Iws1参与小鼠胚胎干细胞中胚层分化发育

目的揭示Iws1在小鼠胚胎干细胞分化发育中的作用。方法利用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑建立稳定敲除Iws1的小鼠胚胎干细胞细胞系后,利用悬滴法诱导培养拟胚体(embryoid body,EB),在体外探究该基因是否会影响中胚层的发育。同时分离分别出生1天、7天、21天、56天的小鼠心肌细胞进行该基因的定量检测。并使用GeneMANIA数据库确定该基因的潜在靶标。此外,使用WebGestalt进行基因功能(gene ontology,GO)与信号通路(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)富集分析。结果在小鼠胚胎干细胞诱导分化体系中,Iws1敲除抑制EB中胚层的发育。该基因在出生后21天的小鼠心肌细胞表现出高表达。Iws1具有19种潜在靶向基因。GO和KEGG分析表明,这些潜在靶基因与氧化还原反应,C型瘦蛋白受体信号通路和其他生理过程有关。结论Iws1参与小鼠胚胎干细胞中胚层分化,可能潜在调控中胚层源性终末分化器官的发育。     

小鼠骨髓基质干细胞的鉴定及体外诱导分化为肝细胞的可行性

目的:分离、鉴定小鼠骨髓基质干细胞(MSCs)并探讨在体外多种细胞因子的诱导下分化为肝细胞的可行性.方法:获取小鼠骨髓干细胞,进行体外贴壁培养、纯化,观察不同传代次数细胞形态特点.流式细胞法检测不同传代细胞的表面标志物CD45和CD90.分离后的MSCs再经含有HGF,FGF-4,EGF三种细胞因子的诱导体系继续培养21 d,分别以半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和Western blot方法检测诱导后细胞的白蛋白(ALB)、细胞角化蛋白18(Cg18)、以及甲胎蛋白(AFP)在基因和蛋白水平的表达.结果:培养的骨髓干细胞随传代次数增多细胞形态趋向为长梭形.传代到第5代,基质干细胞的表面标志CD90阳性细胞从原代的25.42%增加到93.47%,造血干细胞的表面标志CD45表达阳性细胞从原代的86.49%降低到2.77%.通过RT-PCR可检测出诱导第7天细胞表达AFP mRNA,ALB mRNA及CK18 mRNA;通过Western blot可检测出诱导第21天的细胞表达ALB和CK18.结论:小鼠MSCs可以在体外被有效地分离纯化,可以被诱导为表达肝细胞表面标志的肝细胞样细胞.     

肌卫星细胞功能异常在慢性肾脏病骨骼肌消耗中的机制

目的:骨骼肌消耗是慢性肾脏病(CKD)的主要特征,肌卫星细胞(muscle satellite cells,MSC)是具有自我增殖和更新能力的成肌干细胞,MSC功能异常可引起肌肉萎缩.本研究探讨MSC在CKD小鼠骨骼肌消耗中的作用机制. 方法:采用5/6肾切除制作小鼠CKD模型,以假手术组为对照组.以免疫组化标记胫骨前肌层粘连蛋白(laminin),测量肌纤维横截面积,并计算面积百分位图;RT-PCR检测腓肠肌Pax-7、MyoD、Myf-5、Myogenin及myostatin mRNA表达水平;分离并原代培养骨骼肌MSC,原位免疫组化检测Pax-7和MyoD表达,检测分化后新形成的肌纤维胚胎型肌球货白重链(eMyHC). 结果:造模一个月后,CKD小鼠体重和骨骼肌重量明显下降,形态学表现为胫骨前肌明显变细,肌纤维横截面积减少,面积百分位图明显左移;肌肉组织的Pax-7、MyoD、Myf-5和Myogenin mRNA表达水平均有不同程度下降,myostatin mRNA表达则明显上调;原代培养的MSC中,CKD组的Pax-7和MyoD阳性细胞数目明显低于对照组,分化后新形成的eMyHC阳性肌纤维数目也明显降低. 结论:CKD可引起显著的骨骼肌萎缩,使MSC增殖和分化功能下降,myostatin水平升高可能是抑制肌卫星细胞功能的重要原因.     

