼组(B组)49例。观察术后2组清醒时间、拔管时间、OAAS镇定评分及不良反应情况。结果手术结束后2组清醒时间、拔管时间比较A组明显低于B组(P0.05),OAAS镇定评分、不良反应发生率及诱导前、苏醒时、拔管即刻、拔管后10min时HR、SBP、DBP比较组间无明显差异(P0.05)。结论七氟烷或丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼对提高颅脑术后患者的苏醒质量均有积极作用,七氟烷较丙泊酚有更高可控性,苏醒时间更短,值得推广应用。     

瑞芬太尼与舒芬太尼对颅脑损伤患者术后早期认知功能恢复的影响

目的对比瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼对颅脑损伤患者术后早期认知功能恢复的影响。方法将54例颅脑损伤患者分为2组,S组(n=27)持续静脉泵注舒芬太尼,R组(n=27)持续静脉泵注瑞芬太尼,比较2组麻醉效果和早期认知功能恢复情况。结果 R组麻醉苏醒时间、拔管时间明显短于S组(P0.05),S组术后的15、45、120min VAS评分显著优于R组(P0.05),R组的15、45min简易智力状态检查(MMSE)评价优于S组(P0.05),但120min组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼的术后麻醉苏醒较快,舒芬太尼术后的镇痛效果较好;瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼对颅脑损伤患者均有短暂的认知功能障碍,但术后均能够获得良好恢复。     

瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼在颅脑损伤合并心血管疾病手术患者中的麻醉效果比较

目的：比较瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼在颅脑损伤合并心血管疾病手术患者中的麻醉效果。方法选取我院从2013‐01—2014‐01入院治疗的75例颅脑损伤合并心血管疾病患者为研究对象。按照入院顺序随机分为观察组37例与对照组38例，对照组术中应用瑞芬太尼麻醉，观察组术中应用舒芬太尼麻醉。对比2组手术麻醉效果及围术期各项临床指标。结果2组手术麻醉效果相近，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。观察组的围术期各项临床指标显著优于对照组，差异具统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论瑞芬太尼与舒芬太尼两种麻醉药物的手术麻醉效果相近，后者镇痛作用更强，持续时间更久，临床值得广泛应用。     

舒芬太尼靶控输注用于神经外科肿瘤手术的疗效观察

目的探讨舒芬太尼靶控输注用于神经外科肿瘤手术麻醉中血流动力学变化和术后清醒的优缺点。方法 40例择期行开脑神经外科手术患者,随机分为2组,每组20例。I组采用芬太尼负荷量静注后间断静注给药方式,II组采用舒芬太尼靶控输注诱导及维持给药方式,2组患者术中全部采用丙泊酚复合(舒)芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉。术中根据血压、心率、体动及脑电双频指数(BIS)调整麻醉用量。观察记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管后5min(T1)、切皮(T2)、开颅骨(T3)、拔管后(T4)的SBP、DBP、HR,记录停药后患者自主呼吸恢复时间,呼之睁眼时间,拔管时间及拔管后10min、20min、30min的OAA/S(警觉/镇静评分)值。结果术中2组患者的BIS值均明显降低,维持40～60范围,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各时点MAP、HR较平稳,出现明显波动,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与I组比较,Ⅱ组苏醒时间及拔管时间明显降低(P<0.05),拔管后即刻OAAS评分升高,拔管后烦躁及恶心呕吐数减少(P<0.05)。结论舒芬太尼复合异丙酚把控输注静脉麻醉用于神经外科手术血流动力学稳定,苏醒期短,术后麻醉并发症少,能够取代芬太尼应用于神经外科麻醉。     

Narcotrend监测下舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚在唤醒麻醉中的应用

目的比较Narcotrend监测下靶控输注舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚在脑功能区唤醒麻醉中的效果。方法选择脑功能区手术病人40例,随机分为舒芬太尼（sufentanil,SF）组和瑞芬太尼（remifentanil,RF）组,每组20例。两组分别使用异丙酚复合SF或RF靶控输注诱导,插入喉罩行机械通气,在切口浸润麻醉和硬脑膜表面麻醉下,减少药物浓度使病人在功能定位和切除肿瘤过程中保持清醒。比较两组病人的血流动力学变化、Narcotrend监测下唤醒时间、唤醒质量,通过镇静评分（OAA/S）和视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评价两组是否能够提供合适的镇静和镇痛。结果两组均能在较短时间内唤醒病人,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。插喉罩时,SF组的平均动脉压（MAP）高于RF组（P〈0.05）。在唤醒时,RF组心率和MAP明显高于基础值（P〈0.05）,SF组心率高于基础值（P〈0.05）,MAP稍低于基础值。苏醒后,SF组血压低于RF组（P〈0.05）。两组唤醒后的OAA/S评分无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,SF组唤醒后5min、10min、30min的VAS评分明显小于RF组（P〈0.05）。结论SF或RF联合异丙酚均能很好地应用于脑功能区唤醒手术,SF在病人苏醒后能提供更好的镇痛作用,且不延长病人苏醒时间,在苏醒后血流动力学稳定性方面更具有优势。     

