浅谈高原环境下呼吸机临床应用及其质量控制管理

目的：探讨如何提高高原环境下呼吸机质量控制的水平.方法：结合高原环境下呼吸机的临床应用及其应用风险分析,从临床准入、临床使用、工程保障3个方面探讨高原环境下呼吸机质量控制的措施.结果：高原环境下呼吸机的质量控制管理具有特殊性.结论：加强呼吸机的质量控制管理,对高原环境下建立科学的呼吸机质量控制体系具有一定的指导作用.     

医院内部会计控制问题及改进策略

从内部会计控制理念、控制环境,内部会计控制理论知识、目标和运行等方面,对内部会计控制在医院存在的问题进行了深入剖析,根据医院管理的需要,提出了树立内部会计控制理念,强化内部会计控制知识培训,完善内部会计控制制度,强化执行的改进建议。     

浅谈网络环境下会计核算的内部控制与审计

医院实现会计电算化后 ,数据处理由计算机自动完成 ,摆脱了会计处理人员的直接干涉 ,从而使原有的内部控制职能丧失 ,人们需要根据变化后的情况重新制定网络环境下的内部控制。在网络环境下 ,研究和评价内部控制是开展计算机审计的关键 ,被审计单位内部控制是否健全有效 ,将在很大程度上直接影响到审计结论是否公允。因此 ,审计人员必须运用一套新的技术和衡量标准 ,对网络环境下的内部控制进行考查、验证和评价。一、网络环境下内部控制的内容(一 )一般控制的内容所谓一般控制是指为保证电算化系统开发、运行质量的可靠性而对电算化系统组…     

医疗单位财务控制探讨与实践

从理论上对医疗单位财务控制的概念、特点和原则进行了阐述,指出医疗单位目前财务控制现状,并结合深圳市人民医院财务控制实践,对医疗单位财务控制环境的建立、资金控制、成本控制、财务分析,以及设备采购和基建工程项目的财务监督等财务控制环节提出了见解,并就实际操作方法进行了探讨。     

我国典型疾病预防控制机构环境健康风险评估现状及需求

为全面推进我国疾病预防控制机构的环境健康风险评估工作,本研究深入调研我国疾病预防控制机构环境健康风险评估的开展现况及工作需求等内容。调研结果显示,我国疾病预防控制机构内部环境健康风险评估工作基础呈现地区发展不均衡、制度体系不完善、指南及规范性文件缺乏等重要问题。本研究基于对现存问题的梳理,提出未来我国环境健康风险评估在疾病预防控制机构工作中的发展建议。     

复合手术室的环境控制探讨

分析了我国洁净手术室的不同环境控制方法的优缺点,鉴于复合手术室的特点与配置的多功能四管制热泵,提出了可变新风量净化空调控制系统,实施了手术环境的节能有效的控制。     

变应性鼻炎防治中应重视环境控制和加强健康教育

尽管国内外变应性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis, AR)诊断和治疗指南都提出了"防治结合、四位一体"的治疗策略, 但是相对于抗过敏药物治疗、变应原免疫治疗(allergen immunotherapy, AIT)的大量文献而言, 对环境控制和健康教育的关注仍然比较少。本文将对AR防治中的环境控制方法与健康教育手段进行较为详细的阐述, 建议临床上应重视环境控制, 加强健康教育, 更好地在临床实践中实现AR的三级预防。     

浅谈手术室控制感染的措施

目的探讨手术室控制感染的措施,更好的减少手术室感染,从而提高医疗护理质量。方法加强手术用物、手术室环境、无菌操作规范管理,加强手术室感染控制的学习,提高控制感染的意识。结果采取加强培训、环境管理等一系列控制感染的措施后,为提高医疗安全、防止手术室减少感染提供了重要保证。结论采取有效的手术室感染控制措施,将大大提高手术室菌落合格率,从而有效降低手术室感染的发生率。     

合肥某医院环境消毒监测结果分析

目的通过对消毒环境监测,提高环境消毒质量,预防和控制医院感染.方法用回顾性调查分析方法,对该院1994～1998年环境消毒结果进行分析.结果 1994年到1998年环境消毒合格率有了较大幅度地提高,从87.07%上升到98.02%.结论医院手术室、早产儿室、产房、重症监护室等是容易造成医院感染的场所,必须重视环境卫生,建立环境消毒监测制度和措施,增强医护员工对医院感染和环境消毒监控的意识,提高环境消毒的质量,预防和控制医院感染.     

