超声检查附脐静脉开放腹壁静脉曲张在门静脉高压临床分型的意义

目的应用彩色多普勒超声对门静脉高压附脐静脉开放和腹壁静脉曲张门腔之间侧支循环进行研究,确定门脉高压分型。方法超声检查86例肝硬化门静脉高压、13例布加综合征及6例门静脉主干、脾静脉血栓3组门静脉高压患者的腹壁静脉曲张门腔之间侧支循环吻合情况及血流方向。结果肝硬化门静脉高压组腹壁静脉曲张在脐以上血流流向头端,而脐以下血流流向腹端。布加综合征合并下腔静脉阻塞组,血流均流向上胸端。门静脉主干、脾静脉血栓未见脐静脉开放及腹壁静脉曲张。结论应用彩色多普勒超声判断附脐静脉开放和腹壁静脉曲张门腔之间侧支循环的情况,可明确血管阻塞部位、程度、范围,为肝前、肝内及肝后门静脉高压分型的诊断提供有效依据,对临床制定合理治疗方案具有指导意义。     

多排螺旋CT血管成像技术对肝硬化门脉高压侧支循环血管的显示价值

目的探讨多排螺旋CT(MDCT)显示肝硬化门脉高压症侧支循环血管的诊断价值. 方法对肝硬化门脉高压患者23例,使用16排螺旋CT机行上腹部增强CT扫描,采用MPR、MIP、VRT等三维重建技术进行图像后处理,获得门静脉系统血管图像以显示开放的侧支循环血管. 结果显示食管胃底黏膜下静脉曲张20例,食管旁静脉曲张7例;胃左静脉曲张18 例,胃短静脉曲张16例;奇静脉、半奇静脉曲张8例;脐旁静脉与腹壁静脉曲张9例;脾肾、胃肾之间分流7例;腹膜后分流11例.结论 MDCT门静脉系统血管成像技术能良好地显示肝硬化门脉高压侧支循环血管,具有重要临床应用价值.     

应用多普勒超声观测胎儿肝内门脉系统的血流改变

目的　应用多普勒超声测出胎儿时期肝内门脉系统的血流参数。方法　应用EUB 5 65A型彩色多普勒诊断仪检测 5 0例胎儿门脉主干、门脉右支、门脉左支囊部及静脉导管和 5 0例胎儿脐静脉的平均血流速度及流量。结果　各血管血流速度的顺序是静脉导管 >脐静脉 >门脉主干及其左、右支 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,血流量的顺序是脐静脉 >门脉左支 >门脉主干>静脉导管 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　多普勒超声是评价胎儿门静脉系统血流的最佳方法     

肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术前彩色多普勒超声应用价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Laparascopic cholecystectomy，LC）术前的应用价值。方法肝硬化胆石症纽35例．依据肝功能Child-Pugh分级标准分为3个亚组，正常对照组20例。运用彩色多普勒超声检测门脉系血管，测量门静脉最大内径、门静脉平均血流速度等血流动力学参数。结果门静脉平均血流速度随肝功能分级而逐渐降低，组间和组内均存在显著性差异（P〈0．01，P〈0．05）；门静脉内径组间存在差异（P〈0．05），组内无显著性差异；除脐静脉重开外，其余门脉系血管内径增粗在Child-Pugh分级B、C二级存在较大重叠。结论彩色多普勒有助于全面评估门静脉压力和门脉侧支开放及代偿情况，为筛选LC手术病人提供重要依据。     

经体表与胃充盈法彩超对肝硬化门脉高压侧支循环的检测

目的 探讨彩超对肝硬化门脉高压侧支循环的检测价值。方法 运用经体表与胃充盈法彩超检测一系列门脉侧支循环血管及血流动力学变化。结果 430例临床确诊的肝硬化患接受彩超检查，检出门脉侧支循环95例共11种．包括门脉内离肝血流、门静脉血流搏动化、脐旁静脉重新开放、胃底贲门区静脉曲张和胃左静脉扩张等。彩超显示扩张血管呈红或蓝色血流伴低速静脉流速曲线。结论 彩超能无创性检测门脉侧支循环血流方向、速度和性质，对肝硬化和门脉高压的诊断及手术方案的选择具有重要价值。     

