不同糖耐量人群血浆神经肽B、抵抗素与糖脂代谢的关系

在不同糖耐量人群测定血浆神经肽B和抵抗素水平。结果显示2型糖尿病患者空腹神经肽B水平明显高于对照组,而其空腹和糖负荷后2 h抵抗素水平明显低于对照组,空腹神经肽B水平与血糖、腰臀比和胆固醇呈正相关。提示神经肽B与代谢紊乱有一定关联。     

不同糖耐量儿童血浆抵抗素表达及意义

研究证实,抵抗素具有直接对抗胰岛素的作用,可能是肥胖者易发2型糖尿病（T2DM）的关键分子,是脂肪组织介导肥胖相关的胰岛素抵抗（IR）确凿的证据。目前对儿童抵抗素的研究少见,我们观察了56例了不同糖耐量儿童血浆抵抗素水平,旨在探讨抵抗素引起T2DM可能的机制。     

不同糖耐量人群血清抵抗素水平及其相关因素分析

酶免法测定50例2型糖尿病（DM组）、50例糖耐量减低（IGT组）及40例糖耐量正常（NGT组）个体的空腹血清抵抗素水平，结果显示IGT组和DM组显著高于NGT组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；回归分析显示FPG和FIns与抵抗素的关系较为密切。     

不同糖耐量人群血浆脂肪酸谱与胰岛素抵抗

目的　研究不同糖耐量人群血浆脂肪酸谱与胰岛素抵抗 (IR)之间的关系。方法　将受试者根据口服葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)结果分为正常糖耐量组 (NGT) ,糖耐量受损组 (IGT )及 2型糖尿病组(DM )。采用毛细血管气相色谱法测定血浆脂肪酸谱 ,用胰岛素敏感指数 (IAI)评估IR。结果　DM组及IGT组血浆软脂酸 (C16:0 )、硬脂酸 (C18:0 )、二十二烷酸 (C2 2 :0 )、二十四烷酸 (C2 4:0 )和饱和脂肪酸浓度较NGT组明显升高 (P <0 .0 5～P <0 .0 1) ;花生四烯酸 (C2 0 :4)分别从NGT、IGT和DM组依次升高 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5～P <0 .0 1) ;血浆饱和脂肪酸 (SFA)从NGT、IGT、DM亚组依次升高 (P <0 .0 5～P <0 .0 1) ;NGT组的多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)与饱和脂肪酸 (SFA)的比率高于IGT组和DM组 (均P <0 .0 5 ) ;血浆C16:0、C2 0 :4、C2 2 :0、SFA与IAI呈负相关 (P均 <0 .0 1)、PUFA/SFA与IAI呈正相关 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　不同糖耐量者血浆脂肪酸谱不同 ,糖耐量减低与 2型糖尿病患者SFA浓度升高 ,PUFA/SFA下降 ,且与胰岛素抵抗密切相关     

不同糖耐量状态的原发性高血压患者血清抵抗素水平

目的　了解不同糖耐量状态原发性高血压患者血清抵抗素浓度 ,探讨肥胖与糖尿病(DM)的关系。方法　酶免疫测定法检测 71例原发性高血压患者〔2型DM 18例 ,糖耐量低减 (IGT)2 6例 ,正常糖耐量 (NGT) 2 7例 ;男 33例 ,女 38例〕的空腹血清抵抗素水平 ,口服葡萄糖耐量试验和胰岛素释放试验 ,测定血浆葡萄糖浓度和血清胰岛素浓度 ,计算葡萄糖曲线下面积 (AUCG) ,根据Cederholm公式计算胰岛素敏感指数 (ISI) ;测量收缩压 (SBP)、舒张压 (DBP)、身高、体重、腰围、臀围 ,计算体重指数 (BMI)、体内脂肪百分比 (BF % )及腰围 /臀围比 (WHR)。结果　空腹血清抵抗素浓度(μg/L) :DM组 (2 9.8± 12 .1)显著高于NGT组 (2 2 .0± 8.4 ) (P <0 .0 5 ) ,略高于IGT组 (2 5 .1± 10 .4 )(P >0 .0 5 )。空腹血清抵抗素浓度与AUCG(r =0 .38,P <0 .0 0 1)及BF % (r=0 .35 ,P <0 .0 1)呈显著正相关 ,与ISI呈显著负相关 (r =- 0 .2 4 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,与SBP、DBP、BMI及WHR无相关。结论　 2型DM患者空腹血清抵抗素水平升高 ,血清抵抗素浓度与血糖浓度及BF %的相关性提示人体抵抗素可能是肥胖与糖尿病连系所在     