丙泊酚诱导麻醉后给予舒芬太尼在脑功能区手术唤醒麻醉中的作用

目的分析丙泊酚诱导麻醉后给予舒芬太尼在脑功能区手术唤醒麻醉中的作用。方法选取开封妇产医院2018-01—2019-01收治的90例脑功能区手术患者,根据不同麻醉方式将其分成2组各45例,观察组采用丙泊酚诱导麻醉后给予舒芬太尼,对照组采用丙泊酚诱导麻醉后给予瑞芬太尼,比较麻醉效果、麻醉期间2组患者的体征指标波动情况和唤醒情况,统计不良反应发生情况。结果观察组麻醉优良率为(95.56%),对照组为(91.11%),组间麻醉优良率对比无显著差异(P0.05);2组患者插喉罩前(T_1)、插喉罩即刻(T_2)、插喉罩后5 min(T_3)、切皮时(T_4)的平均动脉血压(MAP)、心率(HR)明显低于本组基础值(T_0)(P0.05);T_2时观察组MAP(73.83±7.10)mmHg明显高于对照组的(69.89±5.23)mmHg(P0.05);T_0、T_1、T_2、T_3、T_4时2组的HR比较无明显差异,T_0、T_1、T_3、T_4时2组MAP比较无明显差异(P0.05);2组唤醒时间对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组苏醒时HR(91.23±15.62)次/min和苏醒时MAP(81.46±11.37)mmHg明显低于对照组的(98.57±7.67)次/min和(98.12±4.68)mmHg(P0.05);观察组不良反应发生率(4.44%)明显低于对照组(17.78%)(P0.05)。结论在脑功能区手术中应用丙泊酚诱导麻醉后给予舒芬太尼可有效改善唤醒质量,维持体征指标稳定,安全性可靠。     

丙泊酚靶控输注复合舒芬太尼在脑胶质瘤切除术中的应用

目的探讨不同剂量舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉对脑胶质瘤切除术患者镇痛及神经损伤的影响。方法将75例择期脑胶质瘤切除术患者,随机数字表简单随机分组为A组(n=37)和B组(n=38);2组均采用相同的麻醉诱导(丙泊酚+舒芬太尼+罗库溴铵),麻醉诱导后,舒芬太尼靶浓度A组为0.1 ng/mL,B组为0.25 ng/mL,麻醉维持采用舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注。记录患者围术期麻醉药物用量、术后补救镇痛及不良反应情况,分别于麻醉诱导前(T_0)、手术结束时刻(T_1)、术后1 h(T_2)、术后12 h(T_3)、术后24 h(T_4)采用酶联免疫吸附法测定患者血清S-100β蛋白(S100β)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平。结果丙泊酚及舒芬太尼用量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);而B组术后补救镇痛率明显低于A组(15.79%vs 48.65%,P0.05)。T_0时刻,2组血清S100β、NSE水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);而在T_1、T_2、T_3、T_4时刻,B组S100β、NSE水平均明显低于A组(P0.05)。2组术后不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与0.1 ng/mL靶浓度相比,舒芬太尼靶浓度0.25ng/mL复合丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉能够提高镇痛效果,并减轻患者神经损伤,且不增加不良反应。     

丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注在神经外科手术中的应用

目的探讨丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注全静脉麻醉在神经外科手术中应用的临床意义。方法对66例神经外科择期手术病人采用丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注全静脉麻醉。丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼靶浓度分别为2￣4m g/L和2￣5μg/L,间断追加维库溴胺。记录围麻醉期血流动力学、麻醉药用量以及麻醉后恢复情况。结果麻醉诱导后病人收缩压、舒张压均显著性降低(P<0.05),心率减慢(P<0.05),气管插管、切皮前后无明显改变,手术结束后睁眼时心率明显增快(P<0.05),麻醉恢复时病人苏醒较快,自觉舒适,无呼吸再抑制现象。结论丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注,麻醉诱导迅速,维持平稳,停药后清醒快,对气管导管耐受性好,适用于神经外科手术。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.