齐拉西酮与利培酮治疗女性首发精神分裂症的疗效及对血清催乳素(PRL)水平和体质量的影响

目的比较齐拉西酮与利培酮治疗女性首发精神分裂症的疗效及对血清催乳素(PRL)水平及体质量的影响。方法 70例女性首发精神分裂症患者随机分为齐拉西酮组和利培酮组,其中齐拉西酮组37例,利培酮组33例。分别给予齐拉西酮和利培酮治疗8周。以阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评估疗效和不良反应,同时检测两组的血清PRL水平。结果两组间PANSS各项评分及临床有效率差异无显著性(P>0.05);齐拉西酮组在PRL水平改变及体质量增加方面优于利培酮组(P<0.05或P<0.01),泌乳、月经紊乱明显少于利培酮组。结论两药治疗女性精神分裂症均有较好疗效,齐拉西酮对内分泌影响较小,更适合于女性患者。     

喹硫平治疗50例首发女性精神分裂症临床疗效研究

目的 评价喹硫平单药治疗首发女性精神分裂症临床疗效与安全性.方法 采用回顾性研究,将50例首次住院女性精神分裂症患者按照入院顺序分为两组,各为25例,分别予以口服喹硫平和利培酮治疗,疗程为8周,在治疗前及治疗2周、4周、6周、8周末通过应用阳性与阴性综合征量表(PANSS)评价患者临床疗效,应用药物副反应量表(TESS)及相关实验室检查评定不良反应.结果 治疗8周后,喹硫平组的痊愈率为52％,总有效率为88％,利培酮痊愈率为48％,总有效率为84％,两组临床疗效比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).两组治疗前PANSS总评分及各分量表评分比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05),治疗2周后喹硫平组的PANSS总评分及各分量表评分较治疗前显著下降(P＜0.05),同期比较,治疗后喹硫平组较利培酮组下降更显著(P＜0.05),喹硫平组的不良反应主要表现为嗜睡、乏力、口干、便秘,利培酮组的不良反应主要表现为肌张力增高、静坐不能、泌乳、月经失调.结论 喹硫平能够有效治疗首发女性精神分裂症患者症状,安全性高,依从性好,有利于长期巩固维持治疗.     

喹硫平与利培酮对血清催乳素水平的影响

目的探讨喹硫平与利培酮对女性精神分裂症患者血清催乳素（PRL）水平的影响及血清PRL水平与药物疗效的相互关系。方法对80例女性精神分裂症患者随机分为两组，分别以喹硫平或利培酮治疗。于治疗前及治疗8周时各测一次血清PRL浓度。以阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定疗效。结果经8周治疗，两组PANSS基线评分和治疗后减分值差异无统计学意义，但利培酮组血清PRL水平显著高于喹硫平组。血清PRL浓度与临床疗效无显著相关。结论喹硫平对女性精神分裂症患者血清PRL水平基本无影响，更适于女性精神分裂症使用。     

奎硫平与利培酮对女性分裂症患者的血清催乳素影响的对照研究

目的：探讨女性精神分裂症患者采用奎硫平与利培酮治疗过程中,血清催乳素（PRL）的变化。方法：选择符合诊断标准的女性精神分裂症患者64例,随机分为奎硫平组与利培酮组,治疗8周,采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）在治疗前、治疗第4周和第8周分别评定;在治疗前和治疗第4、8周测定血清PRL浓度。结果：治疗前后两组在PANSS总分上无显著差异（P〉0．05）,治疗前两组血清PRL水平无显著差异（P〉0．05）,奎硫平组治疗后PRL水平变化不明显（P均〉0．05）,利培酮组治疗后PRL水平显著升高（P均〈0．01）。结论：奎硫平不引起明显的PRL升高,而利培酮有较强的致PRL升高的作用。     

喹硫平治疗女性精神分裂症的疗效及对血清催乳素水平的影响

目的?探讨喹硫平治疗女性精神分裂症的疗效及对血清催乳素水平（PRL）的影响。方法?对100例女性精神分裂症患者分别用喹硫平和利培酮治疗8周,以阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估疗效,以不良反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应,同时检测两组的血清催乳素水平。结果?治疗8周后两组PANSS总分及各因子分均明显下降,与治疗前比较有显著性差异(P<0.001),但两组间各项评分比较,无统计学差异(P>0.05);喹硫平组不良反应较少,其锥体外系不良反应(EPS)的发生率明显低于利培酮组;治疗8周后喹硫平组血清催乳素水平无明显改变,而利培酮组则明显升高,两者比较有统计学差异(P<0.001)。结论?喹硫平治疗女性精神分裂症疗效与利培酮相当,与利培酮比较,喹硫平对女性患者血清催乳素影响较小,锥体外系不良反应更少。     