不同糖耐量人群血浆Apelin水平及其相关因素研究

比较了不同糖耐量人群血浆Apelin水平及其与BMI、血糖、胰岛素、血脂等的关系。发现IGT患者空腹和葡萄糖负荷后2h血浆Apelin水平明显高于正常对照组,血浆Apelin水平与HO-MA-IR、BMI、TC、LDL-C、FPG、FIns水平呈明显正相关。     

胰岛素治疗对血浆抵抗素水平的影响

经ELISA方法测得的空腹血浆抵抗素水平，2型糖尿病患者显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）；而在有和无糖尿病微血管病患者之间，不存在明显差异（P〉0．05）。经胰岛素治疗，血抵抗素水平明显下降。     

不同糖耐量个体空腹血浆Preptin水平变化及其相关因素

采用放射免疫法测定不同糖耐量个体空腹血浆Preptin水平.结果 显示空腹血浆Preptin水平女性高于男性,并且2型糖尿病患者血浆Preptin水平明显高于糖耐量受损者和正常对照者.空腹血浆Preptin水平与舒张压、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、游离脂肪酸、糖负荷后2 h血糖、HbA<,1C>和HOMA-IR呈明显正相关.提示血浆Preptin水平可能与糖脂代谢和胰岛素抵抗有关.     

血清抵抗素水平与肥胖及胰岛素抵抗相关性的研究

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病 (T2DM)患者血清抵抗素水平与肥胖及胰岛素抵抗 (IR)的关系。方法　酶联免疫法测定T2DM患者 86例及对照组 42例的空腹血清抵抗素水平。记录受试对象性别、年龄、病程、身高、体重、腰围 (W )、臀围 (H)、血压 ,并检测空腹血脂、血糖 (Glu)、肾功能、胰岛素 (INS)、雌二醇 (E2 )、睾酮 (T)等生化指标。结果　无论是T2DM组还是对照组 ,肥胖者血清抵抗素水平与非肥胖者比较 ,均具有统计学差异(P <0 0 1 ) ,T2DM组与对照组比较其血清抵抗素水平无显著性差异 ;采用相关分析发现 ,血清抵抗素浓度与BMI、腰围、WHR、BF %、TG、ApoB、FINS、SBP、DBP呈显著正相关 ,与ISI显著负相关 ,男性抵抗素水平与T呈正相关 ;采用多元逐步回归分发现BF %、FINS、ISI、腰围为影响抵抗素最显著的因素 (R2 =0 78)。结论　T2DM组与对照组比较其血清抵抗素水平无显著性差异 ,而无论是T2DM组还是对照组 ,肥胖者血清抵抗素水平与非肥胖者比较 ,差别均具有统计学意义 (P <0 0 0 1 )。血清高抵抗素水平与BF %、FINS、ISI、腰围的相关性提示 ,抵抗素可能在肥胖、IR及T2DM的发病中起一定作用     

Relationship between glucose tolerance,insulin secretion,and insulin action in non-obese individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance

Summary Plasma glucose and insulin concentration following a 75 g oral glucose challenge and glucose uptake during a hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp study were determined in 50 non-obese individuals. The study population was divided into five groups on the basis of their glucose tolerance: normal, impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose of less than 8 mmol/l, between 8–15 mmol/l, and more than 15 mmol/l. The plasma insulin response was significantly greater (p<0.001) than normal in those with either impaired glucose tolerance or Type 2 diabetes and a fasting plasma glucose concentration less than 8 mmol/l. In contrast, the plasma insulin response was similar to normal in the other two groups of patients with Type 2 diabetes, i.e. fasting plasma glucose concentration 8–15 mmol/l or greater than 15 mmol/l. Glucose uptake rates were significantly lower (p<0.001) than normal in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and all three groups of patients with Type 2 diabetes. Although glucose uptake rates during the glucose clamp studies were relatively similar in all four groups of glucose intolerant subjects, the values were significantly lower in those patients with Type 2 diabetes who had a fasting plasma glucose concentration greater than 8 mmol/l (p<0.01), These data indicate that a significant degree of insulin resistance exists in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or Type 2 diabetes, relatively independent of fasting plasma glucose concentration. Indeed, glucose uptake during glucose clamp studies fell 8-fold over a range in fasting plasma glucose concentration of from 4.5 to 6.5 mmol/l. In contrast, the plasma insulin response increased over the same range of fasting plasma glucose concentrations. The fact that this defect in insulin action can be seen in patients who are hyperinsulinaemic, not hypoinsulinaemic, and only modestly hyperglycaemic, is consistent with the hypothesis that resistance to insulin-stimulate glucose uptake is a basic characteristic of patients with impaired glucose tolerance or Type 2 diabetes.     