多排螺旋CT血管造影在门静脉高压中的应用价值

目的:探讨门脉高压的CT血管成像表现在临床中的诊断应用价值.方法:搜集16例临床上行64排螺旋CT扫描并确诊为门脉高压的患者,CT检查时行薄层连续容积扫描,所获图像数据送工作站处理,主要使用以最大密度投影(MIP)为主进行任意平面重组成像(MPR)和表面遮盖显示(SSD)三维重建成像.结果:其中肝硬化患者12例,肝癌伴门脉高压2例,胰源性区域性门脉高压症1例,特发性门脉高压1例;门静脉及其属支均有不同程度的增粗扩张,所测门脉主干平均直径为15.4 mm;侧支循环形成,16例中食管下端及贲门胃底静脉均有不同程度曲张,脾肾静脉形成自发分流2例,附脐静脉开放2例.结论:多排螺旋CT血管造影及血管三维重建可清晰显示门脉系统的全面解剖信息,对临床门脉高压的诊断、治疗、评估和随访具有重要指导作用.     

多层螺旋CT门静脉造影诊断肝硬化门静脉高压

目的评价门静脉CT血管造影对肝硬化门脉高压患者的诊断价值.方法对43例经临床、肝功能和影像学检查诊断的肝硬化门脉高压患者进行门静脉CT血管成像(CTPV),对门静脉主干、主要属支和侧支循环血管进行显示和测量.结果 43例患者均成功地实施了门静脉CTPV,门静脉主干显示率100%,胃左静脉97.6%,胃短静脉44.2%,食管胃底静脉曲张90.7%,脾/胃肾分流28.7%,脐静脉、腹壁静脉曲张分别为46.5%、44.4%.其中门静脉主干宽度为(13.94±2.47) mm,胃左静脉主干宽度为(5.62±2.40) mm.结论 CTPV可显示肝硬化门脉高压患者的门-体静脉之间侧支循环血管,有助于对门脉高压合并消化道出血患者选择合理治疗方案及进行疗效随访.     

彩超检测肝硬化门脉血流动力学的临床意义

本文对78例肝炎后肝硬化(LC)患者的门静脉系的彩色多普勒血流显像所示的血流动力学参数来判断侧支循环开放情况,并对胃左静脉的血流动力学参数与患者的出血情况进行比较分析,探讨彩超评价肝硬化门脉高压的实用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在评价自发性脾肾静脉分流中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在自发性脾肾静脉分流（SSRS）中的价值。方法应用彩色多普勒超声对25例经临床证实为肝硬化门静脉高压伴SSRS患者进行研究,并与25例肝硬化门静脉高压不伴SSRS患者进行对照。结果25例SSRS患者,均可见脾门及胃后方扩张扭曲血管;20例在肾动脉的前方发现脾肾静脉间的交通支;近肝段脾静脉11例血流方向朝向肝,4例双向血流,10例血流方向离肝;左肾静脉内径较对照组增宽,血流速度较对照组增快（均P〈0．01）。结论彩色多普勒超声能较好地显示脾肾静脉分流时的直接和间接征象,以及血流动力学的改变,是诊断脾肾静脉分流的好方法。     

彩色多普勒超声检查门脉高压侧支循环的价值

两维－ＣＤＦＩ检查７０例肝硬化门脉高压发现门脉侧支循环３４例。包括脐静脉重新开放、肝内局灶性静脉扩张、门脉内离肝血流、腹壁、脾门周围静脉曲张等。彩超显示扩张的血管呈红或蓝色血流，伴低速度频谱，可粗估血流量，判断门体分流术后恢复情况，对诊断门脉高压的程度疗效观察均有较大临床价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.