体外诱导胚胎干细胞源性表皮干细胞向汗腺上皮细胞分化的研究

目的通过探索体外诱导来源于胚胎干细胞的表皮干细胞向汗腺上皮细胞分化的可行性及条件,为寻找新的人皮肤组织工程种子细胞奠定基础。方法体外分离培养、扩增并鉴定人汗腺细胞。将胚胎干细胞培养于人羊膜表面诱导其向表皮干细胞转化后,与人汗腺细胞直接共同培养,诱导其分化为汗腺细胞。采用倒置显微镜进行形态学观察,并用免疫细胞化学染色方法检测诱导分化结果。结果体外培养的人汗腺细胞CK19、CEA阳性表达。培养于人羊膜表面的胚胎干细胞β1整合素呈强阳性表达,符合表皮干细胞的表面抗原标志。经与人汗腺细胞共培养2周后,有部分胚胎干细胞来源的表皮干细胞表达CEA,表明通过汗腺细胞分泌的细胞因子、细胞间直接接触等可能的作用途径,使其表型向汗腺细胞表型转化。结论胚胎干细胞源性表皮干细胞可能成为汗腺组织工程种子细胞的重要来源。     

人脐带间充质干细胞生物学特性及向类肝细胞的分化

目的: 研究脐带间充质干细胞(umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells, UC-MSCs)生物学的特性及向肝细胞分化的可能性.方法:从脐带中分离间充质干细胞, 体外行传代培养, 检测脐带间充质干细胞表面免疫标志、细胞周期和生长活性等, 利用肝细胞生长因子、成纤维生长因子4和抑瘤素等细胞因子诱导脐带间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化, 用免疫细胞方法对诱导和未诱导的细胞进行免疫学检测, 糖原染色进行功能鉴定.结果: 从人脐带中可分离到贴壁生长的间充质干细胞, 细胞形态类似成纤维细胞,可在体外进行长期稳定培养; CD29、CD105和Vimentin表达阳性, 基本不表达CD34、CD31, 经加入细胞因子可成功将间充质干细胞向肝细胞诱导分化, 分化的细胞表达肝细胞表面标志物ALB、AFP、CK18和CK19, 糖原染色呈现阳性.结论:人脐带中可成功分离到间充质干细胞, 细胞可实现体外长期培养, 表达脐带间充质干细胞的表面标志, 在体外脐带间充质干细胞诱导分化为肝细胞, 有望成为细胞替代治疗的理想来源之一.     

脐血、外周血内皮祖细胞分化成内皮细胞的实验研究

目的探讨人的脐血、外周血内皮祖细胞（endothelialprogenitorcells,EPCs）体外分离、纯化、诱导扩增和分化为内皮细胞的可行性,并检测其表型和功能。方法新鲜脐血和健康成年人的外周血,使用Ficoll密度梯度离心法得单个核细胞,在M199培养基中体外培养,3d后去除悬浮细胞,继续培养,诱导EPCs增殖和分化。流式细胞仪检测EPCs标志CD34和内皮细胞特异性标志CD31表型,RTPCR检测ecNOS,flk1/KDR基因水平表达,免疫组化验证蛋白水平表达,并进一步通过NO活性的变化检测内皮细胞的功能。结果流式细胞仪检测,外周血单个核细胞（peripheralbloodmononuclearcells,PBMC）刚分离时,CD34阳性表达率为（1.1±0.8）%,培养3d后为（16.9±6.2）%。细胞形态观察发现,刚分离的单个核细胞呈圆形,形态小,3d后有明显集落形成,7d后梭形细胞线样排列,随培养时间增加,细胞形态逐渐变大,呈现出典型铺路石样改变。脐血单个核细胞（umbilicalcordbloodmononuclearcells,CBMC）和PBMC培养10d后,CD31阳性表达率分别为（76±17）%和（82±9）%。RTPCR检测有内皮细胞特异性成分ecNOS,flk1/KDR的表达。免疫组化染色,细胞膜和细胞浆中有弥漫性棕色出现,呈阳性反应,证实了蛋白水平的表达。培养10d的贴壁细胞随着VEGF浓度增加,NO生成增加,具有内皮细胞的功能。结论脐血,外周血EPCs体外分离,纯化,诱导培养后的贴壁细胞表型检测,大部分细胞具有内皮系标志物,并具有产生NO功能。     