Plasma neuropeptide Y in impaired glucose tolerance

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance, since central administration of the peptide induces muscular insulin resistance. NPY also occurs in pancreatic nerves and inhibits insulin secretion. In this study, we examined the plasma NPY levels in 10 women, aged 57–59 years, with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), which is often accompanied by a combination of reduced insulin sensitivity and impaired insulin secretion. They were 145±4.1 pmol/l compared with 143±4.3 pmol/l in 10 age-matched women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (NS). Furthermore, the plasma NPY did not correlate with fasting glucose or insulin levels, the 2-h glucose value after a 75 g oral glucose challenge or insulin sensitivity as determined by the euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. This suggests that plasma NPY is not altered in IGT.     

Thiazolidinedione therapy in the prevention/delay of type 2 diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance

AIM: The second-generation thiazolidinediones (TZDs), rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, significantly decrease fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) levels in patients with diabetes. Recent studies suggest that early treatment with TZDs may prevent the progression from insulin resistance (IR) to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This prospective analysis examined the effect of early TZD treatment in the prevention or delay of T2DM in a multiethnic population with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and IR. METHODS: The analysis included 172 patients (aged 29-86 years) with IGT and IR (normal or borderline HbA(1c), C-peptide levels > 2 mg/ml, fasting blood sugar 100-125 mg/dl, and 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels 140-200 mg/dl). Patients in the active treatment group (n = 101) had received troglitazone for an average of 10 months before being randomly switched to rosiglitazone (4 mg/day) or pioglitazone (30 mg/day). Patients were switched when troglitazone was withdrawn from the US market because of liver toxicity concerns. Patients with IGT and IR who received no antidiabetic medication served as a control group (n = 71). HbA(1c) and C-peptide levels were measured at baseline (2 years) and study end point (3 years). Kaplan-Meier testing, using time to outcome as the main outcome variable, determined risk reduction in the TZD group relative to the control group. RESULTS: Mean HbA(1c) and C-peptide levels decreased for patients receiving either TZD at the 2-year assessment, and reductions were maintained at study end point. After 2 years, none of the patients receiving TZD therapy progressed to T2DM; three patients progressed to T2DM by study end point. In the control group, 11 patients became diabetic after 2 years and 19 patients became diabetic by the end of the study. The incidence (risk reduction) of diabetes after 3 years was 88.9% lower in the TZD group compared with the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The TZDs, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, were effective in reducing HbA(1c) and C-peptide levels in patients with IGT/IR. Progression of IR/IGT to T2DM appears to be significantly delayed or prevented with early TZD treatment.     

Plasma insulin and glucose levels in elderly female subjects with Alzheimer's disease

Background:  The function of insulin in the central nervous system has been intensively investigated recently. Epidemiological studies have shown that hyperinsulinemia or diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Several studies have reported plasma levels of insulin and glucose in subjects with Alzheimer's disease, however, the results were conflicting. A recent study suggested that fasting plasma insulin levels in subjects with Alzheimer's disease depend on apolipoprotein E genotype, specifically, subjects with Alzheimer's disease who were not apolipoprotein-E4-homozygotes had higher plasma insulin levels. The purpose of this study was to clarify plasma levels of insulin and glucose in subjects with Alzheimer's disease.
Methods:  We performed a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in elderly female subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched female non-demented subjects (mean age of the subjects involved was 82.9 ± 8.1 years). All subjects were non-apolipoprotein E4-homozygotes, and scores for mini-mental state examination of all AD subjects were less than 16.
Results:  When fasting plasma levels of insulin and glucose in all recruited subjects were compared, those of glucose and insulin were significantly lower in AD subjects, possibly due to their lower body mass index (BMI). When only subjects with normal glucose metabolism in OGTT were included, BMI was comparable. Although plasma levels of fasting glucose and insulin were still lower in AD subjects, the difference lacked statistical significance.
Conclusion:  We failed to show that subjects with AD who were not apolipoprotein-E4-homozygotes had higher fasting plasma insulin levels compared with non-demented subjects.     

Worsening to diabetes in men with impaired glucose tolerance (“borderline diabetes”)

Summary Two hundred and four men with impaired glucose tolerance (borderline diabetes) discovered in a screening examination have been observed for five years and repeated tests of glucose tolerance performed. By pre-determined criteria 27 men worsened to diabetes and this metabolic deterioration was not significantly influenced by treatment with carbohydrate restriction with or without a daily dose of 50 mg phenformin. Of the baseline variables measured prior to treatment allocation only the blood glucose values were significantly predictive of ultimate worsening to diabetes.     

