中国人侧颅底区可视化研究

目的建立中国人体侧颅底区局部可视化数字模型,为该区疾病的影像学诊断及外科手术治疗提供数字形态学依据。方法应用我室建立的数字化可视人体数据集,采用体绘制及面绘制重建方法,分别在P4微机和SGI工作站上对侧颅底区重要结构进行计算机三维重建及立体显示。结果侧颅底区局部可视化数字模型能够清晰显示侧颅底各重要结构。本研究着重显示了侧颅底神经血管区、颞骨内结构、颈内动脉及其毗邻结构与侧颅底骨性组织的三维解剖关系。三维重建结构可以单独或联合显示,重建结构的任意径线及角度均可进行适时三维测量。结论我室建立的数字化可视人体数据集能够较好地重建侧颅底区可视化解剖模型,反映该区域重要解剖结构及其空间毗邻关系,该结果可应用于侧颅底外科手术辅助教学以及手术入路的辅助设计等。     

前列腺及其毗邻结构的三维可视化研究

目的：建立正常人前列腺及其毗邻结构的三维可视化数字模型。为解剖教学、临床诊断和男性盆腔手术提供动态三维形态学资料。方法：采用第三军医大学解剖学教研室的第1例中国数字化可视人体数据集1号（CVH1）盆腔连续断面图像分割出前列腺及其毗邻结构的轮廓数据,运用AMIRA商业软件进行计算机三维重建和可视化显示。结果：重建出了前列腺及其毗邻结构的三维可视化模型,该模型可从任意角度进行观察,清晰地显示前列腺与毗邻结构的空间位置关系。结论：前列腺及其毗邻结构的可视化模型为人体解剖教学和临床泌尿外科应用提供三维数字化工具,为CT、MRI男性盆腔断面影像研究提供了形态学资料。     

数字化人体喉的三维重建及其可视化

目的:构建基于PC的喉部三维可视化模型,为喉部解剖教学、虚拟喉科手术及临床喉外科手术治疗方案的选择提供数字化三维解剖学依据。方法:从第三军医大学采集的首例中同数字化可视人体数据集中提取会厌软骨上缘至环状软骨下缘的断层图像,在PC机上经数据分割、对位重建、平滑处理和三维显示等步骤,完成对喉部结构的三维重建和立体显示。结果:完整地重建了喉部各重要结构,可显示喉部各结构的空间位置和毗邻关系,重建结构可以单独或联合显示,可在在维空间位置上绕任意轴旋转任意角度。结论:该数字化可视人体数据集能够较好地重建喉的可视化模型,重建结构逼真,能展示喉的真实面貌,该结果可应用于喉外科手术辅助教学以及手术入路的辅助设计等。     

数字儿童颅底及颈部可视化模型建立研究

目的 对儿童颅底及颈部进行数字化三维重建,创建三维可视化模型。 方法 通过冷冻数控铣切及数字摄影技术获取1例中国6岁男童连续高精度超薄断层标本数字解剖图像数据集,选取从颅底至T1上缘之间的横断面,利用PhotoShop.2021逐张进行手动分割,使用三维重建软件Digihuman Reconstruction System将手动分割的结构重建,再导入3-matic Research 13.0软件进行调整和修改。 结果 成功建立首例中国男童的颅底及颈部三维可视化模型,多方位多角度清晰再现所分割结构三维形态及空间位置关系,完成对颅底及颈部椎骨、血管、神经及肌肉的详细观察,对颈部动静脉神经及椎体相关数据测量,分析解剖结构特点及手术注意事项。 结论 利用数字儿童颅底及颈部三维可视化模型,可多方位立体直观地显示详细解剖结构及毗邻关系,结合对颈部血管神经及椎体结构数据测量,为儿科临床诊治、虚拟手术、医学教学提供重要参考依据。     

上纵隔可视化模型的制备

目的:建立中国人体上纵隔区域内主要结构的数字化可视模型,为临床上纵隔疾病的影像学诊断及外科手术方案选择提供形态学依据。方法:采用第三军医大学数字人体研究所提供的数字化可视人体数据集中上纵隔部位的连续图像,运用体数据绘制及表面绘制的重建方法,在计算机上对上纵隔内各个重要结构进行计算机三维重建和立体显示。结果:上纵隔数字化可视模型能够清晰显示其各个主要结构的形态、位置及毗邻关系,各结构可单独显示和合成显示,并可任意方向的旋转。结论:数字化可视人体数据集对于上纵隔内容的显示,能较好地提供完整而精确的解剖学断面数据,重建后的可视化模型能准确反映该区域复杂的解剖学结构特点及其空间毗邻关系。     