新生大鼠海马神经干细胞的分离、培养、分化和鉴定

目的:探讨从新生大鼠海马分离神经干细胞并进一步培养、诱导分化和鉴定的可行性。方法:分离出生1d大鼠海马,吸管吹打机械分离制成单细胞悬液,采用无血清培养和胎牛血清诱导分化,应用免疫荧光技术鉴定神经干细胞及其分化的子代细胞。结果:从新生大鼠海马分离的细胞呈巢蛋白免疫阳性并能在体外传代培养和连续形成克隆;血清诱导分化后的细胞可分别表达神经元和星形胶质细胞的特异性抗原β-微管蛋白Ⅲ和神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白。结论:分离和培养的细胞能表达神经干细胞的特异性标志物巢蛋白,并且具有很强的增殖能力和多向分化潜能,说明新生大鼠海马存在神经干细胞,并可用于进一步的实验研究。     

胰腺癌肿瘤干细胞的悬浮培养法

目的 建立无血清悬浮培养分离人胰腺癌细胞系PANC1干细胞球的方法.方法 采用无血清悬浮法培养PANC1细胞,显微镜下观察干细胞球形成率;流式细胞仪检测细胞CD133表达和细胞周期;以含10%FBS培养基诱导干细胞球细胞分化,荧光显微镜下观察细胞形态及CK18的表达;干细胞球细胞接种NOD/SCID小鼠皮下,观察其成瘤能力.结果 在无血清悬浮培养条件下存活的PANC1细胞形成干细胞球,体外连续传代培养20代始终保持4%0～5%0的干细胞球形成率.干细胞球细胞CD133表达率(5.91±0.7)%,G0/G1期细胞占(80.99±2.60)%,与原代PANC1细胞的(1.44±0.52)%和(69.01±5.03)%相差显著(P＜0.05).将于细胞球细胞置含血清培养基中培养.细胞逐渐恢复原代细胞形态,并表达上皮标志蛋白CK18,2×103的干细胞即在NOD/SCID小鼠皮下成瘤.结论 无血清悬浮法培养PANC1细胞可分离出肿瘤干细胞,其具有自我更新、多向分化和成瘤能力.     

IL-5诱导CD34+造血干细胞嗜酸性粒细胞分化的信号传导机制研究

目的 应用体外实验探讨骨髓中CD34^＋细胞定向分化为EOS的信号传导机制。方法 应用 MiniMACS磁性分离仪从体外脐血干细胞中分离CD34^＋细胞并应用流式细胞仪进行鉴定，将分离出的细胞进行培养并分成4组，即阴性对照组，定向分化组，和两种信号抑制组。各组细胞培养28d后应用western blot检测JAK1，STAT2的表达强度，同时观察各组CD34^＋分化为EOS的能力及EOS体外的活性。结果 在IL-5诱导下CD34^＋细胞培养至第28d时，EOS细胞已经占总细胞的87．2％左右，与B组比较，C组细胞在JAK1、 STAT2表达强度、ES比例、EPO活性、Eos脱颗粒能力差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05），与C组比较，D组细胞在STAT2表达强度、ES比例、EPO活性、Eos脱颗粒能力差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 体外实验CD34^＋细胞定向分化为EOS是通过JAK1-STAT2途径介导的。JAK1-STAT2途径不但介导了EOS细胞数量上的增加，而且介导了EOS细胞活性的增强。     