Assessment of abnormal glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in Turkish obese children and adolescents

BACKGROUND: The worldwide increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity is reaching epidemic proportions and is associated with a dramatic rise in cases of type 2 diabetes. We determined the prevalence of impaired glucose regulation and insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 196 obese children [SD score (SDS) of body mass index (BMI): 2.17 +/- 0.03], aged 7-18 years, including 86 male subjects, underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (1.75 g glucose/kg body weight). We used the modified WHO criteria adapted for children for abnormal glucose homeostasis. Homeostasis model assessment was used to estimate insulin resistance in all subjects. The insulin sensitivity index was also determined in subjects. RESULTS: Of the total of 196 obese children, 15 (6.6%) had an abnormal fasting glucose level. Of the 196 obese children, 35 (18%) had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 83 (43%) had insulin resistance. Of the 196 obese children were six (3%) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance indices were correlated well with the degree of abnormal glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: IGT, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are far more common in obese Turkish children than previously thought. Early treatment in obese children and adolescents with IGT constitutes a strategy of reversing the progression to beta-cell failure and preventing type 2 diabetes.     

Fasting proinsulin and 2-h post-load glucose levels predict the conversion to NIDDM in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: The Hoorn Study

Summary The aims of the present study were to observe the natural history of impaired glucose tolerance and to identify predictors for development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). A survey of glucose tolerance was conducted in subjects aged 50–74 years, randomly selected from the registry of the middle-sized town of Hoorn in the Netherlands. Based on the mean values of two oral glucose tolerance tests subjects were classified in categories of glucose tolerance according to the World Health Organization criteria. All subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (n=224) were invited to participate in the present study, in which 70% (n=158) were subsequently enrolled. During follow-up subjects underwent a repeated paired oral glucose tolerance test. The mean follow-up time was 24 months (range 12–36 months). The cumulative incidence of NIDDM was 28.5% (95% confidence interval 15–42%). Age, sex, and anthropometric and metabolic characteristics at baseline were analysed simultaneously as potential predictors of conversion to NIDDM using multiple logistic regression. The initial 2-h post-load plasma glucose levels and the fasting proinsulin levels were significantly (p<0.05) related to the incidence of NIDDM. Anthropometric characteristics, the 2-h post-load specific insulin levels and the fasting proinsulin/fasting insulin ratio were not related to the incidence of NIDDM. These results suggest that beta-cell dysfunction rather than insulin resistance plays the most important role in the future development of diabetes in a high-risk Caucasian population.Abbreviations IGT Impaired glucose tolerance - NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - OGTT oral glucose tolerance test - CI confidence interval - W/H ratio waist/hip ratio - BMI body mass index - OR odds ratio     

Lipoprotein subclass profiles in individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance: a population‐based study of 9399 Finnish men

Abstract. Wang J, Stan?áková A, Soininen P, Kangas AJ, Paananen J, Kuusisto J, Ala‐Korpela M, Laakso M (University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu; University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; and Clinical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu; Finland). Lipoprotein subclass profiles in individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance: a population‐based study of 9399 Finnish men. J Intern Med 2012; doi: 10.1111/j.1365‐2796.2012.02562.x. Objectives. We investigated serum concentrations of lipoprotein subclass particles and their lipid components determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a population‐based study. Design and methods. A total of 9399 Finnish men were included in the study: 3034 men with normal fasting glucose and normal glucose tolerance; 4345 with isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG); 312 with isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); 1058 with both IFG and IGT; and 650 with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (New DM). Lipoprotein subclasses included chylomicrons (CM) and largest VLDL particles, other VLDL particles (five subclasses), intermediate‐density lipoprotein (IDL), LDL (three subclasses) and HDL (four subclasses). The phospholipid, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, free cholesterol and cholesterol ester levels of the lipoprotein particles were measured. Results. Abnormal glucose tolerance (especially IGT and New DM) was significantly associated with increased concentrations of VLDL subclass particles and their components (with the exception of very small VLDL particles). After further adjustment for total TGs and HDL cholesterol, increased lipid concentrations in the CM/largest VLDL particles and in most of the other VLDL particles remained significant in individuals with isolated IGT, IFG+IGT and New DM. There was a consistent trend towards a decrease in large and an increase in small HDL particle concentrations in individuals with hyperglycaemia even after adjustment for serum total TGs and HDL cholesterol. Conclusions. Abnormal glucose tolerance modifies the concentrations of lipoprotein subclass particles and their lipid components in the circulation and is also related to compositional changes in these particles.