糖尿病性白内障特点及对策—附44眼报告

目的:提高糖尿病性白内障的手术质量。方法:对42例44眼糖尿病性白内障与50例50眼非糖尿病性白内障术中术后并发症统计比较。结果:糖尿病性白内障具有术中瞳孔小,晶体前囊膜脆弱,悬韧带脆弱,易出血,后囊易破裂,术后前房渗出多及机化膜易形成,切口愈合久等特点。结论:糖尿病性白内障术前应正确选择术式,术中应更轻柔,缝合应更牢固。     

Nd:YAG激光十字形后囊切开术治疗后发性白内障

目的 探讨Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光十字形后囊切开治疗人工晶体眼后发性白内障的技术要点和并发症的预防方法。方法 对５８例接受Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光十字形后囊切开术治疗的的发性白内障患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。５８例患眼中包括不同类型（纤维膜型、Ｅｌｓｃｈｎｉｇ珍珠型、混合型、伴部分皮质残存型）和不同病情分级（１、２和３级）的后发性白内障,术中根据后囊厚薄和机化程度的不同,以及人工晶体与后囊的距离等,选择能量和功     

硬核性白内障超声乳化术中拦截-劈裂技术的改进

目的：评价改进的拦截－劈裂技术在老年硬核性白内障超声乳化术中的安全性、简便性和有效性。方法：作者在过去5年中采用改进的拦截－劈裂技术对310只眼硬核性白内障患者施行了超声乳化术,白内障核的硬度分级均为Ⅳ-Ⅴ级。囊下水分离后,超声乳化探头进入到晶体核中央部,超声蚀刻出一个深坑。将超声乳化探头进入到晶体核中央部的深坑内,提高吸收负压,把晶体核拉出到晶体囊袋之上。利用超声探头和劈核器逐步旋转并劈裂晶体核成为数个小块。翻转超声乳化探头的斜面朝向下,用高的吸引负压吸住晶体核块超声乳化。结果：采用改进的拦截－劈裂技术对硬核性白内障患者施行了超声乳化术,手术时间缩短,超声能量降低,通过前房的BSS液平均50ml。所有患者均一期植入后房型人工晶体。手术后3个月随访,患者矫正视力1．0以上者267只眼,0．5－1．0者34只眼,0．1－0．5者9只眼,手术并发症主要有晶体后囊膜破裂（7只眼）、中度角膜水肿（13只眼）、前房出血（2只眼）、虹膜损伤（3只眼）、前囊膜残瓣（11只眼）。结论：改进的拦截－劈裂技术对老年性硬核性白内障患者劈核容易,减少了手术操作中对晶体囊膜和晶体悬韧带的压力。同时,手术中操作的时间和使用的超声能量均减少。     

（高龄）糖尿病性白内障患者围手术期临床观察

目的：分析高龄（75岁以上）糖尿病性白内障患者的围手术期的血糖水平高低,以及患者的并发症情况。方法：随机选取50例（50只眼）经临床明确诊断的（高龄）糖尿病性白内障患者为研究对象。行后房型人工晶状体植入联合白内障超声乳化吸除术。观察围手术期的血糖水平高低,以及患者的并发症情况。结果：在50例（高龄）糖尿病性白内障患者中,手术后患者的视力较术前有明显提高,术前与术后视力差异有统计学意义（P值为0．001）,但患者的术后早餐前血糖水平均高于术后血糖水平,术前与术后早餐前血糖水平差异有统计学意义（P值为0．003）。结论：对（高龄）糖尿病性白内障患者行后房型人工晶状体植入联合白内障超声乳化吸除术的疗效是非常明确的,有较好的改善患者的视力状况,但是,术后由于手术本身可能会导致患者出现紧张的情绪,术后1～2天内血糖出现升高的现象,在临床上,如果通过积极的干预措施,可有效防治并发症的发生。     