生活垃圾填埋场主要环境问题及污染控制标准修订必要性初探

GB 16889—2008生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准自颁布实施以来,在我国生活垃圾填埋场环境管理中发挥了重要作用,但也相继暴露出了一些问题,如选址困难、渗滤液不能稳定达标排放、恶臭普遍以及防渗层破损严重等。分析了我国生活垃圾填埋场存在的主要环境问题,提出了相应的解决方案,同时为后续污染控制标准的修订提出建议。     

Environmental compliance of some industries in Alexandria

Industrial development plays an important role in the national economic and socio - economic growth, in Alexandria governorate, the second largest industrial zone in Egypt. Industrialization in the past has created a measurable environmental negative impact emanating from the used technologies when the environmental dimension was not proper integrated at all stages of planning, operation or emissions pollution control. As a result a wide myriad of pollutants have reached the environment causing economic loss to the pollution process as well as an unacceptable working environmental conditions. In addition Egypt is curerently one of the Euromediterranean countries who will be an active member of the free trade zone between the Mediterranean sea north and south counrtries. The Egyptian industries have to comply with the national environmental laws as mandate for them to export or import from other countries in the region. As well the products has to be processed with cleaner technologies where all types of.     

Environmental factors and the proportion of males at birth in Italy

A significant decline in the proportion of male births has been observed in recent decades in several western countries, and several researchers have raised the question of the possible role of environmental pollution in this trend. In the present analysis, the authors examined the effect of environmental factors (pollution from pesticides, urban pollution, and industrial pollution) on the sex ratio (proportion of males) of Italian singleton 1st births for the years 1989-1993, controlling for the age of the mother. The data show a slight increase in the sex ratio from north to south; however, no reduction in the proportion of males was seen in areas with higher pesticide consumption or intense industrial pollution. A small reduction in sex ratio was found in the major urban centers. The analysis was based on individual information on birth order and maternal age, as well as on ecological data on environmental pollution. No significant association was found between environmental pollution and the proportion of male births in Italy during the study period.     

Environmental respiratory health in central and eastern Europe

The main objective of the paper was to discuss the environmental issues in the countries of central and eastern Europe (CEE) and to show their significance for respiratory health. Many epidemiologic studies carried out in the region have documented an association between air pollution and adverse health effects in the respiratory tract. Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been related to an increase in mortality and hospital admissions for diseases of respiratory tract. Effects of long-term exposure was implicated in the rising trends of lower respiratory tract diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis, in both children and adults. Recent evidence indicates that the prevalence of allergic sensitization in the CEE countries is higher in urban than in rural areas, however, it is not clear to what extent ambient air pollution has contributed to this difference. It is difficult to estimate the toll of adverse health effects caused by air pollution in the CEE countries because of insufficient data on exposure. However, it is evident that significant positive effects would occur if air pollution concentrations in the region were reduced along with the WHO guidelines.     

A global analysis of the regional variation in the symptoms of acute respiratory infection during childhood: Epidemics and their association with environmental vulnerability

Using Demographic and Health Surveys from 48 low-income and middle-income countries (N = 432,860), we investigated whether or not the presence of symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) are contingent on environmental vulnerabilities such as the region, the level of ambient air pollution, community orphanhood status, and household poverty among young children under five. In addition, we also examined whether such an effect may be a consequence of socioeconomic development and/or lifestyle. Using multilevel logistic regression models, environmental vulnerability was found to be significantly associated with the likelihood of childhood ARI symptoms and this association seemed to be related to the level of ambient air pollution. Our findings suggest that important roles are played by both geographic region and ambient air pollution, and that these factors may disproportionately shape a child's risk of ARI symptoms in a global context.     

Health effects associated with passenger vehicles: monetary values of air pollution

Air pollution is regarded as one of the highest priorities in environmental protection in both developed and developing countries. High levels of air pollution have adverse effects on human health that might cause premature death. This study presents the monetary value estimates for the adverse human health effects resulted from ambient air pollution. It aids decision makers to set priorities in the public health relevance of pollution abatement. The main driver of policymaker is the need to reduce the avoidable cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality from pollutant exposures. The monetary valuation involves 2 steps: (i) relate levels of pollutants to mortality and morbidity (concentration-response relationships) and (ii) apply unit economic values. Cost of air pollution associated with passenger vehicles running over a major traffic bridge (6th of October Elevated Highway) is presented as a case study to demonstrate the use of monetary value of air pollution. The study proves that the cost of air pollution is extremely high and should not be overlooked.     

环境污染与胃癌相关人群研究的知识图谱分析

目的了解环境污染与胃癌相关人群研究的国内外现状,为今后胃癌精准防控研究提供科学依据。方法以SCI和CNKI数据库中1989-2018年收录的胃癌与环境污染原创性人群研究文献为数据基础,使用BibExcel、VosViewer、R等分析工具,分析中英文文献的时间分布、地区分布、学科分布、机构合作、关键词共现等情况。结果近30年中文发表的我国环境污染与胃癌相关的人群研究论文数量最多集中在1995-2003年之间,从2000年以后明显下降,近年来保持低数量产出态势,SCI论文数量总体呈上升趋势;SCI文献产出最多的国家是美国和中国;中文文献产出最多的是江西省;本领域50%以上的SCI文献集中在环境科学和生态学,公共、环境和职业健康两个学科;中文论文主要关注的热点包括土壤微量元素及污染物、水污染与胃癌两个方面;砷、硝酸盐、金属污染等是主要的研究问题;中英文文献研究的具体污染物不尽相同。结论我国环境污染与胃癌相关人群研究需要进一步扩大国内外研究机构之间的跨学科合作与交流,除无机环境污染物之外,还应对有机污染物暴露进行充分考虑。     