颈椎后路手术相关结构三维可视化研究

目的寻求建立颈椎后路手术相关结构数字模型及三维可视化方法。方法取健康志愿者头顶至第3胸椎下缘连续CT/MRI断面图像,Mimics软件对骨骼,肌肉,神经等组织用半自动方法进行分割和重建,MedCAD(医学计算机辅助设计)模块对细小解剖结构重建,三维化显示颈椎后路手术相关解剖结构。结果建立颈椎后路手术相关结构的三维可视化模型,显示骨性结构、颈背部由浅入深4层17组肌肉、4组韧带、C1～T2脊神经后支和颈部浅层肌等解剖结构的位置关系。结论在颈背部三维可视化模型基础上,参照解剖学层次逐层显示该手术相关重要结构,为该手术解剖教学、手术培训提供医疗教学平台。     

中国数字化可视人脑基底核团的三维立体解剖与可视化

目的:建立基底核团的三维数字化可视模型,为该区域疾病的影像学诊断和神经外科手术尤其是立体定向手术治疗提供解剖学依据.方法:从中国数字化可视人体数据集中选取与基底核有关的横断面图像,对基底核团进行半自动分割,并采用面绘制的方法进行三维重建.用 Amira 软件,对基底核团进行绘制重建,然后进行冠状、矢状重采样.从横、冠、矢3个方位对基底核团进行立体解剖及可视化研究.结果:获得同一基底核团横、冠、矢3个方位的连续薄层断面数据集,对豆状核、尾状核、杏仁核等结构进行了三维重建.重建结构可多结构、多色彩模式显示,可在三维空间绕任意轴旋转.结论:为基底核团的研究提供了一种新的方法.重建的基底核团真实、清晰,再现了各结构的自然形态及在空间中的确切位置,提供了一个初步的基底核的数字解剖学模型.     

肝及肝血管的三维重建及可视化

目的:探讨肝及肝血管三维模型的重建及可视化方法.方法:利用1例肝移植供体的肝64排螺旋CT薄层扫描数据集,采集二维图像数据,利用Mimics软件重建肝及肝血管的三维模型.结果:重建的肝及肝血管三维模型形态逼真、解剖标志明显,可以不同颜色、任意组合显示,可对模型放大、缩小和旋转等全方位观察,并能任意平面切割.结论:采用肝CT增强扫描数据,利用Mimics软件可以快速提取肝血管,重建肝内血管三维模型,但对于肝的分割较费时;重建的肝及肝血管三维模型有助于解剖学教学和制定合理的肝手术方案,并为进一步行肝虚拟手术提供了图像处理经验.     

三维虚拟穿刺仿真在颈部神经阻滞中的应用

背景：颈部神经阻滞麻醉易引起严重麻醉意外与并发症,目前在建立颈部神经三维可视化模型并对颈部神经节阻滞进行虚拟仿真方面还处在临床探索阶段。 目的：寻求三维虚拟穿刺仿真在颈部神经阻滞中的应用方法。 方法：取健康志愿者颈部连续CT动脉造影/MRI脊髓造影断面图像,Mimics软件对骨骼、肌肉、动静脉、甲状腺、喉软骨、脊髓等组织进行半自动分割和重建,医学计算机辅助设计模块对神经等细小解剖结构进行重建,三维化显示颈部神经及周围相关解剖结构,并进行颈部神经穿刺虚拟仿真,包括模拟颈浅丛阻滞,颈深丛阻滞和星状神经节阻滞。 结果与结论：成功模拟颈浅丛阻滞, 颈深丛阻滞和星状神经节阻滞,显示虚拟穿刺针和骨性结构、动静脉、肌肉、脊髓、颈丛深浅支和星状神经节等解剖结构的三维毗邻关系,并测量穿刺进针的安全角度,深度和最佳穿刺路径。说明三维虚拟穿刺仿真技术可以为颈部神经阻滞术提供直观的形态学参考。     

首例中国数字化可视人体脊柱区颈段的三维重建研究

目的 建立中国数字化可视人体男性脊柱区颈段的三维可视化模型。方法 应用首例中国数字化可视人体数据集，选取从寰椎上缘到第7颈椎下缘的连续横断面图像。在SGI工作站上对颈椎、脊髓、椎动脉、椎间盘、颈神经等结构进行计算机三维重建并立体显示。结果 建立了脊柱区颈段重要结构的三维可视化模型，重建后的结构可多彩色立体显示，既能单独显示，也能任意搭配或总体显示，可在三维空间位置上绕任意轴旋转任意角度观察。结论 脊柱区颈段的可视化数字模型，用三维图形方法显示该区结构的空间构形，将有助于解剖学教学，并可为颈部疾病的影像诊断和外科手术等提供参考。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.