体外培养成人脂肪间充质干细胞及向平滑肌细胞诱导分化

目的 体外培养成人脂肪间充质干细胞,并应用转化生长因子β将脂肪间充质干细胞诱导分化为平滑肌细胞.方法 采用酶消化法和贴壁培养法分离培养脂肪间充质干细胞,流式细胞仪对第3代和第5代细胞进行表面抗原检测,对第5代细胞进行转化生长因子β诱导,于诱导后第10天进行免疫化学鉴定.结果 体外培养的脂肪间充质干细胞呈扁平的长梭形,细胞形态均一,传代稳定.干细胞相关标志CD29和CD44表达阳性,造血干细胞相关标志CD34随传代次数的增加由弱阳性逐渐转为阴性,内皮细胞相关标志CD31表达阴性.流式细胞仪检测结果 发现脂肪间充质干细胞中G0/G1、S和G2/M期的细胞分别占90.14%、3.77%和6.09%.转化生长因子β定向诱导后倒置显微镜下观察细胞呈"峰"、"谷"样形态,免疫荧光化学检测发现诱导组细胞α平滑肌肌动蛋白表达阳性.结论 成人脂肪组织中含有间充质干细胞,且可在转化生长因子β诱导后分化为平滑肌细胞.     

Muscle stem cell behavior is modified by microRNA-27 regulation of Pax3 expression

Skeletal muscle stem cells are regulated by Pax3/7. During development, Pax3 is required for the maintenance of these cells in the somite and their migration to sites of myogenesis; high levels of Pax3 interfere with muscle cell differentiation, both in the embryo and in the adult. Quantitative fine-tuning of Pax3 is critical, and microRNAs provide a potential mechanism. We identify microRNA-27b (miR-27b), which directly targets the 3′-UTR of Pax3 mRNA, as such a regulator. miR-27b is expressed in the differentiating skeletal muscle of the embryonic myotome and in activated satellite cells of adult muscle. In vivo overexpression of a miR-27b transgene in Pax3-positive cells in the embryo leads to down-regulation of Pax3, resulting in interference with progenitor cell migration and in premature differentiation. In a complementary experiment, miR-27b inhibitors were transfected into cultures of adult muscle satellite cells that normally express miR-27b at the onset of differentiation, when Pax3 protein levels undergo rapid down-regulation. Interference with miR-27b function results in continuing Pax3 expression leading to more proliferation and a delay in the onset of differentiation. Pax7 levels are not affected. Introduction of miR-27b antagomirs at a site of muscle injury in vivo also affects Pax3 expression and regeneration in vivo. We therefore conclude that miR-27b regulates Pax3 protein levels and this down-regulation ensures rapid and robust entry into the myogenic differentiation program.     

Hematopoietic potential of stem cells isolated from murine skeletal muscle

We have discovered that cells derived from the skeletal muscle of adult mice contain a remarkable capacity for hematopoietic differentiation. Cells prepared from muscle by enzymatic digestion and 5-day in vitro culture were harvested, and 18 x 10(3) cells were introduced into each of six lethally irradiated recipients together with 200 x 10(3) distinguishable whole bone marrow cells. After 6 or 12 weeks, all recipients showed high-level engraftment of muscle-derived cells representing all major adult blood lineages. The mean total contribution of muscle cell progeny to peripheral blood was 56 +/- 20% (SD), indicating that the cultured muscle cells generated approximately 10- to 14-fold more hematopoietic activity than whole bone marrow. When bone marrow from one mouse was harvested and transplanted into secondary recipients, all recipients showed high-level multilineage engraftment (mean 40%), establishing the extremely primitive nature of these stem cells. We also show that muscle contains a population of cells with several characteristics of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells, including high efflux of the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342 and expression of the stem cell antigens Sca-1 and c-Kit, although the cells lack the hematopoietic marker CD45. We propose that this population accounts for the hematopoietic activity generated by cultured skeletal muscle. These putative stem cells may be identical to muscle satellite cells, some of which lack myogenic regulators and could be expected to respond to hematopoietic signals.     