高龄老年性白内障67例诊治探讨

目的：探讨高龄白内障患者的治疗特点。方法：回顾分析经治疗筛选后无手术禁忌证的67例（72眼）高龄白内障患者的相关临床资料。术前、术后对患者局部及全身进行综合检查及治疗;术中在持续低流量吸氧和心电监护下采用表面麻醉,软壳技术,居中环形撕囊的小切口白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术;随访1～12个月。结果：术后1周最佳矫正视力〈0.05者（4眼）,≥0.05而〈0.3者12例（12眼）,0.3以上者51例（56眼）。术前与术后1周最佳矫正视力差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。手术脱残率77.8%,脱盲率94.4%。术中后囊破裂5例（5眼）,术后角膜水肿16例（17眼）。结论：高龄白内障患者的治疗应优先选择小切口白内障摘除人工晶体植入术。仔细全面的术前、术中及术后全身因素及局部的个体化治疗,可降低手术风险,确保手术安全顺利进行。     

激光治疗膜性白内障：术前干涉视力测定的意义

应用激光干涉视力仪检查了２３例（２３只眼）膜性白内障Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光切开术前及术后的干涉视力。结果显示术前与术后干涉视力之间差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５），术前干涉视力与术后矫正视力呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５），提示半透明膜性白内障对激光干涉视力测定无显著影响，激光干涉视力是反映术后视力康复的可靠方法，但在具体分析时，应注意假阴性和假阳性的可能。６５．２％的眼术后矫正视力高于术后于涉视力，反映了高度屈光不正的无晶体眼对激光干涉视力测定有一定的影响。     

后囊前混浊机化白内障的手术新方法

目的：探讨用精细分离法治疗后囊前混浊机化的白内障的疗效。方法：在粘弹剂的保护下，用精细分离法剥离后囊前混浊机化的白内障43例45眼。结果：43例患者中顺利将混浊机化物完整剥离的38例；剪开分离时后囊有小破口5例。人主晶体囊袋内植入34例，睫状沟植入9例。术后视力0.5以上者19例。结论：精细分离法治疗后囊前混浊机化白内障，安全、有效。     

Nd∶YAG激光对眼压影响的研究

应用Ｎｄ∶ＹＡＧ激光对３１４例４３０眼原发性闭角型青光眼进行了周边虹膜切开术的１４６例１５１眼膜性白内障进行了囊膜切开术。系统地观察了其术后眼压变化。虹膜周边切开术后和膜性白内障囊膜切开术后分别有６１．２％和８０．８％的病例眼压不同程度的升高。设对照组观察了噻吗心安对激光后眼压升高的影响。对激光后眼压升高的发病机理、临床特点以及防治等问题进行了讨论。结果表明：激光后眼压升高是一过性的临床症状，用药物预防和治疗可以收到满意的效果。噻吗心安是目前预防激光性眼压升高较为理想的药物。在本课题的研究中未发现对视功能的损害。     

硬核性白内障小切口非超声乳化117例

自2006-07～2007-01我科对117例132眼硬核性白内障实行白内障小切口囊外摘除术并后房型人工晶状体植入术，并对术后视力恢复情况、术中和术后并发症及影响因素进行了观察，现报告如下。     

Nd：YAG激光不散瞳和散瞳后治疗后发性白内障的临床观察

目的探讨Nd：YAG激光不散瞳与散瞳后治疗后发性白内障的临床疗效和并发症发生率，并分析影响因素。方法Nd：YAG激光治疗后发性白内障患者702例，不散瞳组552例，散瞳组150例。比较两组患者的治疗效果和手术并发症。结果一次性手术成功率，不散瞳组高于散瞳组。两组患者术后增视效果明显，不散瞳组视力提高迅速。术后并发症比较，不散瞳组眼压升高较散瞳组少；散瞳组易伤及虹膜和人工晶体；两组患者术后玻璃体前界膜破裂发生率比较，差异无显著意义。结论Nd：YAG激光不散瞳和散瞳后治疗后发性白内障均疗效确切。Nd：YAG激光不散瞳治疗后发性白内障操作更简单、治疗时间短、术后患者恢复快、眼压影响小，但易伤及虹膜和人工晶体，需医师仔细操作。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.