Air pollution and population health: a global challenge

“Air pollution and population health” is one of the most important environmental and public health issues. Economic development, urbanization, energy consumption, transportation/motorization, and rapid population growth are major driving forces of air pollution in large cities, especially in megacities. Air pollution levels in developed countries have been decreasing dramatically in recent decades. However, in developing countries and in countries in transition, air pollution levels are still at relatively high levels, though the levels have been gradually decreasing or have remained stable during rapid economic development. In recent years, several hundred epidemiological studies have emerged showing adverse health effects associated with short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants. Time-series studies conducted in Asian cities also showed similar health effects on mortality associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) to those explored in Europe and North America. The World Health Organization (WHO) published the “WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs), Global Update” in 2006. These updated AQGs provide much stricter guidelines for PM, NO₂, SO₂ and O₃. Considering that current air pollution levels are much higher than the WHO-recommended AQGs, interim targets for these four air pollutants are also recommended for member states, especially for developing countries in setting their country-specific air quality standards. In conclusion, ambient air pollution is a health hazard. It is more important in Asian developing countries within the context of pollution level and population density. Improving air quality has substantial, measurable and important public health benefits.     

Environmental epidemiology applied to urban atmospheric pollution: a contribution from the Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory (LPAE)

Systematic investigation on the effects of human exposure to environmental pollution using scientific methodology only began in the 20th century as a consequence of several environmental accidents followed by an unexpected mortality increase above expected mortality and as a result of observational epidemiological and toxicological studies conducted on animals in developed countries. This article reports the experience of the Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory at the School of Medicine, University of S?o Paulo, concerning the respiratory system and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in responses to exposure to pollution using toxicological and experimental procedures, complemented by observational epidemiological studies conducted in the city of S?o Paulo. It also describes these epidemiological studies, pointing out that air pollution is harmful to public health, not only among susceptible groups but also in the general population, even when the concentration of pollutants is below the limits set by environmental legislation. The study provides valuable information to support the political and economic decision-making processes aimed at preserving the environment and enhancing quality of life.     

Annoyance due to air pollution in Europe

BACKGROUND: Annoyance due to air pollution is a subjective score of air quality, which has been incorporated into the National Environmental monitoring of some countries. The objectives of this study are to describe the variations in annoyance due to air pollution in Europe and its individual and environmental determinants. METHODS: This study took place in the context of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II (ECRHS II) that was conducted during 1999-2001. It included 25 centres in 12 countries and 7867 randomly selected adults from the general population. Annoyance due to air pollution was self-reported on an 11-point scale. Annual mean mass concentration of fine particles (PM(2.5)) and its sulphur (S) content were measured in 21 centres as a surrogate of urban air pollution. RESULTS: Forty-three per cent of participants reported moderate annoyance (1-5 on the scale) and 14% high annoyance (> or =6) with large differences across centres (2-40% of high annoyance). Participants in the Northern European countries reported less annoyance. Female gender, nocturnal dyspnoea, phlegm and rhinitis, self-reported car and heavy vehicle traffic in front of the home, high education, non-smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke were associated with higher annoyance levels. At the centre level, adjusted means of annoyance scores were moderately associated with sulphur urban levels (slope 1.43 microg m(-3), standard error 0.40, r = 0.61). CONCLUSIONS: Annoyance due to air pollution is frequent in Europe. Individuals' annoyance may be a useful measure of perceived ambient quality and could be considered a complementary tool for health surveillance.     

主成分分析法在水生物二(噁)英污染来源解析中的应用

目的 分析水生生物样品中二(噁)英的污染来源,为有针对性地治理二(噁)英的污染源提供理论依据.方法 检索Sciencedrict数据库中相关的二(噁)英主要污染源及各国水生生物样品中二(噁)英的数据,以样品中二(噁)英同族体含量的相对值为变量,利用环境计量学中主成分分析方法对其进行分析.结果 污染释放源分析结果显示,工业源中第一主成分占有较大比例,而化学源中第二主成分占有较大比例;化学源、热源、非生物底质源、工业源有较好的分离;不同的非生物底质源在组成成分上有较大的相似性;氯碱工业石墨电极废渣底泥与其他化学源的组成成分有较大不同.水生生物样品分析结果显示,日本水户市水生生物体内的二(噁)英污染主要来自于非生物底质源和热源;韩国南部Masan地区水生生物体内的二(噁)英污染介于热源和化学源之间;美国Georgia地区的二(噁)英污染可能既有热源又有工业源的污染;中国某海域水生生物体内的二(噁)英污染主要来源于化学源.结论 主成分分析法是识别二(噁)英化学污染释放源的较好方法,不同国家、地区水生生物体内二噁英的污染来源各不相同.