Stem cells in adult skeletal muscle

Muscle satellite cells are a self-renewing pool of stem cells that give rise to daughter myogenic precursor cells in adult skeletal muscle, where they function in postnatal tissue growth and regeneration. Adult skeletal muscle also contains a novel stem cell population purified as a side population (SP), which actively excludes Hoechst 33342 dye. Muscle SP cells that express the hematopoietic stem cell marker Sca-1 possess the ability to differentiate into hematopoietic cells, skeletal muscle, and satellite cells following transplantation. The muscle SP fraction also contains cells expressing the hematopoietic marker CD45 that are capable of differentiation into hematopoietic cells and muscle cells. Thus, these novel muscle stem cells appear to have characteristics similar to those of hematopoietic stem cells, and can participate in muscle regeneration. This review outlines recent findings regarding different stem cell populations in skeletal muscle, and discusses their involvement in muscle regeneration.     

Expression of Pax4 in embryonic stem cells promotes differentiation of nestin-positive progenitor and insulin-producing cells

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate into cells of all three primary germ layers including endodermal cells that produce insulin in vitro. We show that constitutive expression of Pax4 (Pax4(+)), and to a lesser extent Pdx1 (Pdx1(+)), affects the differentiation of ES cells and significantly promote the development of insulin-producing cells. In Pax4 overexpressing R1 ES cells, isl-1, ngn3, insulin, islet amyloid polypeptide, and glucose transporter 2 (Glut-2) mRNA levels increase significantly. The number of nestin-expressing (nestin+) cells also increases. Constitutive Pax4 expression combined with selection of nestin+ cells and histotypic culture conditions give rise to spheroids containing insulin-positive granules typical of embryonal and adult beta cells. In response to glucose, Pax4(+) and wild-type ES-derived cells release insulin. Transplantation of these cells into streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice results in a normalization of blood glucose levels. We conclude that constitutive expression of Pax4 in combination with histotypic cultivation facilitates ES cell differentiation into the pancreatic lineage, which leads to the formation of islet-like spheroid structures that produce increased levels of insulin.     

Rosiglitazone modifies the adipogenic potential of human muscle satellite cells

Aims/hypothesis Satellite cells are responsible for postnatal skeletal muscle regeneration. It has been demonstrated that mouse satellite cells behave as multipotent stem cells. We studied the differentiation capacities of human satellite cells and evaluated the effect of the insulin sensitiser rosiglitazone, a well known peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma (PPARG) agonist, on their adipogenic conversion.Subjects, materials and methods We obtained human satellite cells from human muscle biopsies of healthy subjects by single-fibre isolation and cultured them under myogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic conditions. Moreover, we compared the morphological features and the adipose-specific gene expression profiling, as assessed by quantitative PCR, between adipocytes differentiated from human satellite cells and those obtained from the stromal vascular fraction of human visceral fat.Results We proved by morphological analysis, mRNA expression and immunohistochemistry that human satellite cells are able to differentiate into myotubes, adipocytes and osteocytes. The addition of rosiglitazone to the adipogenic medium strongly activated PPARG expression and enhanced adipogenesis in human satellite cells, but did not in itself trigger the complete adipogenic programme. Moreover, we observed a decrease in wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 10B and an upregulation of growth differentiation factor 8 expression, both being independent of PPARG activation.Conclusions/interpretation Human satellite cells possess a clear adipogenic potential that could explain the presence of mature adipocytes within skeletal muscle in pathological conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and ageing-related sarcopenia. Rosiglitazone treatment, while enhancing adipogenesis, induces a more favourable pattern of adipocytokine expression in satellite-derived fat cells. This could partially counteract the worsening effect of intermuscular adipose tissue depots on muscle insulin sensitivity.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.Authors P. De Coppi and G. Milan contributed equally to this work.