奎硫平与利培酮门诊治疗首发精神分裂症的比较研究

目的以利培酮为对照,探讨奎硫平治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效和副作用.方法将78例符合CCMD-3和DSM-Ⅳ的精神分裂症诊断标准的首发病人随机分为两组,分别给予奎硫平和利培酮治疗8周.在治疗前及治疗2、4、6、8周时采用阳性症状和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床疗效,副反应量表(TESS)评定副反应. 结果治疗8周后的疗效近似(P>0.05);奎硫平组和利培酮组的显效率差异无显著性(P>0.05);奎硫平组的副反应发生率低于利培酮组,但差异无显著性(P>0.05).利培酮组锥体外系副反应和内分泌改变的发生均明显高于奎硫平组(P＜0.05).两药的副作用均以轻、中度多见.结论奎硫平和利培酮对首发精神分裂症的疗效相当,依从性好,副作用方面有一定的差异.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者血清催乳素的影响

目的探讨阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者血清催乳素的影响。方法选取60例精神分裂症患者,随机分为阿立哌唑组和利培酮组,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗8周,在治疗前及治疗后2、4、8周末采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）对两组进行评定,并于治疗前、治疗后4周末、8周末采用放射免疫法测查PRL水平。结果两组PANSS量表评分治疗8周末均比治疗前极显著减少（P〈0.01）,但两组间相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;治疗前后阿立哌唑组PRL水平比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,利培酮组治疗8周末PRL水平明显升高（P〈0.05）;出现月经紊乱或泌乳阿立哌唑组较利培酮组明显为少（P〈0.05）。结论阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者有较好的疗效,对PRL的影响较小,是一种有效而安全的新型抗精神病药物。     

三种非典型抗精神病药物对首发女性分裂症患者的疗效及不良反应的对照研究

目的 探讨三种不同非典型抗精神病药物对女性首发分裂症患者的疗效及不良反应的差异.方法 对163例女性首发分裂症住院患者分别随机采用利培酮、奎硫平、阿立哌唑治疗8周进行开放性对照研究,以阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估疗效,以副反应量表评估不良反应,同时检测三组的血清泌乳素、血脂、体重.结果 治疗8周后三组患者的PANSS均明显减少,与治疗前相比差异有显著性(P≤0.05),但三组间比较PANSS评分差异无显著性(P＞0.05).三种药物无严重不良反应,但利培酮组出现月经紊乱或泌乳素较奎硫平和阿立哌唑组明显为多(P＜0.05).奎硫平组不良反应以嗜睡、头昏为多,阿立哌唑组以失眠、口干、兴奋激越、恶心呕吐较多,奎硫平组血甘油三酯升高显著高于利培酮组(P＜0.05),阿立哌唑对甘油三酯和胆固醇影响最小,阿立哌唑对体重影响明显小于奎硫平和利培酮.结论 三种药物对女性分裂症患者疗效肯定,不良反应各异,临床应用应以患者临床症状和个体情况选用三种非经典抗精神病药物.     

奎硫平与利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及生活质量影响的对照研究

目的 探讨奎硫平与利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者疗效与生活质量影响.方法 将76例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的首发精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,分别给予奎硫平(n=38,A组)和利培酮(n=38,B组)治疗8周,采用阳性症状阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床疗效,副反应量表(TESS)评定副反应.结果 治疗8周后两组的疗效相似(P＞0.05),A组和B组显效率差异无显著性(P＞0.05);A组副反应发生率低于B组,但差异无显著性(P＞0.05),B组锥体外系反应和内分泌改变发生均高于A组(P＜0.05);A组和B组组内GQOLI-74评分治疗前后比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01),A组在躯体健康维度因子的改善显著优于B组(P＜0.01).结论 奎硫平对精神分裂症患者的疗效与利培酮相似,但副作用少,生活质量优于后者.     

非典型抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者性激素水平的影响

目的探讨非典型抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者血清泌乳素、雌二醇和睾酮水平的影响。方法对90例入选患者采用随机分组的方法分为氯氮平组(n=30)、利培酮组(n=30)、喹硫平组(n=30)并给予相应药物治疗,对治疗前后血清泌乳素、雌二醇、睾酮水平进行前后比较及组间比较。结果与治疗前相比,治疗后利培酮组泌乳素、睾酮水平增高(P<0.05);喹硫平组睾酮水平降低(P<0.05)。结论利培酮会引起高泌乳素血症,氯氮平、喹硫平对精神分裂症患者血清泌乳素水平影响较小。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.